3.6.

2 Sample size calculation

3.6.2.a Shear bond Strength
PS software program© (Dupont and Plummer, 1997) was used to calculate the sample size. The
standard deviation selected for sample size calculation was 5.53 MPa using the data from
previously published article (Gordan et al., 1998), with difference in population means (δ) 5.862,
power of the study (ß) set at 80% and level of significance (α) ≤ 0.05. Sample size (n) = 15 was
required for each study group. Therefore, the total sample number for shear bond strength
evaluation were 30.
3.6.2.b Colour stability
PS software program© (Dupont and Plummer, 1997) was used to calculate the sample size. The
standard deviation selected for sample size calculation was 4.64 using the data from previously
published article (Iazzetti et al., 2000), with difference in population means (δ) 6.148, power of
the study (ß) set at 80% and level of significance (α) ≤0.05. Sample size (n) = 10 was required for
each study group. Therefore, the total sample number for colour stability testing were 20. 94
3.6.2.c Surface roughness
PS software program© (Dupont and Plummer, 1997) was used to calculate the sample size. The
standard deviation selected for sample size calculation was 0.10 using the data from previously
published article (Carvalho et al., 2012), with difference in population means (δ) .133, power of
the study (ß) set at 80% and level of significance (α) ≤ 0.05. Sample size (n) = 10 was required
for each study group. Therefore, the total sample number for surface roughness evaluation were
20.
3.6.2.d Sol-sorption
PS software program© (Dupont and Plummer, 1997) was used to calculate the sample size. The
standard deviation selected for sample size calculation was 7.8 g/mm 3 using the data from
previously published article (Zankuli et al., 2014), with difference in population means (δ)
10.336, power of the study (ß) set at 80% and level of significance (α) ≤ 0.05. Sample size (n) =
10 was required for each study group. Therefore, the total sample number for sol-sorption
assessment were 20.
3.6.2.e Fluoride release
PS software program© (Dupont and Plummer, 1997) was used to calculate the sample size. The
standard deviation selected for sample size calculation was 1.7 μg/dl/mm 2 using the data from
previously published article (Neelakantan et al., 2011), with difference in population means (δ)
2.25, power of the study (ß) set at 80 95
% and level of significance (α) ≤ 0.05. Sample size (n) = 10 was required for each study group.
Therefore, the total sample number for fluoride release were 20.
3.6.2.f Microleakage
PS software program© (Dupont and Plummer, 1997) was used to calculate the sample size. The
standard deviation selected for sample size calculation was 1.6 using the data from previously
published article (Magni et al., 2008), with difference in population means (δ) 2.120, power of
the study (ß) set at 80 % and level of significance (α) ≤ 0.05. Sample size (n) = 10 was required
for each study group. Therefore, the total sample number for micro-leakage were 20.
3.6.2.g Ionic-exchange
PS software program© (Dupont and Plummer, 1997) was used to calculate the sample size. The
standard deviation selected for sample size calculation was 1.4 using the data from previously
published article (Gjorgievska et al., 2012; Zilberman, 2014), with difference in population
means (δ) 0.670, power of the study (ß) set at 80 % and level of significance (α) ≤ 0.05. Sample
size (n) = 5 was required for each study group. Therefore, the total sample number for ion
exchange were 10.