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CHEMISTRY
(F.Sc Part-II)
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Unsolved
SHORT & LONG QUESTIONS
(It includes all previous board questions)

Prepared By: Hafiz Ibtsam Bhatti

BS. Hons in Analytical Chemistry
LECTURER AT ASPIRE GROUP OF COLLEGE
DAR-UL-QALAM SCIENCE ACADEMY
SOFIABAD, LAHORE

Chapter: 1

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PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND THEIR

PERIODICITY
SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. What is Newland’s law of octaves? (G-2017)

2. Define Mendeleev’s and modern periodic law? (L-2012, 2014)
3. Give defects (improvements) of Mendeleev’s periodic table? (L-2012, 2015)
4. Describe 6th period of modern periodic table? (G-2011)
5. How the classification of elements in different blocks helps in understanding their chemistry? (G-2018)
6. Why ionic radius of anion is always bigger than parent atom? (G-2010)
7. Why the ionic radius of a positive ion is smaller than its neutral atom? (G-2009)
8. What is Lanthanide contraction? (L-2016)
9. Why 1st electron affinity is negative and 2nd is positive? (G-2005, 2015, 2017)
10. The hydration energies of the ions are the following order. Justify Al+3>Mg+2>Na+?
11. Justify that, ZnO is amphoteric in nature? (G-2013, 2014, 2016, 2019) (L-2013)
12. State electron affinity. Give its trend in periodic table? (G-2005, 2010, 2016) (L-2013)
13. Why metallic character increases from top to bottom in a group of metals? (G-2006) (L-2014, 2015)
14. The oxidation states vary in a period but remain almost constant in a group.Give reason? (G-2011)
15. Oxides of non-metals show acidic behaviour. Give reason? (G-2019)
16. Oxidation state usually remains same in a group. Why? (L-2016)
17. Why oxidation number of noble gases is usually zero? (G-2008. 2013, 2015) (L-2013, 2014)
18. Discuss the trend of ionization energy in periodic table? (L-2012)
19. Why the value of ionization energy decrease down the group? (G-2019)
20. “Ionization energy increases from left to right in a period” Justify the statement? (G-2008, 2014)
21. Why do metals conduct electricity? (L-2014)
22. Why diamond is non conductor but graphite is fairly a good conductor? (L-2013) (G-2018)
23. Why melting point and boiling point of elements belonging to group VA-VIIA are lower? (L-2011)
24. What are hydrides? What is the trend of boiling point of hydrides down the group VI-A? (L-2010)
25. Name various classes of hydrides? (L-2016) OR Define “covalent hydrides” with examples? (G-2019)
26. Alkali metals give ionic hydrides. Why? (L-2015)
27. Solution of Na2O in water is alkaline. Justify the statement? (L-2011)
28. Why Na2O is basic, but P2O5 is acidic in character inspite of the fact that both sodium and phosphorus are
present in the same period? (G-2012)
29. How do you justify the position of hydrogen at the top of group IA of the periodic table? Write at least
four points. (G-2012) (L-2015)
30. In what respects hydrogen resembles with those of group IV-A elements? (G-2009) (L-2010, 2016)

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LONG QUESTIONS:

1. State Mandeleev’s periodic law and write down the improvements made in the Mandeleev’s table? (G-
2019)
2. Discuss various periods in the modern periodic table? (G-2011)
3. Define ionization energy. How does it vary in groups and in periods generally in periodic table? (G-2017,
2018)
4. Explain periodic trend in the following physical properties: (L-2011)
(i) Atomic radius (ii) Electron affinity
5. Define hydration energy. Discuss the relation of hydration energy with size and charge on the ions? (G-
2016, 2019) (L-2010)
6. Write a brief note on halides? (G-2013) (L-2013, 2014)
7. Define hydrides. Give their classification and properties? (G-2012) (L-2014)
8. Discuss the position of hydrogen above group I-A of the periodic table by giving three similarities and
three dissimilarities? (G-2006) (L-2012, 2016)
9. Discuss the position of hydrogen over VII-A group elements? (G-2010, 2014) (L-2012)
10. Write two similarities and two dissimilarities of hydrogen with IV-A group elements? (L-2012, 2016)

Chapter: 2

S-BLOCK ELEMENTS
SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. Write formula of Natron, Beryl and Halite? (L-2016)

2. Write two ores of each, of sodium and potassium? (G-2006)
3. Why alkali and alkaline earth metals are the most reactive elements of periodic table? (L-2012)
4. Why the alkali metals are strong reducing agent? (L-2009)
5. Why lithium shows peculiar behavior with its group elements?
6. Write any two points of difference of beryllium (Be) with its family members? (L-2016)
7. Prove decomposition of lithium nitrate; give different products than nitrates of other alkali metals? (L-
2010, 2015)
8. Why heat of hydration of alkaline earth metals decrease down the group? (G-2009)
9. Why KO2 is used in breathing equipments for mountaineers and spacecrafts? (G-2011) (L-2012, 2013)
10. Show with equation that BeO is an amphoteric compound? (G-2010, 2017)
11. Why is CaCl2 is added in NaCl in down’s cell? (G-2017)
12. What are the advantages of preparation of sodium by Down’s cell? (G-2015) (L-2012)
13. Why asbestos is used in the diaphragm cell?
14. Give the two major problems during the working of a diaphragm cell? (L-2012)
15. What is milk of magnesia? Give its uses.(G-2013, 2015) (L-2013)

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16. Give preparation of portland cement as carried out by Joseph Aspdin.Why is it named so?(L-2012)
17. How gypsum is converted into plaster of paris?
18. How plaster of paris is formed. Give its two uses? (G-2012) (L-2013)
19. What is meant by dead burnt gypsum? (G-2009)
20. Why 2% gypsum is added to cement? (G-2013, 2019) (L-2013)
21. Why calcium is essential for the normal development of plants? (G-2008, 2012)
22. How lime mortar is prepared? Explain with chemical equation.(G-2010, 2012, 2014)
23. What happens when CO2 gas is passed through lime water? Also give the chemical equation. (G-2008)
(L-2009)
24. Why lime water turns milky with CO2, but become clear with excess of CO2? (G-2013, 2016, 2019) (L-
2013)
25. Why the aqueous solution of Na2CO3 is alkaline in nature? (L-2010, 2011, 2014, 2015) (G-2018)
26. Give reason that alkali metals are strong reducing agents? (G-2016)
27. Why lime is added to acidic soil? (L-2014)
28. How lime (CaO) and sand (SiO2) are used to prepare glass? (L-2015)

LONG QUESTIONS:

1. Give names and electronic configuration of alkaline earth metals? (G-2008)

2. Write about the peculiar behaviour (eight points) of lithium? (G-2009, 2014, 2018, 2019) (L-2013)
3. Explain peculiar behaviour of beryllium? (L-2014, 2015)
4. Describe the chemical properties of alkali metals? (G-2010)
5. Describe the process of preparation of sodium metal on industrial scale by Down’s cell? (G-2005, 2011,
2013, 2015) (L-2009, 2010, 2013, 2014)
6. Write commercial method for the preparation of NaOH? (L-2012, 2015)
7. Discuss the role of gypsum in agriculture? (L-2012)
8. Write four roles of gypsum in industries? (G-2012, 2017)
9. Give four applications of lime in agriculture and four applications in industry? (G-2016) (L-2011, 2016)

