Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw

Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw

Joj;flos df5f kfngM
dT:o kfng eg]sf] s'g} klg hNffzox?df -kf]v/L,wfg v]t, 3f]n, tfn, l/h/EjfP/
cfbL_ lgoGqLt tl/sfn] df5f kfnL df5f pTkfbg ul/g] tl/sf xf] . s[ifsx?n]
ul/ cfPsf] ljleGg lsl;dsf v]tL -wfg, ds}, uxF', t/sf/L cfbL_ tyf kz' kfng h:t}}
df5f kfng klg Ps lsl;dsf] v]tL k4lt xf] . df5f kfng g]kfnsf] nfuL gofF v]tL
k4lt eP tfklg s[lif sd{ tyf kz'kfngsf] ld>0f df5f kfng xf] . d'Vo cfDbfgLsf]
;|f]t jf Joj;fosf] ¿kdf ckgfO{Psf] df5f kfngnfO{ Joj;flos df5f kfng
elgG5 . Joj;foLs df5fkfng a9L ;3g x'G5 , pTkfbg nfut a9L x'G5 , pTkfbg
a9L x'G5 / pTkfbg k|s[ofdf ;d:ofx? klg cfpg ;Sb5g\ . To;}n] s'g} klg ;3g
v]tLaf6 clwstd k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ To; Joj;fo ;+u ;Da¢ ;j} kIfsf] plrt
;dGjo tyf s'zn Joj:yfkgsf] cfj:ostf kb{5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo clwstd
nfefh{g ug]{ /x]sf] 5 .
df5f kfng dxŒjM
• Dff5f :jflbnf] tyf kf}li6s vfB j:t' ePsf]n] df5f vfgfn] zl// :j:y /
tGb'?:t /xG5 .
• Dff5f kfngaf6 cGg jfnL -wfg, uxF', ds}_ eGbf al9 cfDbfgL x'g] ePsf]n]
s[ifsx?sf] cfo>f]t a9fpg dbt u5{ .
• df5f ;+u;u} wfg, t/sf/L, kmnkm'n tyf kz'kfng ubf{ k|lt O{sfO hUufjf6 Ps}
;dodf bf]xf]/f], t]xf]/f] jfnL lng'sf] ;fy} pTkfbg nfut ;d]t sd eO{ al9
cfDbfgL x'g] u5{ .
• k|of]udf gcfO{ auL /fv]sf] kfgL, hnfzo, k|of]udf gcfPsf ;]lknf] tyf wflknf]
hUufsf] df5f kfngdf k|of]u eO{ cfo:t/ a9fpgsf ;fy} vfB ;'/Iffdf dbt
k'¥ofp+5 .
• df5f kfngaf6 /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ a9\5 .
• df5fsf] pTkfbg vr{ cGo df;'sf] eGbf sd nfUg] ePsf]n] ;:tf]df pknJw
u/fpg ;lsG5 .
• df5fsf] dfu a9\bf] 5, ahf/sf] ;d:of 5}g .
• 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?n] g} x]/rfx / Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ ;lhn} ug{ ;Sb5g\ /
cGo afnLsf] t'ngfdf lgs} sd >d vlr{g' kg]{ x'G5 .
• v]/ uO{/x]sf] hn>f]tsf] ;b'kof]u eO{ /fli6«o cfodf a9f]Q/L x'g hfG5 .

1
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw
df5f kfngsf lsl;dx¿M
xfn xfd|f] b]zdf b'O{ lsl;dsf] df5f kfng eO{ /fv]sf] 5,
-!_ Gofgf] kfgLdf df5f kfng -@_ lr;f] kfgLdf df5f kfng
Gofgf] kfgLdf df5f kfng
dWo] kxf8sf] a];L b]vL t/fO{sf] kmfF6 ;Dd Gofgf] xfjfkfgL ePsf] 7fFp, hxfF
kfgLsf] tfks|d nfdf] cjlw ;Dd @) l8=;]= eGbf dfly x'G5, To:tf] 7fpFdf df5f
kfngsf] nfuL & hftsf] sfk{ df5fx?sf] ldl>t df5f v]tL l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 . tL
& hft dWo] # hft -/x',g}gL / efs'/_ :jb]zL df5fx? x'g\ / afFsL $ hftsf df5fx?
-sdg sfk{, l;Ne/ sfk{,ljux]8 sfk{ / u|f; sfk{_ ljb]zL df5fx? x'g\ .
-s_ sdg sfk{
• g]kfndf kflnPsf sdg sfk{ b'O{ lsl;dsf 5g\ .
Pp6fsf] z/L/e/L sTnf x'G5 eg] csf{sf] z/L/df
sd sTnf x'G5 . k'/f sTnf ePsf]nfO{ hd{g sfk{
/ sd sTnf ePsf] n fO{ Oh/fOnL sfk{ jf
ld// sfk{ klg elgG5 . o;sf] z/L/ bfof+ afof+
r]lK6Psf], nfDrf], cf]7df cufl8 k5fl8 u/L b'O{ hf]8f
h'u+ f x'G5g\ .
• of] kf]v/Lsf] lk+wdf a:5 / ;a} j:t' -z'Id hLj, ;–;fgf ls/f, s'lxPsf
emf/kft, s[lqd cfxf/ cfbL_ vfg] ePsf]n] ;j{eIfL df5f elgG5 .
• aif{ e/L kfng ubf{ !—@ lsnf] ;Ddsf] x'G5 .
-v_ l;Ne/ sfk{
• of] df5fsf] zl// ;–;fgf ;]tf rfFbL h:tf]
6NsLg] sTnfn] 9fs]sf]n] o;sf] gfd
l;Ne/ sfk{ /flvPsf] xf] .
• of] kf]v/Lsf] dfyLNnf] ;txdf a:5 /
k|fs[lts cfxf/ -jg:klthGo hLj_ vfG5 .
• aif{ el/df !=%–@ lsnf] tf}n ;Dd x'G5 .
-u_ ljux]8 sfk{
• of] df5fsf] 6fpsf] nfdf] / 7'nf] x'g] ePsf]n]
ljux]8 sfk{ gfd /flvPsf] xf] .
• of] df5fsf] z/L/ l;Ne/ sfk{sf] h:t}
r]K6f] / ;–;fgf sTnfn] 9fs]sf] ePklg
dflyNnf] efusf] /+u rflx+ cln sfnf] /
v}/f] b]lvG5 .

