Reproduction and Genetics

1. There are two types of reproduction: sexual and the asexual. Sexual reproduction involves sex products of organisms like eggs and
sperms. Asexual, on the other hand, does not involve the use of these products. The process of meiosis is mainly for
sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction can be through budding, fission and vegetative propagation.
Budding – a new individual arises an outgrowth (bud) from the parent, develops organs like of the parents and then detaches
itself.
Fission – the body of the parent divides by mitosis into approximately equal parts, each of which grows into an individual
similar to the parent.
Vegetative propagation – common in plants, where parts of the parent like shoots, roots, stem cuttings and others are used
to grow up new individuals that are almost identical from their parents.
Answer: a. sexual reproduction

2. Synthesis – combination of separate elements

Synapsis – the time when the pairs of homologous chromosomes lie alongside each other in the firs meiotic division.
Linkage – a connection.
Fertilization – the union of an egg and sperm cell.
Answer: b. synapsis

3. Meiosis is a process involved in sexual reproduction in organisms by which their chromosomes are reduced from diploid (2n) to the
haploid number (n). Meiosis or relatively sexual reproduction is not popular among unicellular organisms like
amoeba. Most unicellular organisms like bacteria and protists utilized asexual reproduction.
Answer: a. an amoeba

4. Chromosomes do not normally go in pairs (2n) in gametes. To preserve the number of chromosomes in each individual even after
fertilization, gametes (sexual products) must be haploid (n). What occur in diploid state are the somatic (body cells),
fertilized egg, and the zygotes.
Answer: gametes

5. In human female, the formation of egg cell is called oogenesis (oo- means egg). In each primary egg cell, only one daughter egg
cell (oocyte) is produced. The other cells produced are called polar bodies.
Answer: a. one
Mother cell

Primary oocyte First polar body

Secondary oocyte
Secondary polar bodies

6. The immediate result of meiosis is the formation of gametes (sex cell). Gametes or sex cells then fertilized and form zygote.
Embryo is the developing zygote. Gonads are the sex organs. Cytoplasm is the living matter inside a cell.
Answer: d. fertilization

7. Mitosis is a nuclear division in which there is an equal qualitative and quantitative division of the chromosomal material between
the two resulting nuclei. It is plainly the cell division in somatic (body) cells. The resulting cells are diploid (2n). If
all gametes in a pea plant (even in all plants) will only be formed through mitosis, the diploid cells will not be
reduced to haploid. When fertilization occurs, the resulting zygote will have a doubled number of chromosomes.
2n 2n (after mitosis) 2n + 2n (fertilization) 4n (zygote)
Answer: c. doubled

8. Definition of terms:
 Hermaphroditism – a condition where animals have both male and female organs in the same individual
 Heterotrophy – utilizing both organic and inorganic materials to manufacture food; not capable of photosynthesis
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  Heterozygote – an organism in which the pair of alleles for a trait is composed of different trait
 Homozygote - an organism in which the pair of alleles for a trait is composed of same genes
Answer: c. hermaphrodite

9. External fertilization is the union of sexual products outside the body of the organism. It is common to aquatic environment like
oceans where animals like sponges just release their eggs and sperms into the water. Ocean currents however carry
these gametes. Because of the numerous sexual products produced, fertilization is still possible.
Answer: c. oceans

10. Flower is the reproductive structure in angiosperms (flowering plants). It is the one that attracts bees and other agents of
pollination.
Answer: c. flower

11. Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperm cells in male reproductive organs. In each spermatocyte, 4 daughter sperm cells are
being produced after meiosis.

Primary spermatocyte

Secondary spermatocyte

Sperm cells

Answer: d. 4

12. Sperm and egg cells have a lot of differences. Sperm are from the testes. It has tail making them more active especially in
propelling themselves towards the egg. Each sperm cell has a head that consists of nucleus containing the chromosomes and
an acrosome believed to have the enzyme that assist in egg penetration. Sperm are minute but their number is far greater than
the number of eggs especially in mammals. In humans, each ejaculation produced millions of sperms to facilitate greater
chances of fertilization.
On the other hand, eggs are produced from ovaries. It is not as active as the sperm. Eggs just move after ovulation that it transports
towards the uterus waiting to be fertilized. It is highly specialized, very large cell containing condensed food reserves for
growth. In humans, only one egg is released in each month after reaching puberty, except for some cases.
The only similarity of egg and sperm is that they are both produced form an organ called gonads (ovary & testes)
Answer: a. develop in organs called gonads

13. In angiosperm, pistil is considered as the female structure and stamen as the male. Pistil produces megaspores which later on form
into ovule. Microspores are produced from the stamen. After meiosis, it forms pollen grain. These pollens are then
transported by the agents of pollination like insects. There is a sticky area in the pistil to which the arriving pollen adheres.
(Still fertilization has not yet occurred.) Now, the pollen grain begins to grow a pollen tube; this penetrates into the pistil.
Eventually, the pollen tube reaches the ovule, then fertilization happens.
Answer: b. formation of pollen, pollination, growth of pollen tube, fertilization

14. Refer to definitions in #8. Autosome is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. Allele is an alternative form of genes
coding for the same trait; situated at the same locus (position) in homologous chromosomes.
Answer: c. allele

15. Given in #8. Hybrids are those results of the mating of organisms with different genes. Dominant usually refers to a trait or
character that dominates and masked the other trait.
Answer: c. homozygous

