Kurdistan Regional

Government
Council of Ministers
Ministry of Higher
Education and
Scientific Research
University of
Supervised by:
Sulaymaniyah
Dr.Roza Hikmat
College of Basic
Education
Year of Study
Computer Science
(2022-2023) Department
First Stage
Group :A

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 Contents
Software............................................................................................................5
Hardware...........................................................................................................7
Case.....................................................................................................................9
Motherboard..................................................................................................10
Central processing unit...........................................................................13
CPU Socket....................................................................................................15
Graphics processing unit.......................................................................17
Random-access-memory.........................................................................19
Hard disk.........................................................................................................21
Solid-State-Drive.........................................................................................23
Computer memory......................................................................................25
Network Card................................................................................................27
Sound Card.....................................................................................................29
Computer Ports............................................................................................31
Peripherals.....................................................................................................33
Monitor.............................................................................................................35
Mouse................................................................................................................37
Keyboard.........................................................................................................39
Power Supply Unit......................................................................................43
Optical Driver................................................................................................45

Computer
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 Computer

A computer is a machine or device that performs

processes, calculations and operations based on
instructions provided by a software or hardware program.
It has the ability to accept data (input), process it, and
then produce outputs.
Computers can also store data for later uses in
appropriate storage devices, and retrieve whenever it is
necessary.
Modern computers are electronic devices used for a
variety of purposes ranging from browsing the web,
writing documents, editing videos, creating applications,
playing video games, etc.
They are designed to execute applications and provide a
variety of solutions by combining integrated hardware
and software components.
Example for computers (Supercomputers, Mainframes
computers, Minicomputers, Workstation computers,
Microcomputers, Portable computers).

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 Software

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 Software
Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to
operate computers and execute specific tasks. It is the opposite
of hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a
computer. Software is a generic term used to refer to
applications, scripts and programs that run on a device. It can
be thought of as the variable part of a computer, while
hardware is the invariable part.
The two main categories of software are ( application software
and system software ). An application is software that fulfills a
specific need or performs tasks. System software is designed to
run a computer's hardware and provides a platform for
applications to run on top of.
Application software: The most common type of software,
application software is a computer software package that
performs a specific function for a user. Examples ( office suites,
graphics software, databases , image editors and
communication platforms ).
System software: These software programs are designed to
run a computer's application programs and hardware. System
software coordinates the activities and functions of the
hardware and software. Examples (firmware, computer
language translators and system utilities.)

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 Hardware

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 Hardware

Physical structure that houses a computer's processor,

memory, storage, communication ports and peripheral
devices. Each of these components (called devices) have a
different purpose, which may be either accepting inputs,
storing data or sending outputs.
For example, a mouse and a microphone are input devices used
to record user activities and transform them into data that is
transmitted to the system unit. A hard disk is a storage unit
where data is stored and accessed by other devices.
A monitor or a speaker are output devices that transform
processed data into (respectively) video and audio signals.

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 Case

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 Case

A computer case safeguards all of the important—and

expensive—parts of a PC or other computing device. The
computer case serves mainly as a way to physically mount and
contain all the actual components inside a computer, like the
motherboard, hard drive, optical drive, floppy disk drive, etc.
They typically come bundled with a power supply. The housing
of a laptop, netbook, or tablet is also considered a case, but
since they aren't purchased separately or very replaceable, the
computer case tends to refer to the one that's part of a
traditional desktop PC, Some popular computer case
manufacturers include ( Xoxide, NZXT, and Antec).
The reason why case is important for protection, which is
easy to assume because it's the most obvious. Dust, animals,
toys, liquids, etc. can all damage the internal parts of a
computer if the hard shell of a computer case doesn't enclose
them and keep them away from the outside environment

Motherboard

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 Motherboard

A motherboard is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in a

computer. The motherboard is a computer's central
communications backbone connectivity point, through which all
components and external peripherals connect.
Motherboards can be found in virtually all computers, especially
desktop and laptop PCs. The components that connect through
them include chipsets, central processing units (CPU) and
memory. The external peripherals include Wi-Fi, Ethernet and
graphics cards with the graphics processing unit, or GPU.
The PCB of a large motherboard may include six to 14 layers of
fiberglass, copper connecting traces and copper planes for
power and signal isolation. Other components get added to a
motherboard through expansion slots. These include processor
sockets; dual in-line memory modules; Peripheral Component
Interconnect (PCI), PCI Express (PCIe) and solid-state drive M.2
slots; as well as power supply connections

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 Central processing unit

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 Central processing unit

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an internal component of

the computer, portion of a computer system that carries out the
instructions of a computer program, to perform the basic
arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the
system. The CPU is the brain of the computer.
On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is
housed in a single silicon chip called a microprocessor. Modern
CPUs are large scale integrated circuits in small, rectangular
packages, with multiple connecting pins.
Two typical components of a CPU are: - Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU). - Control Unit (CU).
Modern CPUs are small and square and contain multiple
metallic connectors or pins on the underside. Pentium chip or
processor, made by Intel, is the most common CPU though
there are many other companies that produce processors for
personal computers.