Chapter: 3

Group III-A & IV-A ELEMENTS

SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. Write down formula for Corundum and Bauxite? (L-2013)

2. Point out how boron is different from its own group? (G-2011) (L-2012)
3. How will you convert borax into boric acid and vice versa? (G-2013) (L-2013)
4. How boric acid is prepared on commercial scale from Colemanite? (G-2019)
5. What is “BORAX”? (G-2019)

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6. How borax is commercially prepared? Give two methods of preparation.(G-2012)

7. How will you prepare borax from: (a) Colemanite (b) Boric acid (G-2008) (L-2016)
8. How aqueous solution of borax is alkaline in nature? (L-2015)
9. What is the action of an aqueous solution of borax on litmus?
10. Write down chemical reactions involved in Borax-bead test? (G-2008, 2017, 2018) (L-2013)
11. How does borax acts as water softening agent?
12. Write four uses of Borax? (G-2015) (L-2012)
13. Write names and formulae of four important boric acids? (G-2011) (L-2014)
14. Show that H3BO3 is a monobasic acid? (L-2011)
15. How orthoboric acid is prepared from: (a) Colemanite (b) Borax (G-2005)
16. How does ortho boric acid reacts with: (a) Sodium hydroxide (b) Ethyl alcohol (G-2010) (L-2014,
2015)
17. What is the action of heat on orthoboric acid (H3BO3)? (L-2009, 2014)
18. Aluminium is not found in free state. Give reason? (G-2019)
19. Give name and formula of three ores of aluminium? (G-2006)
20. Give reactions of aluminium with : (a) NaOH (b) H2SO4 OR (G-2014, 2018)
Aluminium metal is amphoteric in nature. Justify?
21. Why aluminium metal does not react with nitric acid? (G-2006)
22. How aluminium metal is used to remove air bubbles from molten metal? (G-2009)
23. How aluminium finds its uses in metallurgy and photo flash bulbs? (L-2011)
24. Why aluminium sheets are said to be corrosion free? (G-2019)
25. Write down any four uses of aluminium? (G-2017)
26. Write two similarities between carbon and silicon? (L-2015)
27. How carbon behaves differently from other members of its own group? (L-2010)
28. Write chemical formulae of Talc and Asbestos? (G-2011)
29. CO2 is non polar while CO is polar in nature. Why? (G-2011) (L-2009)
30. Explain structure of CO2? (L-2015)
31. Why is CO2 a gas at room temperature while SiO2 is a solid? (G-2013, 2019) (L-2012, 2013, 2014)
32. What is vitreous silica? Give its two uses? (G-2012)
33. What are silicates? (G-2009)
34. What is chemical garden? (G-2009, 2018) (L-2014)
35. Borate glazes are better than silicate glazes. Explain? (L-2012)
36. What are silicones? (L-2009)
37. Why are liquid silicones preferred over ordinary organic lubricant? (G-2008, 2016)
38. Write any four uses of sodium silicate? (L-2014, 2016)
39. Define semiconductors. Give one example? (G-2010)
40. Discuss the effect of temperature on semiconductor? (G-2016)
41. What is the effect of temperature, at 340 and 470 when red lead is heated? (G-2012)

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42. Give uses of lead sub oxide? (L-2011)

43. Discuss uses of PbCrO4 in paints? (G-2014)

LONG QUESTIONS:

1. Write two preparations and two chemical reactions of Borax? (G-2016)

2. How borax is manufactured. Also explain the action of heat on borax? (G-2015) (L-2015)
3. What is boric acid? Give its uses? (L-2010)
4. How aluminium reacts with: (G-2006) (L-2015)
(a) Cl2 (b) H2 (c) Conc.HCl (d) N2 (e) NaOH (f) O2 (g) H2SO4
5. Write a method of preparation of water glass. Also write uses of water glass? (L-2016)
6. What are silicones? Give their important properties? (G-2010)

Chapter: 4

GROUP V-A & GROUP VI-A ELEMENTS

SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. Give examples of two important oxyacids of nitrogen while giving their structures? (G-2010)(L-2016)
2. What happens, when Cu is treated with dil.HNO3 and conc.HNO3 ?Give reactions.(G-2015, 2017)
3. Describe Ring Test for the confirmation of the presence of nitrate ions in solution? (G-2008, 2010)
4. What is laughing gas?
5. “N2O supports combustion” give two reactions in favor of the statement? (G-2014)
6. How nitrogen dioxide is prepared from: (a) Lead nitrate (b) Cu + HNO3 --→ (L-2010) OR
Write two methods for preparation of NO2? (G-2019)
7. Complete and balance the following chemical equation: (G-2008)
(a) NO + P --→ (b) NO + Cl2 --→
8. Write two chemical reactions of NO in which it behaves as reducing agent? (G-2009)
9. NO2 is a strong oxidizing agent. Prove with the help of two examples? (L-2008)
10. What is the effect of temperature on NO2? (L-2009)
11. What happens when NO2 dissolved in water? (L-2014)
12. Justify that NO is an oxidizing agent? (L-2012, 2015)
13. How does HNO2 acts an oxidizing agent? (L-2012, 2015)
14. How does HNO2 acts an reducing agent? Show it with two examples. (G-2018)
15. Give the reactions of dilute nitric acid with : (a) magnesium (b) copper (L-2006) (G-2018)
16. Write reactions of two metals which evolve hydrogen upon reaction with HNO3? (G-2014) (L-2013)
17. Write balanced equations for the equations of HNO2 with: (G-2012) i) CO(NH2)2 ii) HI
18. What is Aqua Regia? How does it dissolve noble metals? (G-2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2019) (L-2011,
2013, 2014)

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19. What is meant by fuming nitric acid?

