CONTENT

page
Introduction
6
page

First Aid at the scene

page
Heart Attack
Cardio Pulmonary
11
page

Resuscitation - CPR

14

page
Fainting / Syncope

16
page

Hemorrhage / Bleeding

19

page
Shock
21
page

Fractures & Dislocation

23

page
Burns
26 Stroke
page

Seizures 28 page
 CONTENT

31
page

First Aid for hypoglycemia

34

page
Allergy

36
page

Nasal Bleeding

38

page
Drowning

40
page

Chocking

43

page
Eye Injuries

45
page

Heat Disorders
Spinal Column Injuries
48

page
Neck & Back Injuries

50
page

Tongue Obstruction

52
page

First Aid Kit

 Introduction

Ambulance service is a specialised service in the Public Authority of Civil Defence

and Ambulance (PACDA). Its aim is to offer a highly qualified emergency medical ser-
vice in a professional and scientific manner, in order to preserve life and/or minimise
deterioration in victims condition prior to arrival to the most appropriate health care
facility.
In the current time, the service mainly responds to motor vehicles accidents casu-
alties. With future intentions to expand to cover various medical emergency cases.
Callers can activate the service by dealing the emergency phone number (9999)
or (24343666). Ambulance service also respond to mass casualties incidents, hu-
man-maid & natural disasters and participate in medical evacuation.

This booklet is prepared to be a general guide to educate and instruct the public in
performing appropriate first aid procedures for the cases that may face them, where
immediate intervention will make a difference in the patients outcome till the arrival
of the advanced emergancy care providers.
This booklet can be taken as a guide but its necessary to attend the first aid courses
to conduct the procedures efficiently.

With complement ...

First Aid
at the scene
At the Motor vehicle collision scene?
Actions to be done:
1. When approaching the collusion site, apply hazard
lights to worn other drivers.
2. Park your vehicle away from the collusion site and
away from any hazards.
3. Check scene safety and decide whether the casu-
alty should be removed from the danger source or
to remove the danger source, so that appropriate
first aid actions can be initiated to the causality in
the vehicle or at a distant site.
4. If the scene is not safe or you are unsure of its safe-
ty, keep away from the site to maintain your safety
and others and call for appropriate help by calling
the emergency number (9999) or (24343666) and
give the following information:
a . Your name and phone number.
b. The exact location of the incident.
c. Type of incident and number of possible injured
people.
d. Type of help and assistance required e.g. ambu-
lance and police or civil defense is needed (risk of
Entrapment / fire), or electrical company in case of
electrical pole involvement.
e. Stay online for any additional queries.
7
 5. Assess the injured person by:
a. Requesting the person not to move especialy if he/
she complains of neck pain or back pain. If addi-
tional rescuer is available, ask them to stabilize the
head and neck by placing one hand at either side
of the head.
b. Check for level of consciousness by asking simple
common questions (name, time, place ... etc).
c. If unconscious make sure that he is breathing.
d. If not start chest compressions CPR.
e. Direct someone to halt any major life threatening
bleeding and immobilize any fractures.
f. If the causality is conscious and shows signs of
life, assess the causality directly from any other
injuries.
g. Continue observing the causality till the arrival of
the ambulance crew or till arrival to the closest
health care facility if transported by the first aider.

8
 Heart Attack
Make sure that the patient exhibits the following signs and symptoms
indicating a heart attack :
1.5 Worsening chest pain at rest or with exercise, but it can also have silent presentation
(without chest pain).
2. Warning signs and symptom may occur hours, days or even weeks before the acute
attack like uncomfortable pressure, central squeezing chest pain, prolonged upper
abdominal discomfort or pain.
3. Classical signs of acute attack would be severe excruciating central chest pain, with
feeling of heaviness on the chest wall; pain may spread to the shoulders, neck, jaw
and or both arms and shortness of breath.
4. Other accompanying symptoms would be sweating, nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness,
and dizziness and may lead to loss of consciousness.
9
 Actions to be done:
1. Assess the patient and look for the above signs and
symptoms.
2. Assure the patient and put him in comfortable position.
3. If the patient has Nitoglycerine (Nitro) or aspirin
and was directed by his physician help the patient
to take it
4. If the patient becomes unresponsive with no signs of
life, dial the ambulance service emergency number
(9999) or (24343666) seeking for assistance &
send someone to get an AED set if available near
by and start Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
procedure.
5. In case of no ambulance service is available in the
region transport the patient to the closest health
care facility.

10
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation - CPR
CPR involves series of actions required to restore the cardiovascular circulation
to the essential organs and restoration of normal heart beat to maintain life .
This is done by series of mouth to mouth, or mouth to mask rescue breaths and
chest compressions .

Actions to be done:
1. If the patient collapses in front of you, assess the patient and if he is not responsive,
not breathing, and has no pulse, start CPR.
 To check for responsives tap the shoulder and shout (Are you ok?).
 To chek for breathing,scan the chest for rise and fall.
 To perform a pulse check,palpate a carotid pulse.
 Check the breathing and pulse at the same time , no more than 10 seconds.
11
 2. Dial the ambulance service emergency number (9999)
or (24343666) seeking for assistance or have
someone do so and get AED (Automated External
Defibrillator) if available in facility.
3. Perform continuous chest compressions &
breathing till help arrives by placing the heel of one
hand over the center of the chest between nipples
and place the other on top of the other keeping
elbow straight.
4. Use the upper body weight to push straight down on
chest at least 5 cm depth for adults at a rate of 100
to 120 /minute.
5. If AED is available and you are trained to use it
open the kit and follow the instructions carefully.
6. If AED is not available continue CPR until help
arrives or arrival of the patient to the closest health
care facility by the aider.
7. If multiple rescuers are available they should rotate
the tasks of compressions every 2 minutes.

