THE INTRODUCTION

Beginning of the
Research
 Elements of Introduction:
Introduction 1. Rationalization of the need to
research on the problem.
2. Clarification of the important
terminologies for the reader to
easily understand what the
research is about.
3. Establishment of the degree of
seriousness of the problem which
prompted the researcher to look for
solutions.
 The following questions can aid the researcher
Introduction in formulating the introduction:
1. What is the rationale of the
problem?
 The following questions can aid the researcher
Introduction in formulating the introduction:
2. What is the setting of the
problem?
 The following questions can aid the researcher
Introduction in formulating the introduction:

3. What is the basic literature

foundation of the study?
 The following questions can aid the researcher
Introduction in formulating the introduction:
4. How serious is the chosen research
problem?
 The following questions can aid the researcher
Introduction in formulating the introduction:
5. What is the general objective of
the problem?
 The following questions can aid the researcher
Introduction in formulating the introduction:
6. What is the overall purpose of
the problem?
 To Help you formulate the introduction of your study fill out the

Introduction
following:
Proposed Study: _____________________________________________
1. What is the rationale of your chosen problem?
2. Describe the setting where your study is to be conducted.
3. What are the terms, variables, or concepts that need to be
defined, clarified or described to you and to your reader?

4. Look for related literatures that define the main concepts of

your study. Provide at least 3 references per concept.
 To Help you formulate the introduction of your study fill out the

Introduction
following:
Proposed Study: _____________________________________________
5. Determine the significance of your chosen problem.
6. What is the general objective or overall purpose of the
study?
7. After the problem had been solved or the research was
conducted, who will be the main beneficiaries of the
research?
What direct benefits will they receive from it?
THE STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
Recall the event of your childhood
when you did not fully comprehend
what was happening. Write it down.
Afterwards, write at least three
questions regarding that event back
then that still remained unanswered
until today. Write a reason why the
reason why the question remain
unresolved.
 The following criteria in writing the purpose statement
Statement of according to Clark and Caswell ( 2014)

the Problem 1.
2.
It should use single and not compound sentences.
It should clearly express the purpose of the study.
3. It should conclude the central phenomenon.
4. It should use qualitative words, eg., explore, discover,
and explain.
5. It should identify the participants in the study.
6. It should state the research site.
Statement of
the Problem
 The general problem is followed by an enumeration of the
specific problems. These problems are usually stated as
Statement of
the Problem
questions that the researcher seeks to answer. Therefore,
the specific problems must meet the following criteria:

1. They must be in question form.

2. The must define the population and the samples of the
study.
3. They must identify the variables being studied.
 According to Creswell and Clark (2014),
Statement of there are two types of research questions.

the Problem
These are as follows:
1. Central Questions- These are the most
general questions that can be asked.
2. Sub-question- These questions
subdivide the central question into
more specific topical questions and
are only limited in number.
 According to Creswell and Clark (2014), also provide some
guidelines in formulating the research question:
Statement of
the Problem
1. The question should begin with words such as how or what.
2. The research should be informed of the information that will
be discovered, generated, explored, identified or described
in the study.
3. The question “what happened” should be asked to help craft
the description.
4. The question “ What was the meaning to people of what
happened”? Should be asked to understand results.
5. The question “What happened over time”? Should be asked
to explore the process.
 In addition, Creswell and Clark (2004) also provide the following
scripts as a guide in designing qualitative central and sub-
Statement of
the Problem
questions:
1. Central Question Script
a. “What is the meaning of/ what does it mean to (central
phenomenon)”?
Examples:
1. What is the meaning of intrapersonal competencies?
2. What does it mean to differentiate the customs and traditions
of Aetas to those of the locals?
3. What does it mean to characterize the study habits of the top
10 students of the class?
 In addition, Creswell and Clark (2004) also provide the following
scripts as a guide in designing qualitative central and sub-
Statement of
the Problem
questions:
1. Central Question Script
b. “How would (participants) describe (central phenomenon)?
Examples:
1. How would school managers describe intrapersonal
competencies?
2. How would the Aetas and locals of Zambales differentiate the
customs and traditions?
3. How do the top ten high school students characterized their
general study habits?
 In addition, Creswell and Clark (2004) also provide the following
scripts as a guide in designing qualitative central and sub-
Statement of
the Problem
questions:
2. Sub-question Script
“ What (aspect) does (participant) engage in as a (central
phenomenon)?
Examples:
a. What level of self-respect does the school managers engage
in as a part of their customs and traditions?
b. What nature of practices do the Aetas and locals of Zambales
engage in as part of their customs and traditions?
c. What kind of preparation does the top 10 high school
students engage in as an indicator of their study habits?
 TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Non- Researchable Questions- These are questions of value
Statement of
the Problem
and are answerable by yes or no.
Examples:
a. Should all members breastfeed their babies?
b. Should high school Teachers be watchful over their grade 7
students?
c. Should the schools offering different majors in senior high
schools require their students to have a mandatory review
before taking National Assessment Exam?
d. Do all head teachers have a master’s degree?
e. Are family members helping their children in reviewing their
lessons?
 TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
2. Researchable Questions- These are questions of opinions,
Statement of
the Problem
perceptions, or policy that are raised to accumulate data.
Examples:
a. What are the common preparations done by Grade 7 students
during their first days in school?
b. How do senior high school students respond to their Math
Teacher?
c. What are the study habits of students who are poorly
performing?
 Dickoff et.al (as cited by Wilson, 1989) provide further
classification to research questions. These are as follows:
Statement of
the Problem
1. Factor-Isolating questions- These ask question “ What is
this”? These questions are sometimes called factor-naming
questions because they isolate, categorize, describe, or name
factors and situations.
A.What is the profile of the principals in terms of the following?
I. Age
II. Management experience
III.Civil status
2. Factor-relating questions- These ask the question, “What is
happening here?”
The goal is to determine the relationship among factors that have
been identified.
 Examples:
Statement of a. What is the relationship of the level of
the Problem performance of the senior high school
teachers to the OJT performance of the
students enrolled in the business track of
Saint Paul School of Professional Studies?
b. How does the performance level of volleyball
teams of boys differ to that of the girls?
 3. Situation –relating questions- These quests ask the
Statement of question “ What will happen if”? These question usually

the Problem
yield hypotheses testing or experimental study designs in
which the researcher manipulates the variables to see
what will happen.
Examples:
a. What are the effects of computer learning assisted
methods of teaching to the interest level of the
sophomores to their history subjects?
b. How significantly different is the performance of the
call center agents who are well rested than those who
are not?
 4. Situation- producing questions- These ask the question
Statement of “How can I make it happen”?

the Problem
These questions establish explicit goals for actions,
develop plans or prescriptions to achieve goals, and
specify the conditions under which these goals will be
accomplished.
Examples:
a. Based on the findings, what human relation
intervention program an be adopted to enhance or
improve effectiveness of existing teaching methods?
b. What faculty development activities can be sponsored
by the PTCA to improve the performance of graduating
students in the UP College Admission Test or UPCAT?
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