20. Give four uses of nitric acid? (L-2014, 2015)
21. Name three allotropic forms of phosphorus? (L-2011)
22. How does P2O5 react with water in cold and hot state? (G-2016) (L-2012, 2015)
23. P2O5 is a powerful dehydrating agent, prove by giving two examples? (G-2014) (L-2014)
24. Give two methods for preparation of PCl3? (L-2013)
25. How orthophosphoric acid is converted into pyro and metaphosphoric acid? (G-2019)
26. Justify that phosphorus acid (H3PO3) is a strong reducing agent?
27. What is the effect of heat on H3PO4? (G-2009)
28. Complete and balance the following chemical equations: (L-2005)
(a) PCl3 + H2O → (b) P2O5 + H2O → (c) H2SO4 (dil) + NaHCO3 →
29. Complete and balance the following chemical equations: (L-2008)
(a) P + NO → (b) KNO3 + H2SO4 →
30. Give four dissimilarities of oxygen and sulphur? (G-2013, 2019) (L-2013, 2014)
31. Why SO3 gas is dissolved in H2SO4 but not in water in contact process? (G-2011) (L-2012, 2016)
32. Conc.H2SO4 acts as dehydrating agents. Show it by two reactions? (G-2017) (L-2010, 2013)
33. Write down balanced equation for the reaction between conc.H2SO4 with copper (Cu) and silver(Ag)? (L-
2009) (G-2019)
34. Prove that H2SO4 acts as an oxidizing agent with two reactions? (G-2016, 2019)
35. How does H2SO4 reacts with: a) NH3 b) H2S (G-2018)
36. Justify that H2SO4 is the king of chemicals? (L-2014)
37. Give four uses of sulphuric acid? (G-2014)

LONG QUESTIONS:

1. How is nitric acid prepared industrially? Give all equations involved.(G-2015)

2. Discuss Birkland and Eyde’s process for the preparation of nitric acid? (L-2015)
3. Discuss the reactions of HNO3 Sn, Cu, Pb and Hg in concentrated form? (G-2006)
4. Justify with one example each that HNO3 is an acid, an oxidizing agent and nitrating agent? (G-2008)
5. State three reactions of zinc with nitric acid considering its concentration and temperature? (G-2009)
6. Give eight similarities of oxygen and sulphur? (L-2008, 2015)
7. Give dissimilarities of oxygen and sulphur? (L-2004)
8. Discuss different allotropic form of phosphorus. Give the reactions of PCl3 with O2 and H2O? (L-2004)

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Chapter: 5

THE HALOGENS & THE NOBLE GASES

SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. Write important ores of chlorine with their formulas? (L-2004)

2. Due to what reasons fluorine shows peculiar behavior from other family members? (G-2016)
3. Why oxidizing power of halogens decreases down the group? (G-2017)
4. Gives the name and formula of oxyacids of chlorine? (L-2014)
5. The acidic strength of the oxyacids of halogens increase with the increase in number of oxygen atoms.
Why? (L-2006)
6. Arrange following oxyacids in increasing order of acid strength and oxidizing power: (L-2012)
HClO4 , HClO3 , HClO2 , HClO
7. Why HF is weaker acid than HCl and HI? (G-2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2019) (L-2013, 2014, 2015)
8. Give reason that fluorine is a gas; iodine is solid at room temperature? (G-2017) (L-2009)
9. Why fluorine acts as a strong oxidizing agent? (G-2012)
10. Why oxidizing power of F2 is higher than other halogens? (G-2015)
11. Why fluorine and chlorine act as decolorizing agent? (G-2008)
12. HF is the weak acid. Why? (L-2014)
13. What are disproportionation reactions? Explain with an example?
14. Write the reaction of NaOH with Cl2 in cold and hot state? (L-2014)
15. Describe factors of acidic strength of oxy acids of halogens? (G-2014)
16. How the halogen acids are are ionized in water. Also give the chemical equation? (G-2008) (L-2011)
17. What is iodized salt? (L-2016) (G-2019)
18. What are Ferons and Teflon’s? (G-2011, 2015) (L-2015)
19. What is the structural formula of Teflon? Mention its two uses. (L-2009, 2010)
20. Why iodine has metallic luster? (G-2010, 2018, 2019) (L-2014, 2015)
21. How bleaching powder is prepared by Hasenclever’s method? (G-2014)
22. Name two methods for preparation of bleaching powder. Also give reaction for this? (G-2019)
23. How is the activity of bleaching powder measured? (G-2009)
24. Why bleaching powder show bleaching action? (L-2012)
25. Give reaction of bleaching powder with: a) NH3 b) dil H2SO4 (G-2018)
26. Give important uses of bleaching powder?
27. Justify that Cl2O7 is the anhydrous form of perchloric acid? (G-2019)
28. The elements of VIII-A are called noble gases. Comment? (L-2011)
29. Write four uses of halogens? (L-2013)
30. Why solubility of noble gases increases down the group? (L-2015)

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31. Complete and balance the following reactions: (G-2019)

i) XeF4 + NH3 → ii) XeF6 + SiO2 →
32. Write any two applications of Helium? (G-2016)
33. Give four uses of “Noble Gases”? (G-2014, 2018) (L-2014)

LONG QUESTIONS:

1. Discuss peculiar behavior of fluorine? (L-2004, 2008, 2009, 2015)

2. What happens when bleaching powder reacts with: (G-2008, 2015)
(a) dil.H2SO4 (b) conc.H2SO4 (c) NH3 (d) HI
3. Mention four uses of bleaching powder? (G-2009)
4. Write a note on oxidizing property of halogens? (G-2006)
5. Write any two uses of krypton? (L-2016)
6. Write uses of neon and argon? (L-2016)
7. Write chemical reactions of fluorides of Xenon? (G-2016) (L-2004)

Chapter: 6

TRANSITION ELEMENTS
SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. What are typical and non typical transition elements? (L-2008, 2014)
2. How many unpaired electrons have Cr (24) and Ag (47)? (Mention also their electronic configuration) (L-
2010)
3. Define coordination number and coordination ligand. Give one example in each case.(G-2006, 2009,
2015)
4. Define central metal atom or ion? (G-2014)
5. What is ligand? Give types of ligand? (L-2015)
6. Why transition elements have variable oxidation state? (L-2015)
7. Define “paramagnetism” and “Diamagnetism”? (G-2019)
8. What is paramagnetism? What are its units? (G-2009)
9. What is the cause of paramagnetic behavior? Why Fe+3 and Mn+2 show strong paramagnetic behavior?
(G-2014)
10. Give reason that M.P and B.P show maximum value in the middle of 1st transition series? (G-2018)
11. Give the reason for the development of the colors in the compounds of transition elements? (G-2016)
(L-2014)
12. What are chelates? Give one example.(G-2010, 2017) (L-2012, 2014)
13. What is sacrificial corrosion? (G-2015) (L-2008, 2016)
14. Write formulas of chromate and dichromate ions. In which color they usually exist? (L-2012)

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15. How KMnO4 can be prepared by electrolytic method? (L-2010)

16. Write two balanced chemical equations for the preparation of K2Cr2O7? (G-2008)
17. Give coordination number and oxidation state of Fe in K4{Fe (CN)6}? (L-2012)
18. How does K2Cr2O7 act as an oxidizing agent in the presence of H2SO4? (G-2013) (L-2013)
19. Write balanced chemical equation in which K2Cr2O7 oxidizes KI in the presence of H2SO4? (G-2008)
20. Why tin plating and what is happens when it is damaged? (G-2012)
21. Write carbon contents in pig iron and wrought iron? (L-2015)
22. Name different forms of iron and mention which is the purest form? (G-2019)
23. Why does damaged tin plated iron get rusted quickly? (G-2017) (L-2009, 2014)
24. How does the process of galvanizing protect iron from rusting? (G-2011) (L-2009)
25. How the entrapped gases are removed from steel? (G-2010, 2016) (L-2008)
26. What is chromyl chloride test? Write chemical equation? (L-2010, 2013, 2016)
27. Define alloy with one example? (G-2018)