2
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw
• of] kf]v/Lsf] larsf] ;txdf a:5 / k|fs[lts cfxf/ -k|f0fLhGo hLj_ vfG5 .
• aif{ el/df !=%–@ lsnf] tf}n ;Dd x'G5 .
-3_ u|f; sfk{
• of] 3f+; vfg] df5f ePsf]n] u|f;
sfk{ gfd /flvPsf] xf] .
• o;sf] zl// nfdf], 8f]nf], Ps}
gf;sf] 7'n–7'nf] xNsf xl/of
/+usf] sTnfn] 8fs]sf] x'G5 .
• aif{ el/df !=%–@ lsnf] tf}n ;Dd x'G5 .
-ª_ /x'
• o;sf] z/L/ nfdf], 8f]nf], 9fF8 cln p7]sf],
sTnfn] 9fs]sf] x'G5 .
• cf]7 df]6f], d'v tnlt/ kms]{sf] x'G5 / Ps
hf]8f h'u+ f x'G5 .
• of] kf]v/Lsf] larsf] ;txdf a:5 / k|fs[lts cfxf/ -ag:ktLhGo hLj_, Ps
sf]lifo n]p, s'x]sf] emf/kft / s[lqd bfgf vfG5 .
• bf]>f] aif{df o;sf] rfF8f] j[l4 x'G5 / @–# aif{df !=%–@ lsnf] tf}n ;Dd x'G5 .
-r_ g}gL
• o;sf] z/L/ nfdf], 8f]nf], 5ftL tkm{
;]tf], 8f8 lt/ xNsf kx]nf] sTnfn]
9fs]sf] x'G5 .
• of] kf] v /Lsf] tNnf] ;txdf a:5,
;8]un]sf emf/kft, lhj tyf s[lqd
bfgf vfG5 .
• bf]>f] aif{df o;sf] rfF8f] j[l4 x'G5 / @ aif{df !=%–@ lsnf] tf}n ;Dd x'G5 .
-5_ efs'/
• of] df5fsf] zl// rf}8f / k'/} 7'n–7'nf
sTnfn] 9fs]sf], dflyNnf] efu v}/f] /
tNNff] efu ;]tf] /+usf] x'G5 .
• of] df5fsf] 6fpsf] c08fsf/ x'G5 .
• of] kf]v/Lsf] larsf] ;txdf a:5 / k|fs[lts cfxf/ -k|f0fLhGo hLj_ vfG5 .
• b'O{ aif{df !=%–@ lsnf] tf}n ;Dd x'G5 .

3
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw
-h_ l6nflkofM

• o;sf] z/L/ df]6f] tyf xNsf 8Nnf] zl// x'G5 .

• o;sf] 9f8sf] kv]6f nfdf] sfF8b] f/ x'G5 .
• sTnfdf lgnf, v8f w;f{x? of] df5fs]f klxrfgsf lrGxx? X'g\ .
• of] df5f ;j{xf/L lsl;dsf],k|lts'n jftfj/0fdf ;d]t x'sg{ ,] a9g] / l56f] l56f] j+z
a[l4 ug]{ ePsfn] sfk{hftsf df5f ;+usf] ax'hflto df5f kfngdf Ps lnlËo
l6nflkofnfO{ k|fyldstf lb+bf dfq kmfO{bf k'Ub5,jf ;+Vof w]/} a9g glbg] pkfox?
ug'{ kb{5 .

-em_ kf+u; -j}vL_M

• o]f df5fsf] zl// nfdf],sTnfljlxg x'G5 .

• 6fpsf] s]xL ;fgf],d'v rf}8f / luhfdf ;–;fgf ltvf bf+tx? x'G5g\ .
• cf+vf s]xL 7"nf], cf]7df b'O{ hf]8L h+'uf,kv]6fx? s]xL v}/f x'G5g\ .
• Nof6/nnfO{g ;Fu} df5f ;fgf]5+bf sfnf] w;f{ / 7"nf] ePkl5 ;]tf nfdf w;f{x?
b]lvG5g\ .
• Kf+ufl;o; df5fsf] k|d'v cfxf/f eg]sf] k]n]6 bfgf xf],o;nfO{ zfl/l/s tf}nsf]
cfwf/df @–#Üsf b/n] b}lgs ?kdf bfgf lbg' kb{5 .
• kf+ufl;o; df5fsf] kfng k|ljwL Ps hflto df5f kfng -Monoculture_ sf]
?kdf ul/G5 .
• @%–#)Ü k|f]l6g ePsf] k]n]6 bfgf / cGo Joj:yfkg /fd|f] ldnfpg ;Sbf
&–(dlxgfsf] cjlwdf ljlqm of]Uo ;fO{h -!–!=%s]=hL=_ sf] df5f pTkfbg ug{
;lsG5 .

4
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw
lr;f] kfgLdf df5f kfngM
dWo kxf8sf] n]s b]vL pRr kxf8 ;Dd
lr;f] xfjfkfgL ePsf] 7fFp hxfF kfgLsf] tfks|d
nfdf] ;do ;Dd @) l8=;]=eGbf sd, lg/Gt/
:jR5 tyf ;kmf kfgL pknAw x'G5, To:tf]
7fFpsf] le/fnf] hUufdf /];j] lgdf{0f ul/ ljb]zL
6«fp6 df5f kfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
df5f kfng ug]{ 7fpFx¿M
df5f kfng k|fs[lts hnfzo -3f]n, tfn_ lgoldt l;rfO{ ;'ljwf ePsf] wfg v]t,
k'/fgf] kf]v/L tyf gofF kf]v/L lgdf{0f ul/ kfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
kf]v/L lgdf0f{sf] nflu pko'Qm :yfnM
df5f kfngsf] ;kmntf tyf c;kmntf
d'Vo?kdf kf]v/Lsf] cj:yfdf e/ kg]{ ePsf]n]
gofF kf]v/L lgdf0f{sf] nfuL hUuf 5gf}6 ubf{
lgDg s'/fx?sf] /fd|f] ;'ljwf ePsf] 7fpFdf
5gf}6 ug'{ pko'tm x'G5 .
• df5f kfgLdf a:g] k|f0fL ePsf]n] :jR5
/ ;kmf kfgL k|;:t dfqfdf pkNAw x'g]
7fpF pko'Qm x'G5 . kfgLsf] :yfO{ >f]t
af]l/ª, s'nf], d'n cflb ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
• kfgL c8\g] vfnsf] bf]d6 df6f]df kf]v/L lgdf{0f ug{ pQd x'G5 . bf]d6 df6f] geP
klg kfgL] c8g] vfnsf] df6f] eP kf]v/L lgdf{0f ul/ df5f kfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
kf]v/L lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? ug'{ eGbf cuf8L lgdf{0f :ynsf] df6f] hfFr ug'{ pQd x'G5 .
• afl9 k}/f] gnfUg] vfnsf] hUuf 5gf]6 ug'{k5{ ;fy} ghflgbf] le/fnf]ePsf] hUufdf
kf]v/L lgdf{0f ubf{ lgdf{0f vr{sf] ;fy} ;+rfng nfut vr{ ;d]t sd nfU5 .
• 7'n7'nf ?v lj?jf tyf emf8Lsf] 5fFof gkg]{, 3fd nfUg] 7fpF x'g' pQd x'G5 .
• ahf/ tyf oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] :yfgdf kf]v/L lgdf0f{ ubf{ df5f pTkfbg
;fdu|Lx? -df5f e'/f, bfgf, dn cfbL_ plrt df]ndf k|fKt ug{sf ;fy} ;fdu|L
9'jfgL vr{ ;d]t sd k5{ eg] kf]v/Ljf6 pTkflbt df5fx? ;lhn} tyf ;'/lIft ;fy
ahf/df nuL /fd|f] df]ndf las|L ug{ ;lsG5 .
• df5f kfng Joj;fo c? s[lif Joj;fo eGbf jl9 nufgL nfUg], pTkflbt j:t'
df5f lgs} sf]dn tyf rf8} gf]S;fg x'g], dflg; tyf cGo lhjx?n] ;d]t gf]S;fg