16. Definition of terms:

 Genotype – the genetic constitution of an organism
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  Phenotype – the visible or expressed characteristics of an organism, controlled by the genotype
 Chromosome – a complex body that carries a part of the organism’s genetic information as genes composed by
DNA.
 Allele – in #14
Answer: a. genotype

17. Let us give T as the legend for tallness, the dominant trait. That gives Tt as the genes for hybrid. When crossed,

TT – homozygous tall Tt x Tt 1 homozygous tall

2 heterozygous tall
Tt – heterozygous tall 1 homozygous short

Tt – homozygous short 3/4 tall – 75 %

1/4 tall – 25 %

TT
Answer: d. 75 % Tt Tt tt
18. Like the illustration in #17, just replaced T for H signifying rough hair. Heterozygous and hybrid are just synonymous. After
crossing, you will just get the same result.
Answer: c. heterozygous rough hair

19. Still referring to illustration on #17, another trait could just surface out if it is recessive. Maybe the parents are heterozygous brown
eyes. When crossed, the blue eyes trait that is recessive has 25% chance.
Answer: c. blue eyes is a recessive trait

20. In the case of the given example, none of the trait totally masked the other. Neither of two traits dominates completely and give
characteristics intermediate of their parents is what we call incomplete dominance/codominance/intermediate inheritance .
Independent assortment – genes on different chromosomes assort independently during meiosis. A black rooster pairing with a
white hen producing a blue one is an example.
Segregation- separation
Dominance – being dominant
Answer: d. incomplete dominance

21. The same explanation with #20.

Answer: b. codominance

22. Crossing over is the exchange of parts of nonsister chromatids at synapsis in the first meiotic division. It accounts for the
uniqueness of the characteristics in siblings even in identical twins.
Answer: d. chromosomes

23. When talking about having certain characteristics and then having biased on genders, that is considered as sex-linked trait.
Answer: a. sex linkage

24. Humans have 4 blood types: A, B, AB and O. Even referring to the two diagrams, either blood type A is homozygous or
heterozygous, there is no possibility that parents can result to offspring having blood type O.
AB x AA
AB x AO

AA AB AB
AA AB BO
AA AO
Answer: d. O

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25. Polypoidy – the carrying of one or more additional sets of chromosomes
Nondisjunction – pair of chromosomes fails to separate during meiosis
Gene mutation – changes in genes resulting in an alteration of the original genetic information
Sickle cell anemia results from gene mutation.
Answer: a. gene mutation

26. Gene mutation causes changes in the genetic information that may later on produce new traits. These characteristics are not
known previously possessed by the parents.
Answer: a. mutation

27. A DNA nucleotide is composed of a nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group. This nitrogenous base can be
adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine.
Answer: b. nitrogenous base

28. Twins can either be fraternal or identical. Identical ones which formed from one egg have identical genotype.
Answer: d. identical

29. Embryo development follows the following stage:

egg – zygote – 2-celled stage – blastula – gastrula
Egg matures and is released thru ovulation. When a sperm is available, fertilization may happen producing zygote. The
zygote later on enters cleavage forming a 2-celled zygote. During this stage (cleavage), the zygote divides repeatedly to convert the
large cytoplasmic mass into a large number of small cells called blastula. Following the formation of the blastula, the blastomeres
become progressively rearranged into the body plan of the adult human. This is now called gastrula.

Answer: d. 3-2-5-4-1

30. Stated in #12.

Answer: c. ovary

31. Definition of terms:

 Metamorphosis – sharp change in form during post-embryonic development. i.e. tadpole to frog, larvae to butterfly
 Regeneration – formation of new tissue to supply that which has been lost
 Differentiation – progressive change from the general to the special in bodily organs and tissues
 Parthenogenesis – unisexual reproduction involving the production of young, not fertilized by males
 Incubation – develop embryos by warmth
Answer: d. parthenogenesis

32. Explained in #12.

Answer: b. sperms

33. Already stated in #12 and #29.

Answer: e. ovulation

34. Based on the table on glands and hormones, only pancreas that does not produce hormones contributing to the reproductive cycle.
Answer: c. pancreas

35. The chromosomal number of human is 46. It is the same in all body cells, 2n (46). Sex cells having haploid cell only have n (23).
Answer: c. 46

36. Just as stated in #35, sex cell has n and body cells 2n. If the fruit fly has 4 chromosomes in its sperm cell, then n is 4. Therefore,
body cells have 2n = 2(4) = 8 chromosomes.
Answer: d. 8

37. The foundations on the study of heredity and genetics were laid down by a monk named Gregor Johann Mendel at Brünn, Moravia
from 1856 to 1864. With his experiments and laws established, Mendel was considered as the Father of Genetics.
Answer: b. Mendel

38. Terms defined:

 Polarity - condition of having opposite poles
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  Clone – all descendants derived from asexual reproduction from a single individual
 Karyotyping – a genetic effort involving the cutting out photographs of chromosomes and arranging them in pairs
 Transduction – condition in which bacterial DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by the agent of viral
infection.
Answer: c. karyotyping

39. A diagram that shows the presence or absence of a trait in each member of each generation is called a pedigree chart. This was
used in showing the transmission of the disease hemophilia in the family of Queen Victoria.
Answer: d. pedigree chart

40. Defined in #25.

Answer: a. polypoidy

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