LONG QUESTIONS:

1. Explain the following with example: (G-2013, 2017, 2019) (L-2004, 2006, 2011, 2012, 2013)
(a) Ligand (b) Co-ordination sphere (c) Central metal atom (d) Substitutional alloy
2. How does the electronic configuration of valence shell affects the following properties of transition
elements: (a) Binding energy (b) paramagnetism (c) melting point (G-2005) (L-2013)
3. Write down the rules for naming the metal complex compounds? (L-2006)
4. Give the reactions of K2Cr2O7 with: (a) KI (b) H2S (G-2009)
5. How does potassium permanganate reacts with the followings: (G-2014) (L-2004)
(a) H2S (b) FeSO4 (c) Oxalic acid (d) KOH
6. KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent. Give four reactions in support your answer? (L-2014)
7. Distinguish between cathode coating and anode coating of iron for prevention of corrosion? (G-2011) (L-
2009)
8. Explain open hearth Bessemer process for the manufacture of steel? (G-2012, 2018) (L-2011, 2012,
2014)
9. Discuss chromyl chloride test along with chemical equations? (G-2008)
10. What is corrosion? How is corrosion prevented by galvanizing and zinc coating? (L-2004)
11. What is meant by “Corrosion”? Explain electrochemical theory of corrosion. (G-2019)
12. What is the difference between wrought iron and steel? Also discuss classification of steel? (L-2006)

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Chapter: 7

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. What is vital force theory? How it was rejected? (G-2010)

2. Name the organic compound, first of all prepared in laboratory? (L-2015)
3. Define catenation. Give example? (G-2011, 2016)
4. Define carbonization. Indicate three fractions obtained by carbonization of coal? (G-2017) (L-2015)
5. How wood is converted into coal?
6. What is catalytic cracking? (G-2018, 2019)
7. What is the significance of cracking?
8. Why catalytic cracking is superior to thermal cracking? (G-2009)
9. How does cracking is different from reforming? (L-2012)
10. Define reforming of petroleum. Also write its equation? (L-2013)
11. What is octane number? How Octane number of gasoline is improved? (L-2012, 2016)
12. Branched hydrocarbons are better as fuel as compared to straight chain. Explain? (G-2012)
13. Give idea of knocking in internal combustion engine? (L-2015)
14. Classify open chain compounds with examples? (G-2016)
15. Differentiate between homocyclic and heterocyclic compounds? (G-2012, 2013) (L-2014)
16. What are carbocyclic compounds? Give examples? (G-2014)
17. What are alicyclic compounds? Give two examples? (G-2010, 2011) (L-2016)
18. What are aromatic compounds? Explain with examples? (G-2011) (L-2013, 2014, 2016)
19. Define heterocyclic compounds. Give two examples? (G-2015) (L-2015)
20. Define functional group. Name two oxygen containing functional groups?(G-2005) (L-2014)
21. What are functional group of aldehydes & ketones? Give one example of each group? (L-2016)
22. Why does sp-hybridization occur? (G-2014)
23. From where does energy come to excite the carbon atom in hybridization?
24. Define isomerism and write names of four structural isomerism? (G-2009)
25. Write isomers of C2H6O and C5H12? (G-2008, 2015)
26. Define functional group isomerism. Give examples? (L-2014)
27. Define Tautomerism. Give example? (G-2010, 2019) (L-2012, 2013)
28. Why there is no free rotation around a double bond but there is around a single bond? (G-2017)
29. Define cis-trans isomerism. What are the conditions for a compound to show it? (G-2008)
30. 2-Butene show cis-trans isomerism but 1-butene or (1-butyne) does not. Why? (G-2011)

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LONG QUESTIONS:

1. Why vital force theory was rejected? What is importance of Wohler’s work in chemistry? (G-2017)
2. Write down any four features of organic compounds? (G-2019)
3. Explain cracking of petroleum? (L-2015)
4. Describe the process of reforming? (G-2011, 2014, 2018)
5. Describe the classification of organic compounds with examples? (G-2004) (L-2013)
6. Explain any five oxygen containing functional groups with examples? (G-2011, 2013)
7. Sp3 hybridization.(L-2012, 14, 16) Sp2 hybridization.(L-2012, 15) Sp hybridization,(2014, 16)
8. What is isomerism? Describe its different types with examples? (G-2009, 2012, 2015, 2016) (L-2013)
9. What is chain isomerism? Draw all the possible skeletal formula e of hexane? (G-2019)

Chapter: 8

ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with example?

2. What are alkanes? Why they are called paraffin’s?
3. Define catalytic hydrogenation. Give its two uses? (G-2009,2012,2013)
4. How alkanes are prepared from Grignard reagent?
5. How alkane is prepared from carbonyl compounds?
6. Write mechanism of Kolbe’s method for alkane preparation? (G-2010) (L-2012)
7. Write a short note in catalytic oxidation of alkanes?
8. Convert methane into: (i) formaldehyde (ii) Nitro methane? (L-2013)
9. Prepare ethane from: (i) Ethyl alcohol (ii) Ethyl chloride? (L-2013)
10. Discuss the inertness of sigma bond in alkanes?
11. Convert methane into ethane? (G-2011)
12. Alkanes are less reactive than alkenes. Why? (G-2008) (L-2014)
13. Write four uses of methane? (L-2014,2015)
14. What is Raney Nickel? Give its preparation and uses? (G-2009,2010,2014, 2017)
15. Convert ethyl bromide into ethane? (G-2013)
16. How cis-trans alkenes are prepared. Give reactions? (L-2015)
17. What is heat of combustion? (G-2014)
18. Write mechanism for addition of halogen in alkene? (G-2019)
19. What is Baeyer’s reagent? Give its example? (G-2015,2016) (L-2014)
20. How polymerization of ethene occurs? (G-2016)
21. Define Markownikov’s rule. Example? (G-2012) (L-2012,2013,2016)
22. Convert HC≡CH into oxalic acid? (G-2015)

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23. Convert ethene into ethyl alcohol? (L-2014,2015)

24. Convert: (i) ethene into ethyne (ii) propene into 2-bromopropane? (L-2012)
25. Write mechanism of ozonolysis of alkene? (G-2008)
26. Give reaction of alkenes which is used to indicate the position of double bond? (G-2019)
27. What is Halohydrin? How is it prepared? Give equation?
28. How will you prepare following compounds from ethene: (G-2017)
(i) Ethyl alcohol (ii) ethylene epoxide
29. Compounds containing double bonds are more reactive, give reason? (G-2019)
30. What is mustard gas? How is it prepared?
31. Give some uses of ethene?
32. Give a method for the industrial preparation of ethyne?
33. Write names of the following compounds by IUPAC system: (G-2018)
a) (CH3)2C=CH2 b) CH≡C-CH=CH-C≡CH
34. How ethyne is converted into acetaldehyde?
35. How is ethyne converted into: (G-2019) i) Ethanal ii) Benzene
36. How C2H2 reacts with: (G-2018) a) HBr b) 10% H2SO4 (HgSO4)
37. Prepare followings from acetylene: (G-2017) (L-2012,2015,2016)
(i)Benzene (ii) Chloroprene
38. Write the chemical equation, when alkaline KMnO4 reacts with ethyne? (L-2013)
39. What is the difference between 1-Butyne and 2-Butyne?
40. Distinguish between: (i)ethene & ethyne (ii)ethane & ethene
41. Why terminal alkynes are acidic in nature?

