ENGLISH REVIEWER (2nd Quarter)

Week 1-2

Expository
- as its name implies, is writing that exposes facts. In other words, it's writing
that explains and educates its readers, rather than entertaining or
attempting to persuade them.

Visual Aids include graphics, tables, charts, maps and graphs to help
their readers understand complex data.
Writers use visuals in their writing to:
1. Grab the readers’ attention
2. Make the work more interesting to read
Help readers understand what they are reading.

Linear and Non-linear Text

What is a Linear Text?
• It is the most common type of text that need to be read from beginning to end.
• It focuses on the arrangement of the words, both grammatically and stylistically.
• Generally, texts printed on paper are considered as linear texts. All those texts
we read from beginning to end, are linear texts.

Linear Text
• Follows a straight line from start to end in sequential path. The author of the
text decides the order of the text or the reading path.
• It refers to traditional text written without the aid of graphics that needs to be
read from beginning to the end.
• It has syntactic (sentence) and grammatical (s-v agreement) features.
• It always contains certain punctuation marks and are written according to
specific purpose.

What is a Non-linear Text?

• A text combined with visual elements.
• The reading path is not sequential.
• The readers do not read the words from beginning to end.
• It is also called visual elements, infographics and textual-aids.
Common Kinds of Non-linear Text

GRAPHS
- These are diagrams showing the relation between variable,
quantities, typically of two variables, each measured along a pair of axes at right
angles.
- Examples are Line Graphs, Bar Graphs, Pictographs, and Pie Graphs.

Line Graphs -It shows you how numbers have changed over time. It
usually has continuous data along a vertical (Y-axis) and horizontal (X-axis)
dimensions.

Pictograph/Pictogram- A special type of bar graph. Instead of using an axis w/

nos., it uses pictures to represent a particular no. of items.

Pie Graph- It shows you how a whole is divided into different parts.
Chart/Graph
- is a graphical representation of data.
- represented by symbols or legends.
- use to ease understanding of large quantities of data and to show their
relationships.
Kinds of Chart/Graph: Use

Line Chart/Graph Used to show trends

Column and Bar Chart/Graph Used to show comparison between variables

Pie Chart/Graph Used to show visual representation of

parts/segments as proportion of the whole

TABLE
- Also known as matrix, refers an orderly arranged quantitative data in columns
and rows.
- is a tabular representation of data.
- represented by words, numbers or signs usually in parallel columns/rows
displaying set of facts/relations in a compact and comprehensive form.

MAP
- Refers to collection of data showing the spatial arrangement or distribution of
something over an area.

CAPTIONED GRAPHIC
- Provides a title, short explanation or description accompanying an illustration or
a photograph.
FLOW CHART
- It shows the sequence of movements or actions of people or things involved in a
complex system or activity.
In academic terms, text refers to anything that can be read w/c is used to send
and convey a particular message.
• Notes * Maps
• Newspapers * Street Signs
• Cookbooks * Graphs
• Magazines * Illustrations
Graphic Organizers
- communication tool that uses visual
symbols to express knowledge, concepts or
thoughts and the relationships between them.
- provide a visual aid to facilitate learning and instruction

Week 3-4
FACTS
● Is considered true and correct no matter what.
● A simple statement used to inform or make an argument.
● It can also be researched, observed and measured.
● It can also be a verifiable truth or reality which is agreed
upon by a consensus of people.
 ● Example:
The sun is the center of the solar system
There are 365 days in a year.
Manila is the capital of the Philippines.

OPINIONS
● Are personal views or judgement about a subject that may or may not
be substantiated by facts or positive knowledge.
● It is used in subjective matters and cannot be proven true or false.
● Example:
Chocolate ice cream is better than vanilla ice cream
Opinion-Marking Signals
Are the words/phrases that we use to help us better express or share our
ideas and opinions.

Remember:
Good opinions are based on facts, but they are still opinions.
 Different Functions of Opinion-Marking Signals
Expressing Personal Doubt:
I am not sure if...
I am not satisfied that...
I doubt that...
I am not convinced...that
I might be wrong but...
If I am not mistaken...
Fillers in conversation:
By the way...
What I mean is...
So…
Anyway...
Stating General Opinion:
Everyone knows that...
As everybody knows...
There can be no doubt that...
It is normally accepted that...
It is claimed that...
Drawing Conclusion
Finally…
The obvious conclusion is...
Summing up, I must say that...
Expressing a personal opinion:
In my opinion...
I feel that...
I would say that...
It seems to me that...
I think...
I believe...
Personally...
Expressing an Agreement:
You’re right, that’s a good point...
I think so, too...
Definitely...
Well, I agree with you here...
Actually, I think you’re right...
Expressing Disagreement:
I don’t agree with you...
I’m sorry but I’m of different
opinion...
Not necessarily…
I completely disagree...
That’s not always true...
Giving Reason
I tell you all this because...
I am already thinking that...
You may also add:
Adjective or adverb in order to make your statement stronger
Example:
I really think
I strongly believe
I truly feel
In my honest opinion...
 Week 5
English Macro-skills:
 Viewing
 Listening
 Speaking
 Reading
 Writing
Print
-Includes images, infographics, pamphlets, etc. such as COVID-19 statistics.
VIEWING GENRES:
• Non-Print
-includes videos and other viewing genres.
What is GENRE?
- In Literature, (French: “kind or “sort” a distinctive type or category of literary
composition. Such as the epic. Tragedy, comedy, novel, and short story.
- Is a type of art, literature, or music characterized by a specific form, content,
and style.
VIDEOS
- Are moving visual images, which maybe spontaneous craftily planned, are
recorded reproduced or broadcasted.
GENRES:
 Weather Report
 Movie Trailer
 Documentary
 Internet-based program
 News Flash
MATERIALS
-can be viewed vary depending on their genres and platforms. As TV is the most
common platform used in viewing, online resources had been widely used
nowadays for video access. Presented below are some of video genres which you
may encounter.
Elements in evaluating viewing materials:
● Point of View
● Length
● Language
● Mood
Viewing Materials Elements:
● Point of View (POV)
- Who is telling the story of delivering the message?