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 CPU Socket

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 CPU Socket
Also known as a CPU slot, the CPU socket is used to connect a
microprocessor with a printed circuit board (PCB) without
soldering, allowing for the CPU to be installed or replaced more
easily on the motherboard. Commonly found in PCs and servers,
CPU sockets are the antithesis of the surface-mount CPUs used
in laptops, which conserve space at the expense of convenient
installation or swapping.
Common types of CPU sockets include the Pin Grid Array (PGA)
and the Land Grid Array (LGA). The difference between the two
is that PGA places the pins on the processor and the holes in the
socket, whereas LGA has a socket with pins that you place the
processor on. The number and arrangement of pins vary
according to the types of CPUs used, but generally speaking,
greater pin count and density will allow more data signals to be
transferred more quickly.
Because a CPU socket connects the brains of the server the CPU
—to everything else, there is no way to work without a CPU
socket. Also, since CPU sockets may appear physically identical
but are in fact electrically incompatible, you should not swap
processors just because they use the same socket-type—always
make sure to match your CPU sockets with the CPUs they were
designed for.

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 Graphics processing unit

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 Graphics processing unit

A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a computer chip that

renders graphics and images by performing rapid mathematical
calculations. GPUs are used for both professional and personal
computing. Traditionally, GPUs are responsible for the
rendering of 2D and 3D images, animations and video -- even
though, now, they have a wider use range.
In the early days of computing, the central processing unit (CPU)
performed these calculations. As more graphics-intensive
applications were developed, however, their demands put a
strain on the CPU and decreased performance. GPUs were
developed as a way to offload those tasks from CPUs and to
improve the rendering of 3D graphics. GPUs work by using a
method called parallel processing, where multiple processors
handle separate parts of the same task.
GPUs are well known in PC (personal computer) gaming,
allowing for smooth.
the main GPU brands (Nvidia, AMD, and Intel).

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 Random-access-memory

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 Random-access-memory

RAM (random access memory) is a computer’s short-term

memory, where the data that the processor is currently using is
stored. Your computer can access RAM memory much faster
than data on a hard disk, SSD, or other long-term storage
device, which is why RAM capacity is critical for system
performance.
RAM stands for random access memory, and it’s one of the
most fundamental elements of computing. RAM is a temporary
memory bank where your computer stores data it needs to
retrieve quickly. RAM keeps data easily accessible so your
processor can quickly find it without having to go into long-term
storage to complete immediate processing tasks.
Like other components in your devices, though, there are many
different types of RAM. RAM speed can be affected by its type,
the model, or its generation, and its price can vary wildly
depending on the capacity you’re buying, and what device it’s
going into.

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 Hard disk

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 Hard disk

The first hard drive was introduced to the market by IBM on

September 13, 1956. The hard drive was first used in the
RAMAC 305 system, with a storage capacity of 5MB and a cost
of about $50,000 ($10,000 per megabyte). The hard drive was
built-in to the computer and was not removable.
A hard disk drive (sometimes abbreviated as a hard drive, HD, or
HDD) is a non-volatile data storage device. It is usually installed
internally in a computer, attached directly to the disk controller
of the computer's motherboard. It contains one or more
platters, housed inside of an air-sealed casing. Data is written to
the platters using a magnetic head, which moves rapidly over
them as they spin.
Internal hard disks reside in a drive bay, connected to the
motherboard using an ATA, SCSI, or SATA cable. They are
powered by a connection to the computer's PSU (power supply
unit.
A hard drive can store any data, including pictures, music,
videos, text documents, and any files created or downloaded.
Also, hard drives store files for the operating system and
software programs that run on the computer.

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 Solid-State-Drive

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 Solid-State-Drive

A solid-state drive (SSD) is a new generation of storage

device used in computers. SSDs store data using flash-based
memory, which is much faster than the traditional hard disks
they've come to replace. SSDs also have no moving parts, and
upgrading to one is a great way to speed up your computer and
make it more resilient. Learn how SSDs work and how to keep
them optimized with performance-boosting software SSDs store
data permanently inside an integrated circuit, typically using
flash memory. The flash memory inside an SSD means data is
written, transferred, and erased electronically and silently —
SSDs don’t have the moving parts found inside mechanical hard-
disk drives (HDDs). Without moving parts, SSDs are fast and
quiet, but they have a high price tag compared to HDDs.