LONG QUESTIONS:

1. Describe the preparation of ethane by each of the following method: (G-2018)

a) By decarboxylation of monocarboxylic acid b) By Kolbe’s electrolytic method.
2. Explain Kolbe’s electrolytic method for preparation of alkane? (L-2015)
3. Explain Halogenation of alkane with mechanism? (G-2010) (L-2015)
4. Give two methods for the preparation of alkene? (G-2015)
5. Write Kolbe’s method for the preparation of ethyne along with its mechanism? (G-2019)
6. Describe acidic nature of Alkynes? (G-2009)(L-2012, 2013, 2016)
7. How will you bring about following conversions: (G-2017)
(i) 1-butene into 1-butyne (ii) Acetylene into chloroprene
8. How will you convert ethene into: (G-2016)
(i)Ethyl alcohol (ii) ethylene glycol (iii) ethylene epoxide (iv) ethylene chlorohydrin
9. How ethene reacts with: (L-2016)
(i) HCl (ii) Br2 (iii) O3 (iv) HOX
10. Convert ethene into: (G-2014)

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(i) 1,2-dibromoethane (ii) formaldehyde (iii) ethylene glycol (iv) ethane

11. Starting from ethene, prepare followings: (G-2013)
(i) 1,2-dibromoethane (ii) ethylene glycol (iii) ethyne (iv) ethane
12. Starting from ethyne, synthesize followings: (G-2012, 2019)
(i) Acetaldehyde (ii) Oxalic acid (iii)Methyl nitrile (iv)Acrylonitrile v)chloroprene
13. Convert the followings: (L-2013)
(i) Acetone → Propane (ii) Acetylene → vinyl acetylene
(iii) Acetylene → disilver acetylide (iv) 2,3-dibromobutane → 2-butene

Chapter: 9

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. What are polycyclic aromatic compounds with example? (G-2012)

2. What are non-benzenoid aromatic compounds? (G-2009)
3. Draw structural formula of p-nitrotoluene and p-dibenzylbenzene? (G-2019)
4. Give two reasons to rules-out straight chain structure of benzene? (G-2012)
5. What are the objections in Kekule’s structure of benzene?
6. What type of information is drawn from x-ray studies of benzene? (L-2013) (G-2016)
7. Prove that benzene has cyclic structure? (G-2009) (L-2013)
8. Prove with two reactions that benzene behaves as saturated? (G-2010)
9. Define resonance energy with example of benzene? (G-2015) (L-2015)
10. Write resonating structures of benzene? (L-2013, 2014)
11. Write general mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction? (L-2012)
12. How hexane and heptane gives benzene and toluene? (L-2012)
13. Prepare benzene from acetylene and n-hexane? (G-2019)
14. What is Wurtz-fitting reaction? (G-2013, 2014)
15. How benzene is converted into maleic acid? (L-2016)
16. Describe ozonolysis of benzene? (G-2017) (L-2016)
17. Write formula of: (G-2012, 2015)
i) picric acid ii) p-hydroxy benzyl alcohol iii) methoxy benzene
18. What is aromatization? (L-2015)
19. Give reaction of: (L-2015) i) Phenol with Zn ii) benzene with SO3
20. How picric acid does is synthesized? (G-2014)
21. How will you prepare 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene from benzene in two steps? (G-2017)
22. Describe the mechanism of nitration of benzene? (L-2016) (G-2016)
23. Give the mechanism of Freidel Crafts reaction? (L-2014)

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24. How benzene can be converted into m-chloronitro benzene? (G-2013, 2019)
25. Convert benzene into: (G-2008)
i) Cyclohexane ii) maleic anhydride iii) glyoxal
26. Convert benzene into acetophenone? (G-2011)
27. Explain sulphonation with mechanism? (G-2010)
28. What happens when Cl2 is passed through benzene in: (i) Light (ii) FeCl3? (G-2010)
29. How benzene is converted into benzoic acid?
30. Why alkene is more reactive than benzene?
31. Differentiate between benzene and toluene?

LONG QUESTIONS:

1. Draw structural formulas of following compounds: (G-2019)

i) m-chlorobenzoic acid ii) 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
iii) p-hydroxybenzoic acid iv) m-nitrophenol
2. Write any four methods for preparation of benzene? (L-2016) (G-2014, 2015)
3. Write down any two reactions each in which benzene behaves as unsaturated and two reactions in which
benzene behave as saturated hydrocarbon? (G-2018, 2019)
4. What are Freidel Crafts reactions? Explain giving two examples. (G-2012) (L-2013, 2014, 2015)
5. Give reactions of benzene e.g. Nitration & Sulphonation? (G-2008) (L-2016)
6. Explain classification of aromatic hydrocarbons on the basis of number of rings? (G-2016)
7. Convert benzene into: (G-2010) (L-2015)
i) Cyclohexane ii) Benzene sulphonic acid
iii) Glyoxal iv) Maleic acid
8. What happens when toluene is reacted with: (L-2014)
i) Cl2 in presence of sunlight ii) KMnO4 in presence of H2SO4
9. Explain structure of benzene in light of aromatic orbital treatment? (G-2009, 2013)
10. Discuss orientation in electrophilic substitution reactions with respect to meta directing groups?
(L-2012, 2013)
11. What is resonance? Describe the structure of benzene on the basis of resonance method? (L-2012) (G-
2017)
12. Complete reactions: (G-2011)
i) Benzene + SO3 → ii) Benzene + O2 →
iii) Phenol + Zn → iv) Benzene sulphonic acid + H2O →

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Chapter: 10

ALKYL HALIDES
SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by ᵝ - elimination reaction? Give example of E1 reactions. (L-2012) (G-2017)