5
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw
ul/ Iflt k'¥ofpg] ePsf]n] /fd|f] /]v b]v ug{ ;lsg] 7fpF 3/ glhs jf ;'/Iff ug{
;lsg] :yfgsf] 5gf}6 ug'{ k5{ .
kf]v/L lgdf{0f ug]{ tl/sfM
pko'Qm :ynsf] 5gf}6 ul/ ;s]kl5 clwstd hnfzo If]qkmn k|fKt x'g] ul/
kf]v/Lx?sf] l8hfO{g tof/ kg'{ k5{ . kf]v/L l8hfO{g ubf{ lgDg s'/fx?nfO{ cfwf/ agfpg'
k5{ .
• kf]v/Lsf] cfsf/ • l8nsf] agfj6
• ag{nfO{g • kfgLsf] k|j]z / lgsf;åf/
kf]v/Lsf] cfsf/M
h:tf] ;'s} cfsf/ ePsf] kf]v/Ldf klg
df5f kfng ug{ t ;lsG5 t/ Joj:yfklso
lx;fjn] cfotfsf/ kf]v/L ;lhnf] x'G5 /
k'j{ klZrd nfdf] ePsf] kf]v/L /fd|f] x'G5
t/ klg cfk\mgf] hUufsf] cfsf/ cg';f/
agfpg'k5{ . /fd|f] df5f pTkfbgsf] nfuL
sDtLdf @ /f]kgL hnfzo ePsf] kf]v/L pko'Qm x'G5 .
l8nsf] agfj6M
kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] ef/ l8nn]
y]Sg' kg]{ tyf kfgLsf] r'xfj6 /f]Sg'
kg]{ ePsf]n] l8n alnof] agfpg'
k5{ . l8n alnof] agfpgsf] nfuL
l8ndf df6f] /fVbf a/fj/ 7f]Sb}
/fVg' k5{ eGg] l8nsf] lelqefusf]
le/fnf] !M@ / aflx/L efusf] le/fnf] !M!=% sf] agfpg' k5{ .
l8nsf] k]6LM
l8nsf] k]6Ln] l8nnfO{ elTsgjf6 hf]ufpg'sf] ;fy} hfn tfGbf ;lhnf] x'G5
To;sf/0f l8nsf] k]6L !b]lv@ ld6/ ;Dd /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
kfgLsf] k|jz
] / lgsf;åf/M
kf]v/Ldf kfgLsf] k|j]z tyf lgsf;åf/ ;s];Dd Ps csf]{ lbzf lt/ x'g] ul/
Joj:yf ldnfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . k|j]zåf/ ;s];Dd cUnf] 7fpFdf /fVbf al9 dfqfdf kfgL
/fVg ;lhnf]] x'G5 eg] lgsf;åf/ xf]rf] efudf /fVbf kf]v/L ;'sfp+bf k'/} kfgL ;'S5 .

6
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw
kf]v/L lgdf{0fsf] nfuL hUuf 5gf}6, kf]v/L l8hfO{g, /]vfÍg / lgdf{0f ubf{ dT:o
k|fljlwssf] ;xof]u lng clt cfjZos 5 .
Dff5f kfng ug]{ tl/sfM
Kff]v/Ldf df5f kfng lgDg tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 .
s_ Ps hflto df5f kfng
v_ axhflto df5f kfng
u_ Plss[t df5f kfng
Pshflto df5f kfngdf s'g} Ps hftsf] df5f dfq /fv]/ kfng ul/G5 . of]
tl/sfaf6 df5f kfng ubf{ jl9 vlr{nf] / ;a} 7fpFdf pko'Qm gx'g ;S5 . auL /fv]sf]
kfgLdf sdg sfk{ Pshflto df5f kfng ug{ ;lsG5 . ax'hflto df5f kfng
tl/sfdf Pp6} hnfzodf slDtdf ltg hft jf ;ft} hft ldnfP kfng u/LG5 . of]
tl/sfaf6 df5f kfng ubf{ sd vr{df al9 pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . xfn ax'hflto df5f
kfng tl/sf al9 nf]slk|o ePsf] 5 . Plss[t df5f kfng tl/sfdf Pp6} 7fpF, Ps}
;dodf df5fsf] ;fy} cGo pTkfbg h:t} wfg, t/sf/L, kmnkm'n, kz' k+lIf kfng
ul/ yf]/} ;+rfng vr{jf6 al9 kmfO{bf lng ;lsG5 .
df5f kfng ug]{ ;doM
l;kmfl/; ul/Psf ljsf;] hftsf df5fx?sf] -sdg sfk{, l;Ne/sfk{, ljux]8
sfk{, u|f; sfk{, /x', g}gL, / efs'/ cflb_ Gofgf] kfgLdf -!*) ;]= b]lv #@) ;]=_ a[l4
x'G5 t/ pko'Qm tfks|d @^) b]lv #@) ;]= xf] . Gofgf] kfgLdf df5f kfngsf] nflu
kmfNu'gdf kf]v/Ldf df5f e'/f /fv]sf] v08df /fd|f] a[l4 x'g] ;do nfdf] kfO{ 7'nf]
;fO{hsf] df5f pTkfbg x'g ;S5 . To;}n] kmfNu'g dlxgf b]lv df5f kfng z'? ug{ pQd x'G5 .
df5f e'/f /fVgsf] nflu kf]v/Lsf] tof/LM
/fd|f] ;+u df5f pTkfbg ug{sf] nfuL
df5fsf] nfuL kf]v/Ldf pko'Qm jftfj/0f
t}of/ ug'{ k5{ . k'/fgf] hnfzo 5 eg] ToxfFaf6
grflxFbf df5fx? -dfF;fxf/L tyf h+unL
df5fx?_,emf/kft, al9 lxnf] tyf /f]usf
lhjf0f'x? lgoGq0fsf nfuL lgDg k|of;x?
Ufg'{ k5{ .