Week 6
Comparing
 Is the process of looking at the similarities of two things or ideas with the
use of appropriate grammatical markers.
Examples:

1. In like manner, both of them are smart people.

2. Similarly, both sea and river are bodies of water.

Contrasting
 Is the process of looking at the differences between two things or ideas
with the use of appropriate grammatical markers.
Examples:

1.Jose is sickly, while Kevin is healthy.

2. Yes, adobo is delicious. However, it is

very salty that may cause a person to
get urinary tract infection.

Compare Contrast
(Similarities) (Differences)

• Alikeness • Unlikeness
• Likeness • Dissimilarity
• Sameness • Dissimilitude
• Similitude
Grammatical Markers in Comparing and Contrasting:

Compare Contrast
 like  unlike
 as well as  although
 also  whereas
 resemble  as opposed
 similar to to
 both  on the
 likewise contrary
 some as  on the other
hand
however
What is Rhetoric?
different from

• Rhetoric (n) - the art of speaking or writing

effectively and/or persuasively.
–Term coined by the philosopher Aristotle. According to him, rhetoric is "the
ability, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion."
Ethos (Greek for “character”)

 Ethos: the source's credibility, the speakers/author's authority, an appeal to

character, ethical appeal

 We tend to believe people whom we respect.

 This respect may be automatic or it may be earned.

Ethos (Credibility)
 Client testimonials
 Success Stories
 Celebrity endorsements
 Personal anecdotes
Ethos: How do I earn authority?

• There are four dimensions to ethos:

– Similarity: Does your audience identify with you?
– Trustworthiness: Does you audience have reason to trust you?
– Authority: Do you have authority on your topic? How do you prove it to your
audience?
– Reputation: How much expertise does your audience think you have on your
topic?
Ethos Examples:
• “As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will
likely generate the best results considering all the symptoms,
conditions, and options.”
•“My three decades of experience in public service, my tireless
commitment to the people of this community, and my willingness
to reach across the aisle and cooperate with the opposition make
me the ideal candidate for your mayor.”
• If my age doesn't convince you that I know what I'm talking about,
at least consider that I am your grandfather and I only want the
best for you.
Logos (Logical)- Greek for “word”

Logos: the logic used to support a claim (induction and deduction); facts and
statistics used to help support the argument.
– Persuading by the use of reasoning.
– Statistics, facts, examples, reasons
Logos (Logical)- Greek for “word”
Case Studies
Cause and Effect reasoning
Facts and Statistics
Analogies
Pathos (appealing/emotions)
• Pathos: persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions. Emotional appeals
are one of the most powerful tools of persuasion.
• Specific word and/or image choice, personal stories

Pathos Examples:
• If we don't move soon, we're all going to die! Can't you see how dangerous it
would be to stay?

• You'll make the right decision because you have something that not many
people do: You have heart.

• After years of this type of disrespect from your boss, countless hours wasted;
birthdays missed ... it's time that you took a stand.
Week 8
WRITER and SPEAKER differ in styles in terms of delivery and composition.
Choice of words, tone and voice are just few of the elements that may make or
break their piece.

These two things make a huge difference in making the message clear or vague to
an audience.

As a receiver of these messages, it is important that you are able to distinguish

the kind of messages you are about to receive or are receiving.
Positive and Negative Messages
Writer has their own style in expressing their messages.

Their choice of words mainly creates the atmosphere, mood and emotions
depending on the occasion.

Positive and Negative Messages

Fictional Texts Non- fictional Texts
Isn’t based on Is based on facts.
facts, but on
imagination.

What are positive messages?

• Messages that convey thanks, provide recommendations, motivation, or
encouragement.
EXAMPLES:
You can do this!
Congratulations!
You are awesome!

What are negative messages?

• Messages that convey negative or unpleasant information. These messages
tend to disappoint, upset, or even anger the receiver of the message.
EXAMPLES:
Unfortunately, you didn’t pass the interview
You failed the test.
You look unpleasant.
Elements in conveying messages in text
Tone
Refer to the emotion and attitude that the writer embeds in writing. It gives
more context beyond the words used.
Tone Words
- are used by WRITERS to establish a MESSAGE.
Pairs of Positive & Negative Words (Synonyms)
Economical vs. Cheap
Positive
Allesandra performs a survey before buying any product. She is economical.
Negative
Allessandra performs a survey before buying any product. She is cheap.
Challenges vs. Difficult
Positive
Doing the indicated tasks in the module is really a challenge.
Negative
Doing the indicates tasks in the module is really difficult.

Importance of Knowing the Messages Conveyed in Text:

• Respond appropriately

• Understand the author/speaker

DISCLAIMER:

Words can mean differently depending on how they are used in a sentence.