2. Give mechanism of E1 elimination reaction in two steps? (G-2017)
3. How will you convert ethyl bromide into (CH3-CH2)4N+Br¯? (L-2012)
4. Give two methods of alkyl halides from alcohol? (L-2012) (G-2016)
5. What is the method for preparation of alkyl iodide?
6. Convert ethyl bromide into: (L-2012, 2016)
(i) Ethane (ii) Ethene (iii) n-butane
7. Why alkyl halides are more reactive than alkane? (G-2012)
8. Give two examples of nucleophilic substitution reaction? (G-2012)
9. Write down reactions of ethanol with: (i)PBr3 (ii)PCl3 (L-2013)
10. Define nucleophile and electrophile. Give one example of each? (L-2013)
11. Using ethyl bromide as a starting material , how would you prepare: (L-2013)
(i) Ethene (ii) Propanoic acid
12. What is Wurtz-fitting reaction.Example? (L-2013) (G-2013, 2014)
13. How Grignard’s reagent reacts with epoxide to form alcohol? (G-2013)
14. What is the nature of C-Mg bond in R-Mg-X? (L-2014)
15. Give only mechanism of SN2 reaction? (G-2015)
16. What is the significance of first step of SN1 reaction? (L-2014, 2016)
17. What is leaving group and substrate? (L-2015)
18. How 50% inversion of configuration in SN1 reaction takes place?
19. How tetraethyl lead is prepared from alkyl halide? (G-2018, 2019)
20. Why dry ether is necessary for preparation of Grignard’s reagent?
21. Prepare following from ethyl bromide: (L-2015)
(i) Ethyl thioalcohol (ii) Ethyl acetate
22. What are primary and tertiary alkyl halides? Give one example each. (L-2015)
23. SOCl2 is reagent used to prepare alkyl halide from alcohol. Give equation? (L-2015)
24. How is carboxylic acid prepared from Grignard’s reagent? (G-2015) (L-2016)
25. How will you prepare diethyl amine from C2H5Br ? (L-2016)
26. Starting from suitable Grignard’s reagent prepare ethane and ethyl cyanide? (G-2019)
27. How primary and secondary alcohols are prepared from Grignard’s reagent?

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LONG QUESTIONS:

1. Describe the two possible mechanisms of ᵝ-elimination reactions? (L-2013,2016) (G-2014)

2. Write a note on SN2 reaction? (L-2015, 2016) (G-2013)
3. Write detailed note on SN1 reaction? (G-2015, 2017)
4. What are SN reactions? Differentiate between SN1 & SN2 ? (G-2012)
5. How will you make the following conversions: (G-2018)
(a) Acetic acid into Propanoic acid (b) Acetone into tertiary butyl alcohol
6. Using ethyl bromide as a starting material, how will you prepare the following: (G-2019)
i) n-Butane ii) ethyl alcohol iii) Propanoic acid iv) ethene
7. Write the reactions of Grignard’s reagent with the followings: (G-2016, 2019) (L-2012, 2013, 2015)
i) Water ii) Ammonia iii) CO2 iv) Alcohol
v) HCHO vi) CH3CHO vii) ClCN viii) (CH3)2CO

Chapter: 11

ALCOHOL, PHENOL & ETHERS

SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. Give preparation of methanol by reaction of CO & H2? (L-2012)

2. How methanol is prepared from water gas? (L-2013)
3. How methanol is prepared on industrial scale in the world. Give one method? (G-2014)
4. What are essential conditions for fermentation? (G-2017)
5. Prepare ethanol from starch? (G-2019)
6. Distinguish ethanol and tert.butyl alcohol by Lucas test? (L-2012, 2015)
7. How will you distinguish b/w methanol & ethanol by one test? (G-2016)
8. What are alcohols? How they are classified? (L-2012)
9. Water has higher boiling point than ethanol. Explain? (L-2016)
10. Convert acetone into ethyl alcohol? (L-2016)
11. Why absolute alcohol cannot be prepared by fermentation process? (L-2012, 2015)
12. How is ethene converted into ethyl alcohol? (L-2015)
13. How phenol is prepared by Dow’s method? (L-2012)
14. How ethanol is denatured? (G-2012)
15. How alcohols are converted into aldehydes and ketones?
16. Give reactions of phenol with: Conc.H2SO4 & Acetyl chloride? (G-2015)
17. Give reaction of phenol with: (G-2018)
(i) conc.HNO3 (ii) bromine water (iii) NaOH

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18. Write down any four uses of ethanol? (G-2012) (L-2016)

19. Prepare following compounds from phenol: (G-2017)
(i) Benzene (ii) 2,4,6-trinitrophenol
20. Give any four uses of methyl alcohol? (L-2014)
21. Write down formulas of : (G-2012, 2015, 2018)
(i) picric acid (ii) methoxy benzene (iii) p-hydroxy benzyl alcohol (iv) n-propyl ether
22. What are primary & secondary alcohols? Give one example each? (L-2013)
23. How will you convert : (L-2013) (G-2014, 2019)
(i) Methanol → Ethanol (ii) Ethanol → Methanol
24. What is bakelite? How is it prepared from phenol? (G-2013)
25. How ethanol gives different products with conc.H2SO4 under different conditions? (G-2013)
26. How phenol does react with alkali? (L-2014)
27. How is methylated spirit is prepared? (L-2014)
28. How picric acid does is synthesized? (L-2014)
29. Phenol behaves as acid. Explain? (G-2014) (L-2015)
30. Give important uses of phenol?
31. Describe Williamson’s method for the preparation of ethers? (G-2016)
32. Write down reaction of diethyl ether with : (L-2012)
(i) HI (ii) NH3/heat
33. How is ethyl iodide prepared from diethyl ether? (G-2019)
34. Write formulas of carbolic acid and its one use? (G-2016)
35. Write structural formula of : (G-2019) i) Glycerol ii) Lactic acid
(i) methoxy ethane (ii) ethoxy benzene

LONG QUESTIONS:

1. Name the following compounds according to I.U.P.A.C system: (G-2019)

i) H3C-CH2-CH2-O-CH3 ii) H3C-O-CH3
iii) (H3C)3 COH iv) H5C2-CH(CH3)-OH
2. How is methyl alcohol obtained on large scale? How is it distinguished from ethyl alcohol? (G-2018)
3. How ethyl alcohol is obtained by fermentation of molasses & starch? (L-2014)
4. How does ethanol react with: (G-2019)
i) PCl5 ii)SOCl2 iii) Na iv) CH3COOH
5. Give two methods for preparation of phenol. What is the reaction of phenol with: (L-2014, 2015) (G-
2017) i) Zn ii) Br2 water
6. Convert phenol into: (L-2015) i) picric acid ii) cyclohexanol iii) bakelite
7. Describe the chemical reactions of crbolic acid(phenol) with : (L-2014, 2016) (G-2016)
i) NaOH ii) CH3COOCl iii) H2 iv) H2SO4 v) HNO3vi) Br2

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Chapter: 12

ALDEHYDES & KETONES

SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. Write the general mechanism of base catalyzed addition reaction?