7
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw
• ;'sfpg ;lsg] kf]v/LnfO{ ;se/ k|To]s
aif{ Ps k6s kf}if df3 dlxgfdf ;'sfpg'
k5{ .
• kf]v/L ;'sfpg g;lsg] / kfgLsf] >f]t
klg geP kf] v /Ldf #–$ k6s
hfn tfg]/ ToxfF ePsf] h+unL tyf
dfF;fxf/L df5fx? tyf ls/fx? lgsfNg'
k5{ .
• k|lt x]S6/ %)) lsnf] 3/ kf]Tg] r'g, #))) lsnf] kfs]sf] uf]j/÷sDkf]i6 dn, ()!
lsnf] l8=P=kL= / !@) lsnf] o'l/of dn Ps gf;n] 5/]/ ;kmf kfgL $—% lkm6
el/ lbg' k5{ .
• kf]v/Ldf kfgL /fVbf jflx/jf6 h+unL df5f tyf df5fsf cGo zq'x? kfgL ;+u;u}
ghfcf]; eGgsf nfuL kfgL k|j]zåf/df dl;gf] cfFvf ePsf] hfnL /fVg' k5{ .
• kf]v/Ldf kfgL e/]sf] %—& lbg kl5 -kfgL xl/of] eP/ cfP kl5_ df5f e'/f /fVg'
pQd x'G5 .
df5fsf e'/fx? pknAw x'g] >f]t / ;doM
df5fsf e'/fx? cfk\mgf] glhssf] dT:o ljsf; s]Gb|x?, dT:o cg';Gwfg
s]Gb|x? tyf lj:jfl;nf] lglh dT:o k|hgg s]Gb|x? / lglh dT:o g;{/Lx?jf6 lng
;lsG5 . ;a} hftsf df5fsf e'/fx? Ps} k6s gkfpg ;lsG5 . lsg eg] df5fsf hft
cg';f/ df5fsf] km'n kfg]{ ;do km/s km/s x'G5 . ;fdfGotof hft cg';f/ df5f e'/f
kfO{g] ;dox?M

qm=;+ Dff5fsf] hft e'/f kfO{g] ;do

! sdg sfk{ kmfNu'0f —h]i7
@ l;Ne/ sfk{ a}zfv — cfiff9
# ljux]8 sfk{ a}zfv — cfiff9
$ u|f; sfk{ a}zfv — cfiff9
% /x' cfiff9 —efb|
^ Gf}gL cfiff9 —efb|
& Efs'/ >fj0f—efb|

8
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw
df5f e'/fsf] ;+Vof, ;fOh / cg'kftM
;a} df5fn] Ps} lsl;dsf] cfxf/ gvfg] tyf kf]v/Ldf pTkfbg x'g] k|fs[lts cfxf/
klg ljleGg lsl;dsf] x'g] ePsf]n] kf]v/Ldf pknAw x'g] k|fs[lts cfxf/x?sf] clwsT.d
pkof]u ug{sf] nfuL k|lt x]S6/ hnfzodf 7'nf]e'/f !)))) uf]6f jf ;fgf]
e'/f !%))) uf]6f slDtdf #–$ hftsf df5fx? Pp6} kf]v/Ldf /fv]/ kfng ug'{ k5{ .
;fgf] e'/fsf] zq'x? w]/} x'g] ePsf]n] w]/} gf]S;fg x'G5 ;fy} 7'nf] x'g klg ;do nfUg]
x'G5 . To;sf/0f 7'nf] ;fO{hsf] e'/f /fVbf gf]S;fg sd x'g] / a[l4 ;d]t rfF8} x'g]
ePsf]n] df5f /fd|f] pTkfbg x''G5 . kf]v/Ldf pTkfbg x'g] k|fs[lts cfxf/ Pj+ cGo
Joj:yfkg kIfnfO{ ljrf/ ul/ lgDg cg';f/ df5fsf] cg'kft ldnfP/ /fVg' k5{,
s|;=+ df5fsf] hft ;ft} hftkfNbf ljb]zL sfk{ dfq :yfgLo dfq s}lkmot
! sdg sfk{ @%Ü #% Ü ljux]8 tyf
@ l;Ne/ sfk{ #% Ü $% Ü efs'/ b'j}
# ljux]8 sfk{ %Ü !% Ü ldnfP/
$ u|f; sfk{ %Ü %Ü jf Ps
% /x' !) Ü csf{sf] ;§f
#) Ü
/fVg
^ g}gL !% Ü #) Ü
;lsG5 .
& efs'/ %Ü $) Ü
hDdf !)) Ü !)) Ü !)) Ü
dWo kfxf8L If]qx?df :yflgo -/x', g}gL, efs'/_ hftsf] df5fx?sf] a[l4 b/ sd x'g]
ePsf]n] ljb]zL -l/;=lj=u|f=sdg_ df5f kfng ubf{ pQd x'G5 .
df5f e'/f 9'jfgL ug]{ tl/sfM
cfk\mgf] kf]v/Lsf] nfuL rflxg] hftsf] df5f e'/f ;a} Ps} k6s Ps} 7fpFdf gkfpg
;S5 . To;sf/0f cfkm'nfO{ hflxg] hftsf] e'/f dfyL elgPsf] >f]tx?jf6 k6s k6s
Nofpg' kg]{ x'G5 . df5f e'/f kf]v/Ldf /
fVgsf] nfuL lgDg s'/fx? ug'{ k5{,
• Dff5f e'/f 708fsf] ;do jf /ftLsf]
;dodf 9'jfgL ug'{ k5{ .
• Dff5fe'/f ;fdfGotof kf]nLyLg Aofudf
9'jfgL ul/G5 .
• kf]lnlyg Jofudf Kjfn gk/]f;\ To;sf]
Joj:yfdf ljrf/ ug'{ k5{ .