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 Computer memory

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 Computer memory

Computer memory: is a generic term for all of the different

types of data storage technology that a computer may use,
including RAM, ROM, and flash memory, we have 14 types of
computer memory , some examples ( internal , RAM , DRAM,
SRAM , ROM , CACHE ..etc ).
Some types of computer memory are designed to be very fast,
meaning that the central processing unit (CPU) can access data
stored there very quickly. Other types are designed to be very
low cost, so that large amounts of data can be stored there
economically.
Another way that computer memory can vary is that some
types are non-volatile, which means they can store data on a
long term basis even when there is no power. And some types
are volatile, which are often faster, but which lose all the data
stored on them as soon as the power is switched off.
A computer system is built using a combination of these types
of computer memory, and the exact configuration can be
optimized to produce the maximum data processing speed or
the minimum cost, or some compromise between the two.

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 Network Card

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 Network Card

A Network interface card (also known as a NIC, network card,

or network interface controller) is an electronic device that
connects a computer to a computer network , usually a LAN. It
is considered a piece of computer hardware. Most modern
computers support an internal network interface controller
embedded in the motherboard directly rather than provided as
an external component.
Network cards let a computer exchange data with a network. To
achieve the connection, network cards use a suitable protocol,
for example CSMA/CD. Network cards usually implement the
first two layers of the OSI model, that is the physical layer, and
the data link layer. There are older network protocols such as
ARCNET, introduced in 1977, LocalTalk or Token Ring, but
today, most network cards use ( Ethernet).

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 Sound Card

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 Sound Card

A sound card: is a computer component that translates digital

audio signals to analog ones, and analog audio signals to digital
ones. Technically, a sound card is an optional component but a
necessary one if you want to hear sound from your PC on wired
headphones or speakers (just like an external DAC), or plug in a
mic with an analog output. These components are designed to
take the specialized job of parsing signals into quality sound, a
task that the computer’s CPU is not intended for.
Audio interfaces solve these problems too and have basically
taken over from sound cards. Some people will even refer to
them using the same terminology. Sound cards differ in that
they are installed inside the computer case itself, rather than
connected as an external peripheral. They are usually
connected to the motherboard via a PCI or PCIe card slot. By
using these connections, the card can interface with all the
power and other contacts to connect to the motherboard: you
can just drop the card in the slot, and screw the backplate into
place.

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 Computer Ports

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 Computer Ports

A computer port or a communication port is a connection

point used as an interface between the computer & the
peripherals like keyboard, mouse, printer, display unit,
monitor, flash drive and speaker. The computer port transmits
the data from any peripheral to the computer.
A port in computing has three main uses, each as a type of
receptacle in networking, computer hardware and software:
A port in networking is a software-defined number associated
to a network protocol that receives or transmits communication
for a specific service.
A port in computer hardware is a jack or socket that peripheral
hardware plugs into.
A port in computer software is when a piece of software has
been translated or converted to run on different hardware or
operating system (OS) than it was originally designed for.

We have 9 types - of – computer – ports ( PS/02, Serial Port,

Parallel Port, Ethernet, VGA Port, USB Port, DVI Port, HDMI
Port, Display Port. ).

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 Peripherals

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 Peripherals

A peripheral is any computing device or equipment that is

part of the computer but doesn't perform any core computing
process. It is an externally or internally connected device that
adds up or complements the host computer's capabilities or
functionality in some form.
peripheral devices include terminals, printers, external floppy
disk drives and other data storage devices, video monitors,
keyboards, interface boards, external memory expansion
cards, and other input/output devices that may or may not
contain digital circuitry.
Peripherals are commonly divided into three kinds: input
devices, output devices, and storage devices (which partake of
the characteristics of the first two). An input device converts
incoming data and instructions into a pattern of electrical
signals in binary code that are comprehensible to a digital
computer. An output device reverses the process, translating
the digitized signals into a form intelligible to the user.

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 Monitor

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 Monitor

computer monitor is an output device that displays

information in pictorial or textual form. A discrete monitor
comprises a visual display, support electronics, power supply,
housing, electrical connectors, and external user controls The
display in modern monitors is typically an LCD with LED
backlight, having by the 2010s replaced CCFL backlit LCDs.
Before the mid-2000s, most monitors used a CRT. Monitors are
connected to the computer via DisplayPort, HDMI, USB-C, DVI,
VGA, or other proprietary connectors and signals Originally,
computer monitors were used for data processing while
television sets were used for video. From the 1980s onward,
computers (and their monitors) have been used for both data
processing and video, while televisions have implemented some
computer functionality. In the 2000s, the typical display aspect
ratio of both televisions and computer monitors has changed
from 4:3 to 16:9

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 Mouse

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 Mouse

A computer mouse is a handheld hardware input device that

controls a cursor in a GUI (graphical user interface) for pointing,
moving and selecting text, icons, files, and folders on your
computer. In addition to these functions, a mouse can also be
used to drag-and-drop objects and give you access to the right-
click menu. For desktop computers, the mouse is placed on a
flat surface (e.g., mouse pad or desk) in front of your computer.
Development of the mouse began in the early 1960s by SRI
International's Douglas Engelbart.