2. Give reactions to produce o-hydroxy acid from aldehydes? (L-2012)
3. Fehling’s solution reacts with aldehydes to give red ppt. justify it? (L-2012, 2016) (G-2015)
4. Give equations for reactions of acetaldehyde with: (L-2012)
(i) NaHSO3 (ii) HCN
5. Give two tests for distinguishing between an aldehyde & a ketone? (L-2012, 2015)
6. Distinguish chemically between “Acetone” and “Ethyl alcohol”? (G-2019)
7. Write mechanism for the addition of sodium bisulphite to an aldehyde? (G-2012)
8. What is Haloform reaction? (G-2012)
9. How aldehyde reacts with phenyl hydrazine. Give its mechanism? (L-2013)
10. What is Tollen’s test(silver mirror test)? Illustrate your answer with chemical equation. (G-2013 2018,
2019)
(L-2013, 2014, 2016)
11. Give reaction of aldehyde with alcohol to produce acetal and hemi acetal? (G-2018)
12. Explain oxidation of aldehydes? (L-2013)
13. Describe preparation of formalin on commercial scale from methanol? (L-2016)
14. How acetaldehyde distinguish from formaldehyde? (L-2013) (G-2016)
15. How the reduction process of aldehydes & ketones to give alcohols? (L-2013)
16. Justify that Cannizzaro’s reaction is self oxidation-reduction reaction? (L-2013, 2014)
17. Addition of HCN on aldehydes & ketones is a base catalyzed reaction. Justify? (L-2013)
18. Give four uses of acetaldehyde? (L-2016) (G-2017)
19. Give four uses of formaldehyde? (L-2014) (G-2013, 2014, 2019)
20. Convert formaldehyde into meta formaldehyde? (G-2013)
21. Convert calcium acetate to acetone? (L-2015) (G-2013, 2017)
22. How iodoform is prepared from acetaldehyde and ethyl alcohol? (L-2014)
23. What is haloform reaction? Give its uses, (G-2015)
24. How formaldehyde & acetaldehyde undergo polymerization? (L-2014)
25. How can we prepare acetone from acetic acid?
26. Write names of those oxidizing agents, which can oxidize aldehydes but not ketones? (L-2014)
27. Define aldol condensation? (G-2014)
28. What is sodium bisulphite test? (G-2014)
29. Convert acetaldehyde to lactic acid? (L-2015)

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30. Give industrial preparation of formaldehyde? (L-2015)

31. Write reaction of phenyl hydrazine with acetaldehyde and acetone? (L-2016)
32. Give reactions of acetaldehyde with: (G-2015) i) HCN ii) CH3CH2OH
33. Convert acetone into tert.butyl alcohol? (G-2016)

LONG QUESTIONS:

1. Write one laboratory and one industrial method for preparation of acetaldehyde? (G-2019)
2. What are aldols? Explain aldol condenstion reaction mechanism for condensation of ethanal? (L-2016)
(G-2019)
3. Explain with mechanism Cannizzaro’s reaction? (G-2015, 2016)
4. Describe the mechanism of the reaction of NaHSO3 with acetone? Ehat is the utility of this reaction.
(L-2013) (G-2018)
5. Discuss Haloform reaction with one example? (L-2012)
6. Prepare acetaldehyde cyanohydrin from acetaldehyde and then convert it into 2-hydroxypropanoic
acid? (G-2012)
7. By using propanone as starting material, how would you get: (G-2017)
i) Acetic acid ii) isopropyl alcohol
8. Discuss oxidation of aldehyde with: (L-2015) i) K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4 ii) Tollen’s reagent
9. How does acetaldehyde react with following reagents: (L-2015)
i) C2H5MgI ii) HCN iii) NaHSO3 iv) I2 / NaOH
10. How does formaldehyde reacts with: (G-2013)
i) HCN ii) NaHSO3 iii) NaBH4 / H2O iv) Conc.NaOH
11. Prepare following compounds from carbonyl compounds: (L-2013)
i) Lactic acid ii) Formaldehyde iii) Croton aldehyde iv) Ethanal oxime
12. Distinguish b /w: (a) formaldehyde& acetaldehyde (b) acetaldehyde & propanone ? (L-2012)

Chapter: 13

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. Write down structural formula of Oxalic acid, Phthalic acid & Malonic acid? (L-2012)
2. How carboxylic acids can be prepared from alkyl nitriles?
3. Prepare ethane from acetic acid by reduction with (HI /P) & (NH3.Heat) ? (L-2012)
4. How carboxylic acids are prepared by the oxidative cleavage of alkenes? (L-2013)
5. How will you convert acetic acid into: (L-2013) (G-2013)
i) Methane ii) Acetic anhydride iii) Acetone

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6. Convert acetic acid into acetamide? (G-2016)

7. Write down mechanism of b/w ethanol and acetic acid (Ethanoic acid)? (G-2016, 2019)
8. How would you convert: CH3COOH → CH3CONH2 ? (L-2015)
9. What happens when ammonium acetate is heated? (G-2017)
10. How is carboxylic acid prepared from Grignard’s reagent? (G-2015)
11. Prepare alcohol and alkanes from carboxylic acid? (G-2015)
12. What is glacial acetic acid? (G-2019)
13. Discuss important uses of acetic acid?
14. Which ester gives banana and orange small? (G-2014)
15. Differentiate between essential and non essential amino acids? (G-2018)
16. Describe briefly Zwitter ionic structure? (L-2012) (G-2013, 2017, 2018)
17. Justify that Zwitter ions amino acids are Amphoteric in nature?
18. What are amino acids? How they react with acid and base. (G-2012)
19. How carboxylic acids are converted into α-amino acid? (L-2016)
20. What is peptide bond(Linkage)? Write formula of dipeptide? (L-2015) (G-2019)
21. What is Ninhydrin test?
22. Differentiate between polypeptide and proteins?
23. Define neutral amino acids with examples? (L-2015, 2016)
24. Write formula of alanine and glycine? (L-2016)
25. Write structural formula of lysine and valine? (G-2019)
26. How amino acid is prepared by Strecker method? (G-2019)(L-2016)

LONG QUESTIONS:

1. How would you prepare carboxylic acid from prim. Alcohols & aldehydes? (G-2014)
2. Write down mechanism of reaction b/w acetic acid and thionyl chloride? (L-2013) (G-2013)
3. How would you prepare carboxylic acid by hydrolysis of esters & from alkali nitriles? (L-2013)
4. Write down mechanism of Esterification? (L-2012)
5. Convert acetic acid into : (G-2012) (L-2014)
i) Acetyl chloride ii) Acetamide iii) Methane
6. Write a short note on acidic and basic character of amino acids? (L-2104)
7. Give two methods of preparations & two reactions of amino acids? (L-2012)

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Chapter: 14

MACROMOLECULES
SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. What are macromolecules? Give their classification? (L-2013) (G-2008, 2014)