9
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw
• 3fddf Knfli6s rf+8} tfltg] ePsf]n] 3fd
nfu] s f] a] n f KofsnfO{ leh] s f] sk8f
÷af]/f cflbn] 5f]k]/ 78+f /fVg] jf :6fOnf]kmf]dsf]
afS;fdf Kofs xfn]/ nfg'k' 5{ .
• s'g} sf/0fj; Uof; lns ePdf ;do
;dodf gofF kfgL yKg] tyf kfgLnfO{
rnfpg] k|of; ug'{ k5{ .
• Dff5f e'/f 9'jfgL ul/ kf]v/Ldf NofO{
;s] kl5 PSsfl; kfgLdf 5f8\g' x'+b}g To;f] ubf{ e'/f dg{ ;S5 .
• kf]nLlyg JofunfO{ cfwf 306f hlt kf]v/Lsf] kfgLdf /fVg] To; kl5 Jofu vf]nL
cln cln ul/ kf]v/Lsf] kfgL Jofudf hfg] ul/ /fVbf df5f e'/f cfkm} kf]v/Lsf] kfgL
lt/ t}l/P/ hfG5 .
• olb 7'nf] 6o+fsLdf 9'jfgL ul/ NofO{sf] 5 eg] cln cln kf]v/Lsf] kfgL 6\of+sLdf
/fVb} u/]df s]lx ;do kl5 kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] tfks|d / 6\ofFsL kfgLsf] tfks|d Ps}
gf;sf] ePsf] cg'dfg eP kl5 df5f e'/f 6\of+sLaf6 lems]/ kf]v/Ldf lj:tf/}
/fVg' k5{ .
kf]v/Ldf dnvfbsf] dxŒjM
kf] v /Ldf pTkfbg x' g ] k| f s[ l ts cfxf/sf] a[ l 4 kfgLdf ePsf cfjZos
kf]ifs tTj / ;'o{sf] k|sf;sf] pkl:yltsf] cfwf/df x'G5 . To;sf/0f kf]v/Ldf k|fs[lts
cfxf/sf] pTkfbg lg/Gt/ ?kdf eO{ /fVgsf] nfuL lgoldt ?kdf dnvfb k|of]u ug'{
cfjZos x'G5 . dnvfbsf] k|of]un] df5fsf] pTkfbg a9fp5 eg] cg'ko'Qm
tl/sfn] k|of]u ubf{ gf]S;fg ;d]t x'G5 . To;sf/0f df5f e'/f /flv ;s] kl5 !%lbgsf]
km/sdf k|lt x]S6/ hnfZodf #)) s]=hL= kfs]sf] uf]j/ dn, @) s]=hL= o"/Lof dn /
!% s]=hL= l8=P=kL= dn kfgLdf 3f]n]/ 5g'{ k5{ . kf]v/Lsf] df6f]sf] lsl;d tyf kfgLsf]
dlnnf]kgsf] cfwf/df dnsf] dfqf yk36 klg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

10
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw
kf]v/Lsf] dlnnf]kg hfFr ug]{ tl/sfM
dn k|of]u u/]sf] %–& lbgdf kfgL xl/of] eP kl5
3fd nfu]sf] ;dodf dlnnf]kg hfFr ug'{ k5{ . xft
8'jfP/dlnnf]kg hfFr ubf{ xTs]nf ;Dd 8'jfp+bf g8'jfpb}
gË b]Vg 5fl8of] eg] dnsf] dfqf al9 ePsf], s'lxgf]
;Dd 8'jfpbf gË b]Vg 5fl8of] eg] dnsf] dfqf l7s
ePsf] / s'lxgf] eGbf dfly ;Dd 8'jfpbf klg gË b]lv /
fVof] eg] dnsf] dfqf gk'u ePsf] a'e\mg' k5{ . kfgLsf]
dlnnf]kg ;]rL l8:sn] klg gflkG5 . ;]lr l8:sn] gflkbf
@) ;]=ld= eGbf cufl8 l8:s b]lvg 5f8\of] eg] dnsf]
dfqf w]/} ePsf], @)—$) ;]=ld=sf] lar 5f8\of] eg] dnsf]
dfqf l7s ePsf] / $) ;]=ld=eGbf kl5 klg b]lv /fVof]
eg] dnsf] dfqf sd ePsf a'e\mg' k5{ .
df5fnfO{ bfgf cfxf/fsf] Joj:yfM
kf]v/Ldf pTkfbg x'g] k|fs[lts cfxf/
jf6 dfq al9 df5f pTkfbg ug{ ;Dej
x'b}g . t;y{ df5fnfO{ s[lqd bfgf lb+bf al9
df5f pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . df5f e'/fsf]
;fgf] -%) u|fd eGbf ;fgf]_ x'Gh]n ;Dd cfwf
efu e'6]sf] e6df;sf] lk7f] / cfwf efu
ux'Fsf] lk7f] ld;fP/ lbg' k5{ eg] e'/f 7'nf]
eP kl5 ufFp 3/df pknAw x'g] wfgsf] 9'6f]
cfwf efu / tf]l/sf] lkgf cfwf efu ldnfP/
df5fsf] nfuL kl/k" / s bfgf agfP/ lbg' k5{ .
/fd|f] u'0f:t/sf] bfgf agfpgsf] nfuL wfgsf] 9'6f], tf]/Lsf] lkgf, ux'Fsf] lk7f], e6df;sf]
lk7f], df5fsf] l;b|f, /utsf] w'nf], x8\8Lsf] w'nf]
cfbL ld;fP/ klg agfpg ;lsG5 . bfgfsf]
clwsT.d pkof]u xf]; eGgsf] nfuL bfgfnfO{
k]n]6 agfP/ -d]lzg af6 w'nf]nfO{ bfgfsf] ?kdf_
lbg ;lsG5 . k]n]6 bfgf k|of]u ubf{ bfgf w]/} sd
gf]S;fg x'G5 / bfgf df6f]df s'lxgaf6 aRg uO{
kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ ;d]t lalu|g kfp+b}g .

11
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw

;fdfGotof z'?df bfgf lbbf df5fsf]

zfl/l/s tf}nsf] # b]lv % k|ltzt ;Dd
tyf df5f %) u|fd eGbf 7'nf] eP kl5
zfl/l/s tf}nsf] ! b]lv # k|ltzt ;Dd
bfgf k|To]s lbg lbg' k5{ . cfjZos dfqfsf]
bfgfnfO{ kfgLdf lehfP/ 8Nnf agfP/
k|To]s lbg Pp6} ;do / Ps} 7fpFdf lbgsf]
Ps k6s lbg' k5{ . ;do ;dodf bfgf
vfO{ /fv]sf] 5 5}g eg] hfFr ul/ /fVg' k5{ . df5fsf] a[l4 hfFrsf] cfwf/df bfgfsf] dfqf
a9fpb} hfg' k5{ . bfgfsf] k|of]u ;se/ ljxfg -* b]lv !) ah]_ ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
Kff]v/Ldf u|f; sfk{ df5fnfO{ cfj:os 3fF; ;f+emkv /fVg' k5{ cGoyf c? df5fnfO{ lbO{g]
bfgf vfO{ lbG5 .
kf]v/Ldf Pl/P6/sf] k|of]u
;3g dT:o kfngdf pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fpg e'/fsf] ;+Vof / ;fO{hdf a[l¢,
bfgf tyf dnvfb h:tf y'k|} pTkfbg ;fdfu|Lx?sf] yk k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5, h:n]
kf]v/Lsf] jxg Ifdtf -Carrying Capacity_ 36fO{ lbG5 . o;n] df5fsf] pTkfbgdf
k|efj kfg]{ kfgLsf y'k|} u'0fx? dWo] ;+j]bglzn u'0f clS;hgsf] pknAwtfdf
gsf/fTds k|efj a9L kfb{5\ . kfgLsf] 3'lnt clS;hg pkof]u ug]{ df5f tyf k|fs[lts
z'Id hLjsf] 3gTj a9L x'g] / pTkfbg l;ldt x'g] Pp6f c;Gt'nLt cj:yfsf] ;[hgf
x'g uO{ clS;hgsf] sld x'g hfG5 . nfdf] ;do ;Dd kfgLdf clS;hgsf] dfqf sd
ePsf] cj:yfdf df5fdf lgDg k|efj kg{u} df5fsf] pTkfbg sld tyf gf]S;fg x'g
;S5 .
• df5fn] bfgf sd vfg] .
• bfgf vfP cg';f/ df5f ga9\g] .
• df5fnfO{ /f]u / k/lhjLsf] cfqmd0f x'g] hf]lvd /xg] .
• df5f lg:;fl;P/ dg]{ .
To;}n] ;3g dT:o kfng ul/Psf] kf]v/Ldf, kf]v/Lsf] jxg Ifdtf a9fO{ df5fsf]
pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a[l¢ ug{ / Joj;fojf6 clwstd k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ yk clS;hgsf]
cfk"lt{ clgjfo{ 5, h'g ljleGg lsl;dsf Pl/P6/sf] pkof]ujf6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