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Keyboard

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 Keyboard
A computer keyboard is a peripheral input device modeled
after the typewriter keyboard which uses an arrangement of
buttons or keys to act as mechanical levers or electronic
switches. Replacing early punched cards and paper tape
technology, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards have
been the main input method for computers since the 1970s,
supplemented by the computer mouse since the 1980s.
Keyboard keys (buttons) typically have a set of characters
engraved or printed on them, and each press of a key typically
corresponds to a single written symbol. However, producing
some symbols may require pressing and holding several keys
simultaneously or in sequence. While most keys produce
characters (letters, numbers or symbols), other keys (such as
the escape key) can prompt the computer to execute system
commands. In a modern computer, the interpretation of key
presses is generally left to the software: the information sent to
the computer, the scan code, tells it only which physical key (or
keys) was pressed or released. In normal usage, the keyboard is
used as a text entry interface for typing text, numbers, and
symbols into application software such as a word processor,
web browser or social media app.

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 Fan

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 Fan

A fan is a hardware device that keeps the overall computer or

a computer device cool by circulating air to or from the
computer or component. The picture is an example of a fan on a
heat sink, The speed of a fan is measured in revolutions per
minute or RPM, and the higher the RPM rating, the faster the
fan spins. However, in many cases, the higher the RPM rating,
the louder a fan.
There are differentTypes of fans found in a computer :
 Case fan - a fan on the side of a computer case, inside the
case. It helps circulate air in the computer case and blow
hotter air out of the case.
 CPU fan - a fan on top of a computer processor. It helps pull
and blow hot air off the processor, helping keep it cooler.
 Power supply fan - a fan located inside a power supply. The
power supply fan blows hotter air out of the power supply
and out of the computer.
 Video card fan - a fan on a video card. It helps keep more
powerful video cards from overheating, especially when
playing video games, editing videos, and other GPU or
graphic-intensive tasks.

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 Power Supply Unit

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 Power Supply Unit

A Power Supply Unit (PSU) is an internal IT hardware

component. Despite the name, Power Supply Units (PSU) do not
supply systems with power - instead they convert it. Specifically,
a power supply converts the alternating high voltage current
(AC) into direct current (DC), and they also regulate the DC
output voltage to the fine tolerances required for modern
computing components.
There are two types of PSU :
* DC-DC POWER SUPPLY A DC-DC PSU is a small PCB that sits
inside your PC instead of a typical ATX or SFX power supply used
to power your system.

* AC-DC POWER SUPPLY deliver electricity to devices that

would typically run on batteries or have no other power source.
Here’s what you need to know about AC-DC power supplies and
the solutions that FSP Group can offer for your power
conversion needs.

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 Optical Driver

Internal Optical Driver

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 Optical Driver

The optical drive is a piece of computer hardware that reads

and writes data on optical discs. The most common use of an
optical drive is to install software or operating systems from a
disc. Optical discs are also used to store music, movies, and
photos. Many computers no longer come with an optical drive,
but they can be purchased separately.
There are two main types of optical drives: internal and
external. Internal optical drives are installed inside the
computer, while external optical drives are connected to the
computer using a USB, FireWire, or Thunderbolt cable. External
optical drives are cheaper than internal optical drives.

External Optical Driver

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 Student names

1. Dastan abdulla 18.Sufyan Abdulrahman

2. Bilal Osman 19.Hevin mhamad

3. Rayan anwar 20.Esra xalid

4. Bilal mhamad 21.Naze hawre

5. Rahand rzgar 22.Helin omar

6. Rozya Ibrahim 23.Bawan salah

7. Dana sardar 24.Zhulia jamal

8. Dya mahmud 25.Farhad ismail

9. Dya taha 26.Chrpa yousf

10.Rayan najmadin 27.Daria khalid

11.Barzi xalid 28.Tania jabar

12.Zanyar ali 29.Lania majid

13.Dilan azad 30.Taha omed

14.Haryad ali 31.Zanyar taha

15.Muhammad muhsin 32.Zhyar omar

16.Helin Ibrahim 33.Shad Sarhad

17.Helin rafiq 34.Chopy osman

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