2. Define polymerization. Explain the term, degree of polymerization? (L-2013)
3. What are polymers? Give two examples? (L-2015)
4. What are thermoplastic polymer & thermosetting polymers? Give example. (L-2014) (G-2006, 2015)
5. What are polyamide resins? Give an example. (G-2018)
6. Discuss the structures of polymers? (G-2005)
7. Define condensation polymerization with example? (L-2016)
8. How polyester is prepared by condensation polymerization? (G-2017)
9. Define saponification number? Give one example? (L-2008, 2009. 2012, 2016) (G-2011, 2012, 2013, 2015,
2019)
10. Define acid number. What is rancidity? (L-2013, 2015, 2016) (G-2014, 2018)
11. What is iodine number? (L-2008, 2011, 2014, 2016) (G-2012, 2014, 2018)
12. What is addition polymerization? Give example. (G-2016)
13. What happens when hydrolysis of triglyceride is carried out? (G-2017)
14. Write a short note on Nylon-6,6? (G-2009)
15. How polystyrene is prepared. Give its uses? (G-2008)
16. What are acrylic resins? Give their uses. (L-2009)
17. Discuss epoxy resins with example. Give their importance? (G-2011, 2016)
18. What is denaturation of protein? (G-2013)
19. Differentiate between derived and conjugated proteins with one example each? (L-2005, 2009) (G-2010)
20. Give four properties of enzymes? (G-2012)
21. What are enzymes? Discuss factors affecting the activity of enzymes? (L-2004, 2008) (G-2009)
OR How radiations affect the activity of enzymes? (G-2019)
22. Define enzyme. Name their two properties? (L-2011)
23. What is chemical nature of enzymes? Classify them. (G-2016)
24. Write structure of cholestrol? (L-2015) (G-2018)
25. What is difference between glucose and fructose? (L-2014)
26. Write structural formula of amylose and cellulose? (L-2010) OR Differentiate with at least two points
between “Amylose” and “Amylopectin” (G-2019)
27. Write the structure of starch? (L-2013)
28. Cellulose is not digested by human intestinal tract. Justify? (G-2019)
29. Point out difference between “Cellulose” and “Starch”. (G-2019)

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30. What are fatty acids? How acid chlorides are made from them? (L-2010)
31. What are lipids? Give two physical properties? (L-2014)
32. Discuss three chemical properties of lipids with the help of reaction? (L-2010)
33. What are fats and oils? Give examples. (L-2011, 2012, 2015) (G-2011) OR Write two points of difference
between a fat and oil? (G-2019)
34. What are carbohydrates? Why are they called so? (L-2014)
35. Draw the structure of: (i) Purine (ii) Pyrimidine (G-2017)
36. Write any three differences b/w RNA & DNA? (L-2012, 2014, 2016)

Chapter: 15

COMMON CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN PAKISTAN

SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. Explain the term micronutrients? (G-2016) (L-2012, 2015)

2. What are macro nutrient. Give their names? (G-2013) (L-2009, 2012, 2013)
3. Name four macronutrients and also mention per acre range of their requirement? (G-2019)
4. What are micro nutrients required for proper growth of plants? (G-2018)
5. Distinguish between fertilizer and non fertilizer compounds? (L-2014, 2015)
6. Write four essential qualities of a good fertilizer? (G-2008, 2016, 2018) (L-2004, 2012, 2015)
7. Why fertilizers are required (needed)? (G-2015) (L-2013, 2015, 2016)
8. What is the role of phosphorus in proper growth of plants? (G-2018)
9. What are phosphatic fertilizers? (G-2019)
10. Draw paper making machine? (G-2015) 0R Write any four parts of paper making machine? (G-2019)
11. How urea is prepared for ammonia? (G-2014)
12. Why wet cleaning is done in paper manufacturing? (L-2014)
13. Enlist the steps involved in the manufacture of urea? (L-2011)
14. What are the chemical reactions involved in preparation of urea? (G-2017)
15. What do you mean by prilling of urea? (L-2016)
16. What are the requirements of a fertilizer? (G-2014)
17. What is the role of burning and decomposition zone in manufacturing of cement? (G-2009, 2014) (L-2008,
2016)
18. What are the different zones in the rotary kiln? Give their temperature ranges?
19. What is difference between clinkers and cement? (G-2013) (L-2013, 2015)
20. What is the role of digester in Neutral sulphite semi chemical process (NSSCP)?
21. Write down formulas of : (G-2012, 2013) (L-2013)
(a) super phosphate (b) triple phosphate
22. What are the common bleaching agents used in paper industry in pakistan? (G-2012, 2017)

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23. Ammonium nitrate is a useful fertilizer for many crops except paddy rice? (G-2011)
24. Name the four argillaceous materials used for manufacturing of cement? (G-2011)
25. Name essential constituents of cement? (L-2008, 2014)
26. Give preparation of portland cement as carried out by Joseph Aspdin, why it is named so? (L-2012)
27. Pulp formed by digestion is washed at pulp washing stage. Why is it essential? (G-2011)
28. How will you prepare diammonium phosphate from ammonia? Also indicate %age of N2 and P2O5 present
in this fertilizer? (G-2010) (L-2011)
29. How ammonium nitrate is prepared. Describe the process? (L-2013)
30. Write four main non woody and woody raw materials used in the production of pulp and paper? (G-2009)
(L-2015, 2016)
31. What do you mean by “Setting of cement”? (G-2019)
32. Give reactions taking place in first 24 hours in setting of cement? (G-2008)
33. Write equations for the preparation of : (G-2008) (L-2015)
(a) Ammonium carbamate from ammonia (b) urea from ammonium carbamate
34. How diammonium hydrogen phosphate is prepared? Give its composition. (L-2009)

Chapter: 16

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. Name the components of environment? (L-2004, 2015)

2. What is lithosphere? (G-2018)
3. What is absorbed by the gases in atmosphere? (L-2014)
4. Carbon monoxide is considered as primary pollutant. How it effects on human beings? (L-2006)
5. Describe natural sources of methane (hydrocarbons) in atmosphere? (G-2016)
6. What is smog? (L-2010)
7. Write chemical reactions of chlorofluorocarbons responsible for depletion of ozone layer? (G-2009, 2016,
2018, 2019) (L-2008, 2016)
8. What are primary and secondary pollutants? (G-2012, 2015) (L-2009, 2014)
9. What is acid rain. How does it affects human, animals and birds? (G-2008, 2010, 2015) (L-2009. 2010,
2011)
10. What is lithosphere and hydrosphere? (G-2014) (L-2005, 2015)
11. What are the two conditions which cause the formation of smog? (G-2017)
12. What are the causes of water pollution? (G-2014)
13. Detergents are threat to aquatic life. Explain? (G-2009, 2010, 2011) (L-2006)
14. What is the importance of dissolved oxygen in water? (G-2006)
15. What is effect of aeration on quality of raw water? (L-2008, 2015)

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16. How quality of water is improved by coagulation? (G-2006) (L-2016)

17. What is biological oxygen demand?
18. What is chemical oxygen demand? How is it determined? (L-2015, 2016) (G-2017, 2019)

LONG QUESTIONS:

1. What is smog? Give its types and conditions for the formation of a smog. (G-2008, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2019)
(L-2010, 2013, 2015)
2. Discuss acid rain. How does it affects our environment? (G-2011, 2018, 2019) (L-2006, 2009, 2013)
3. How pesticides are dangerous to human beings? Comment. (G-2014)
4. Discuss ozone as blessing. How is it destroyed by CFCs? (G-2004, 2010)
5. Name the components of environment, Give approximate composition of atmosphere and lithosphere?
(L-2014)
6. Write method for purification of water. Explain the process of disinfection of water by chlorine? (L-2004,
2012)
7. How the industrial solid wastes are incinerated? (G-2009) (L-2011)

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