12
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw

kf]v/Ldf k|of]u ul/g] Pl/P6/sf] lsl;d

dT:o kfngdf jfo' k|jfx ug{sf] nfuL
k]8n lJxn Pl/P6/, OD]n/ Pl/P6/, kDk :k|o] /
Pl/P6/, el6{sn kDk Pl/P6/, l8k\mo'h/ af6/
sDk|];/ ul/ % k|sf/sf ljB'taf6 ;+rfng
x'g] Pl/P6/x? rngdf /x]sf] eP klg k]8n
lJxn Pl/P6/ / ODk]n/ Pl/P6/ pkof]lutf
Pj+ ;+rfngsf] b[li6sf]0fn] pko't{ m dflgG5g\ .
o:tf Pp6f Pl/o6/n] !)–!% s¶f hnfzo
ODk]n/ Pl/P6/
ePsf] kf]v/Lx?sf] nflu pko'St x'G5 .
Pl/P6/sf sfdx?
• kf]v/Lsf] kfgLdf clS;hgsf] dfqf ;f]em} a9fp5 .
• kf]v/Lsf] kfgLnfO{ rnfodfg u/fO{ ;tx b]lv
lk+3 ;Dd clS;hgsf] dfqf ;se/ ;dfg ?kn]
ljt/0f ug{ dbt ub{5 .
• ulx/f] h}ljs lyU¥ofgsf] tx ePsf] kf]v/Ldf
Pl/P6/n] kf]v/Lsf] ;txdf clS;s[t tx jgfO{
lk+wjf6 lg:sg] ljiffn' Uof; -cdf]lgof, xfO8f]«hg ;NkmfO{8_ sf] k|efjnfO{ sd
ub{5 .
• Pl/P6/n] cGo ljiffn' Uof;, j9L ePsf] gfO6«f]hg Pj+ sfj{g8fO{–cS;fO8nfO{
kfgLaf6 jfo'd08nLo jftfj/0fdf k7fpg dbt ub{5 .
Pl/Pzg ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfx?
;fdfGot :j:y df5f kfngsf] nfuL %=) ld=u|f÷nL 3'lnt clS;hgsf] cfjZostf
x'G5 . kf]v/Ldf 3'lnt clS;hgsf] dfqf @,# ld=u|f÷ln=eGbf sd x'g lbg' x'b}g .
kf]v/Ldf clS;hg sd x'g'sf lgDg sf/0fx? x'g ;S5g Ù
• a9L bfgf,dn tyf cGo pTkfbg ;fdfu|L k|of]u ePdf,
• Nffdf] ;do ;Dd afbn nfuL /x]df,
• Nffdf] ;do ;Dd kf]v/Ldf kfgLsf] tfkqmd @&=l8=;] eGbf dfly /x]df,
• z'Id jg:klt tyf hLjx? crfgs d/]df /
• kf]v/Lsf] kfgLdf z'Id k|f0fL hLjx?sf] dfqf cTolws ePdf .

13
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw
;3g dT:o kfngdf dfly pNn]lvt sf/0fx? / kfgLsf] u'0f:t/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg
gx'bf clS;hgsf] sldsf nIf0fx? j/fj/ b]vfkg]{ u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . ljxfg $,% ah]
clS;hgsf] dfqf kfgLdf slxn] sf+xL !,@ dL=u|f÷ln6/ eGbf klg sd x'g] u5{, o;f]
x'g'sf] sf/0f ;"o{sf] pkl:ytLdf lbge/ pTkfbg ePsf] clS;hg df5f tyf cGo hlno
jg:klt tyf hLjx?sf] jfSnf] pkl:ytLn] pkof]u e};Sg' / k'gM pTkfbg k|s[ofsf]
;'?jft x'g gEofpg' xf] . oltj]nf df5f ;txdf cfO{ Kofs Kofs ug]{ / PSsf;L dg]{
u5{g, h;n] ubf{ 7'nf] gf]S;fgL Joxf]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
To:tf] cj:yf cfpg glbg jf Go"g ug{ ljxfg–ljxfg kf]v/Ldf ePsf df5fsf]
rfn, Jojxf/ cg'udg ug]{, clS;hg / tfkqmdsf] hf+r lgoldt ?kn] ug]{, kf]v/Ldf
kfgLsf] pko'tm ulx/fO{ sfod /fVg] / pTkfbg ;fdfu|Lsf] k|of]u a'l4dQfk"j{s ug'{sf
;fy} yk clS;hgsf nfuL Pl/P6/x? rnfpg] ug'{ kb{5\ . clS;hgsf sldsf nIf0fx?
cfsl:ds ?kdf b]lv /xg] dlxgfx? -;fdfGotof h]i7 b]lv efb| ;Dd_df ljxfg #–^
jh] ;Dd b}lgs #–$ 306f / kfng cjlwsf] pQ/fw{df df5f 7"nf x'b} hf+bf , df5fsf]
s'n tf}n a9g] , bfgf tyf cGo pTkfbg ;fdfu|Lsf] cfk"lt{ -nf]8_ klg a9b} hfg] x'bf,
TotL j]nf cfsl:ds ;dosf ;fy} bfgf lbg' eGbf cuf8L cltl/tm ! 306f Pl/o6/
rnfpg' pQd x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
Pl/P6/ /fVg] :yfg
Pl/P6/ kf]v/Lsf] ljr efudf /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 , h;n] ubf{ kf]v/Lsf] kfgL k"0f{
?kdf rnfodfg x'G5 / ck]lIft ?kdf clS;hgsf] pTkfbg ;d]t x'G5 . Pl/P6/ Ps
lsgf/f jf s'gfdf /fVbf kf]v/Lsf] l8n eTsfO{ df6f] / cGo lyU¥ofgnfO{ kf]v/Lsf]
ljrdf y'kfb}{ hfG5 h:n] ubf{ df5f dfg{ hfn xfNg] tyf cGo sfo{x?df jfwf k'Ub5 .
df5fsf] a[l4 hfFrM
df5f e' / f xfnL ;s] kl5 df5f
glems'Gh]n ;Dd dlxgfsf] Ps k6s a[l4
hfFr ug'{ k5{ . a[l4 hfFr ubf{ df5fsf] cj:yf
s:tf] 5 /fd|f] ;+u a9]sf] 5 5}g, s'g} lsl;ssf]
/f]u nfu]sf] 5 ls yfxf kfpg' sf] ;fy} bfgfsf]
dfqf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . a[l4 hfFr
ubf{ ;a} hftsf] df5f !)–!) uf]6f ;fgf]
7'nf] ldnfP/ hft cg';f/ cnu cnu tf}n
lng' k5{ . ;f]lx tf}naf6 Pp6f df5fsf] cf}ift
tf}n yfxf x'G5 / kf]v/Ldf slt lsnf] df5f
5 eg] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . ;f]lx tf}nsf]
cfwf/df df5fnfO{ lbO{g] bfgfsf] dfqf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . a[l4 hfFråf/f df5fsf] k|lt
lbgsf] a[l4 b/ kf]v/Lsf] Joj:yfkg cg';f/ df5fsf] a[l4 ePsf] 5 5}g yfxf kfpg
;lsG5 . yk hfgsf/Lsf] nflu dT:o k|fljlws;+u ;Nnfx ug'{ plrt x'G5 .
14
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw
kf]v/Lsf] l8nsf] pkof]uM
kf]v/L agfp+bf sl/a b'O{ ltxfO{ hnfzo tyf Ps
ltxfO{ 8Ln k|fKt x'g] ub{5 . kf]v/Lsf] l8n vfnL /fVg'
eGbf df5fnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] vfnsf] jfnL tyf kz' k+lIf
kfng ug{ ;lsG5 . To;sf] nfuL l8ndf t/sf/L v]tL,
s]/f v]tL ubf{ sfd gnfUg] jf]6 lj?jf tyf kftx? u|f;
sfk{ df5fnfO{ bfgfsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ kfO{G5 eg] v]ltsf]
;dodf rflxg] kfgL kf]v/Lsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}
k|sf/n] l8ndf s'v/f, xfF;, j+u'/sf] vf]/, ufO{, e}+;Lsf]
uf]7 jgfP/ kfng ubf{ ltgLx?sf] lb;f lk;fj kf]v/Ldf
dnsf] ?kdf k|of]u x'G5 eg] s'v/f, xfF;, j+u/' , ufO{, e};
+ Ln]
vfPsf] ckr bfgf tyf bfgf vf+bf 5l/Psf] bfgf df5fn]
vfg kfp+5 . xf+;, a+u'/, ufO{, e}+;LnfO{ g'xfpg tyf vf]/
;kmf ug{ kf]v/Lsf] kfgL k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;k|sf/
Plss[t ?kdf df5f ;fy kz' k+lIf, kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L
v]lt ubf{ bfgf dnsf] vr{df sdL cfO{ df5fkfngaf6 /fd|f] kmfO{bf x'g ;S5 .
df5fsf xflgsf/s zq'hLjx¿M
Dff5f kfng ubf{ df5fnfO{ ljleGg lsl;sdsf k|ltklIfx? Hf:t} df+;fxf/L df5f,
Eofu'tf, kfgL leqdf ls/f, ;k{, r/f, uu6f, cf]t tyf dflg;x?n] k|ToIf ?kdf gf]S;fg
ug]{ u5{ . t;y{ logLx?af6 arfpg ;s] dfq df5f kfngjf6 kmfO{bf lng ;lsG5 .
• df+;fxf/L df5f—
df+;fx/L df5f lgoGq0fsf] nfuL k|j]zåf/
tyf lgsf;åf/df dl;gf] cfFvf ePsf] tf/
hfnL /fvL kfgL /fVg] / lgsfNg] ug'{ k5{ .
• ;k{—
;k{ lgoGq0fsf] nfuL kf]v/Lsf] l8n ;kmf
/fVg], / kf]v/Ldf ;k{sf] kf;f] k|of]u ug'{
k5{ .
• r/f—
r/f lgoGq0fsf] nfuL kf]v/Lsf] ljr qm; ul/
/+uLlj/+uL Knfli6ssf] l/jg 7f+p 7f+pdf jf+lw lbg'
k5{ . ;do ;dodf 7"nf] cfjfh cfpg] 8f+u|f] ahfP/
r/f wkfpg] .

15
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw

df5f lemSg] ;doM

Dff5fsf] lals| ljt/0f aif{e/L eP
klg hf8f] ; do, d' V o;do dflgG5 .
hf8f]sf] ;dodf kf]v/L jf6 df5f lgsfNbf
x'g] kmfO{bfx?M
• Hff8f]sf] ;dodf df5fsf] a[l4 w]/}
sd x'g] ePsf]n] laqmL of]Uo df5f
kf]v/Ljf6 lemSbf df5fnfO{ lbg'' kg]{
bfgf dnsf] vr{df sld cfp5 .
• Hff8f] ;dodf cGo ;do eGbf al9 lals| d'No x'g] ePsf]n] df5f lals|jf6 jl9
kmfO{bf lng ;lsG5 .
• Hff8f] ;dodf ;a} df5f lals| ul/
kf]v/L vfnL ug{ ;s] go+f df5f
/fVg kf]v/L tof/L ug{ pko'Qm ;do
x'g] . olb kf]v/L vfnL x'g g:fs] h'g
hft hlt ;+Vofdf lgsfnLPsf] xf]
;f]lx hft / ;+Vofdf csf]{ go+f df5f
/fVg ;lhnf] x'g] .
• dfyL pNn]lvt tl/sfjf6 df5f kfng u/]df k|lt x]S6/ hnfzoaf6 aflif{s
$))) b]lv ^))) s]=lh df5f pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
vfg] df5f ;+/If0fM
Dff5f dfl/ ;s] kl5 df5fsf] cfGbf e'F8L leq ePsf AofS6]/Lof tyf /;fogsf
sf/0fn] ubf{ df5f r+f8} lau|/] , un]/
hfFbf uGxfpg], a]:jflbnf] eP/
hfg] ePsf]n] To;f] gxf];\ eGgsf]
nfuL lgDg s'/fx? ug'{ kg]{ x'G5,
• Dff5f kf]v/Ljf6 lems]sf]
Ps, b'O{ 306f leq pkef]u
ug]{ xf] eGg] df5fsf] cfGb|f
e'F8L lgsfn]/ ;kmf kf/L
/fVg' k5{ .

16
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw

• df5f lems]sf] %–& 306f kl5 dfq ljlqm

jf pkef]u ug]{ xf] eg] df5f nfO{ ;kmf
kfgLn] /fd|/L ;kmf ul/ k|mLh jf jkm{df
Kofs ul/ /fVg' k5{ .
• df5fnfO{ nfdf] ;do kl5 pkef]u
ug]{ xf] eg] ;'s6L agfP/ -3fddf
;'sfP/, cfuf]sf] /fkdf ;'sfP/ jf g'gdf
;'sfP/_ /fVg ;lsG5 .
df5f kfngsf] vr{sf] n]vf hf]vfM
dT:o kfngdf ul/Psf ultljlwx?sf] h:t} df5f e'/f, bfgf, dnvfb vl/b tyf
9'jfgL vr{, HofdL vr{ cflbsf] k|i6 lnlvt ?kdf ljj/0f /fv]sf] v08df lgDg s'/fx?
yfxf kfpg ;lsG5,
• k|lt x]S6/ hnf;odf jflif{s slt vr{ ePsf] / slt df5f pTkfbg eof] .
• Ps lsnf] df5f pTkfbg ug{ slt vr{ kb{5, ;f]lx cg';f/ df5fsf] ljs|L b/ sfod
ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
• jflif{s e'/f, bfgf, dnvfb cfbLsf slt slt vr{ kbf]{ /x]5 .
• bfgf tyf dnvfb k|of]u u/] cg';f/sf] df5fsf] a[l4 ePsf] 5 jf 5}g .
• df5f kfngaf6 aflif{s slt kmfO{bf jf j]kmfO{bf eof] .
• olb s''g} lsl;dsf] q'l6 ePsf] /x]5 eg] cfpg] jif{df ;'wf/ ul/ kmfO{bf ug{
;lsG5 .

cfDbfgL vr{sf] ljj/0f

hnfzo If]qkmnM ============= x]S6/
kf]v/L g+= kfgLsf] ulx/fO{M ================ lkm6
kf]v/L e'/f dnvfb bfgf cfxf/f hDdf
df5f laqmL
ldlt ;/;kmfO{ :6lsË k|of]u k|of]u vr{ s}lkmot
HofdL /sd ;+Vof /sd s]=hL= /sd s]=hL= /sd /sd s]=hL= /sd

17
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw

cfly{s ljZn]if0f
dT:o kfng cGo k/Dk/fut v]tL k|0ffnL eGbf lgs} kmfObfhgs 5 . x'gt kf]v/L lgdf{0f ubf{
7"nf] /sd kF"hLut vr{sf] ?kdf nfUg] ub{5 t/ ofGqLs/0fsf] d2tn] -PS;fe]6/, 8f]h/, 6\ofS6/, cflb_
lgdf{0f vr{ ;d]t lgs} sd x'g uPsf] 5 . Joj;flos dT:o kfngdf x'g] cg'dflgt cfDbfgL vr{sf]
n]vf hf]vf lgDgfg';f/ ul/Psf] 5,
;3g df5f kfngsf] nflu cg'dflgt pTkfbg vr{ -! x]S6/_
qm=;+= sfo{ ljj/)f OsfO{ kl/df)f b/ /sd ?=
-s_ k""Flhut vr{sf]
! hnfzosf] x|; s§L /sd ? 600000.00 10% 60000.00
@ Pl/o6/ x|f; s§L /sd ? 150000.00 10% 15000.00
# kfgL df]6/ s§L ! yfg /ds ? 50000.00 10% 5000.00
$ af]l/Ë ! yfg /ds ? 50000.00 5% 2500.00
k"Flhut hDdf vr{ 850000.00 82500.00
-v_ ;+rfng vr{
! kf]v/L ;/;kmfO{ aflif{s Psd"i7 5000.00
@ r'g k|of]u s]=hL= 500=00 20.00 10000.00
# df5f e'/f uf]6f 15000 1.00 15000.00
$ k|fËfl/s dn s]=hL= 9000=00 2.00 18000.00
% o'l/of dn s]=hL= 1000=00 25.00 25000.00
^ l8=P=kL\ dn s]=hL= 700=00 50.00 35000.00
& k}n]6 bfgf s]=hL= 6000=00 50.00 300000.00
* ljw't vr{ 306f 2000.00 10.0 20000.00
( Hofld ÷;'/Iff dlxgf 12 10000.0 120000.00
!) cf}ifwL vr{ /sd ? 408000.00 5% 20400.00
!! aflif{s Jofh /sd ? 1418400.00 10% 141840.00
;+rfng hDdf vr{ 710240.00
s'n hDdf vr{ 792740.00
-u_ cfDbfgL
! df5f pTkfbg ljls| s]=hL= 6000=00 200 1200000.00
@ v'b gfkmf aflif{s 407260.00
# df5f pTkfbg vr{ k|lt s]hL ?= 132.00
$ vr{ cfDbfgL cg'kft 01M01=5
% gfkmf -s'n vr{ / v'b gfkmf_ k|ltzt 66
gf]6M !=% s¶f a/fa/ ! /f]kgL, #) s¶f a/fa/ ! x]S6/ / @) /f]kgL a/fa/ ! x]S6/ .
df5f kfngsf] ;kmntfsf] cfwf/x¿M
!= pko'Qm :ynsf] 5gf}6 .
@= pko'Qm kfng cjlwsf] 5gf}6 .
#= kf]v/Lsf] tof/L .
$= ;+Vof, ;fO{h / cg'kft ldnfP/ df5f, e'/f :6lsË .
%= dnvfbsf] k|of]u u/L kfgLsf] jf+lIft xl/of]kg sfod /fVg] .
^= s[lqd cfxf/sf] plrt tl/sfn] k|of]u .
&= kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg .
*= ;do ;dodf df5fsf] a[l4 hfFr .
(= k|ltklIf hLj lgoGq0f .
!)= :jf:y hfFr P+j Joj:yfkg .
!!= df5f kfngsf] ;a} ls|ofsnfksf] cWofjlws /]s8{ .

18
Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw

19
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw

Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw

g]kfn ;/sf/
s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
s[lif ljefu
dT:o ljsf; lgb]z
{ gfno
s]Gb|Lo dT:o ejg, afnfh', sf7df08f}
kmf]g M $#%)*##, $#*%^$^
Od]nM dofnep@gmail.com, j]j;fO{6M www.dofd.gov.np

20
 Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw

Joj;flos dT:o kfng k|ljlw

k|sfzs M dT:o ljsf; lgb]z
{ gfno
© ;jf{lwsf/ M dT:o ljsf; lgb]z{ gfnodf
k|sfzg jif{ M @)&@
;+:s/0f M k|yd
k|sflzt k|lt M #))!

21