12
Child 1 to 8 years 1 to 8 Year CPR:
1. Give continuous chest compression at the rate of
100 to 120/min for two minutes before calling the
emergency number.
2. Use one or two hands to perform CPR.

CPR on a Baby :
1. Flick the baby sole and watch for response – don’t
shake the baby .
2. Give continuous chest compression at the rate of
100 to 120/min for two minutes before calling the
emergency number.
3. To start CPR, draw imaginary line just below nipple
line and do compressions using two fingers chest
compression technique, compressing third to half
the chest diameter chest about 4 cm and continue
until help arrives or transporting the baby to the
closest health care facility if ambulance service is
not available in the region .

13
 Fainting / Syncope
Causes :
1. Temporary lack of blood flow to the brain.
2. Hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar).
3. Hypotension (low blood pressure).
4. Exertion.
5. Other medical condition.

14
 Signs and Symptoms :
1. Feeling of irregular heart beat (palpitation).
2. Shortness of breath with fast breathing rate.
3. Pallor looks.
4. Weakness and lethargy.
5. Dizziness.
6. Loss of consciousness.

Actions to be done :
1. If you experience the above symptoms, lie down
and lift up your legs. If rescuer is available place
the victim on his back with leg elevated.
2. Loosen belts, collars or other constrictive clothing.
3. Don’t give anything by mouth until victim is fully
awake.
4. Keep the airway open. Watch for vomiting, and put
him at the recovery position if he starts to do so.
5. Comfort and reassure victim when regaining
consciousness
6. Observe the patient condition and if he became
unconscious with no sign of life, dial the ambulance
service emergency number (9999) or (24343666)
seeking for assistance and start CPR technique.
7. Transport the victim to nearest medical facility if
the ambulance service not avalible in the region.
Recovery Postion

15
 Bleeding
Types :
1. Arterial- Massive bright red bleeding.
2. Veins-Flow of dark red bleeding.
3. Capillary- Mild dark red bleeding.

Causes:
1. Exposure to blunt or penetrating trauma of various mechanisms of injury leading
to blood vessels injuries causing either internal or external bleeding.
2. Adverse effect of some medical emergencies (e.g. perforated peptic ulcer disease,
hemophilia etc.).
16
 Nayef ulcers Signs & Symptoms:
contagious
1. Skin pallor.
2. Cold and clammy skin.
3. Fast breathing.
4. Increase heart beat.
5. Anxious followed by generalized weakness and
lethargy.
6. Agitated .
Hemophilia blood 7. Alteration level of consciences.
genetic bleeding 8. Collapse (Shock).

Action to be done:
1. Check victims responsiveness.
2. If responsive assess degree of bleeding (mild/
moderate/severe).
3. Clean the wound and apply bandages or clean
clothes to control bleeding.
4. Stabilizing the injured part and don’t move till
bleeding stops.
5. If the bleeding cannot be controlled, dial the
ambulance service emergency number (9999) or
(24343666) seeking for assistance.

17
 6. Add more bandages, and if it continues strongly
tie a cloth above the bleeding site to stop bleeding
(not to be released till arrival to hospital).
7. If the victim became unresponsive, check ABC
start CPR if necessary.
8. Transport the victim to the closest health care
facility if ambulance services not available in your
region.

Remember :
1. Avoid touching the patient blood without gloves to
prevent cross infections.
2. Do not remove any imbedded particle except if its
compromising the airway or CPR process.
3. Do not attempt to remove formed blood clot to
avoid recurrence of bleeding.

18
 Shock
Causes:
1. Excessive Bleeding or dehydration caused by severe vomiting or diarrhea.
2. Life threatening infections.
3. Spinal cord injury.
4. Cardiac dysfunction.
5. Severe allergic reaction(anaphylaxis).

19
 Signs and symptoms:
1. Cool and clammy skin.
2. Weak Rapid pulse.
3. Feeling of weakness fatigue, lethargy.
4. anxiousness and confusion.
5. Loss of consciousness.

Actions to be done:
1. Assess the victim for above sign and symptoms.
2. Dial the ambulance service emergency number
(9999) or (24343666) .
3. Have victim lie down.
4. Keep victim warm and comfortable, release any
Recovery Postion
tight clothing’s.
5. If victim is bleeding control the bleeding.
6. If bleeding from mouth or vomiting turn the victim
to side (recovery position) to prevent chocking.
7. Check level of consciousness.
8. Open Airway and check for signs of breathing and
circulation.
9. If absent start CPR steps.
10.
Transport the victim to the closest health care
facility if ambulance services not available in your
region.

20
 Fractures & Dislocation
Causes:
1. Trauma to the skeletal system
(bones and joints).
2. Bone diseases (osteoporosis, osteogenisis imperfect etc.)

Types of fractures:
1. Closed simple fracture - No wounds or external bleeding.
2. Open fractures- bone parts exposed outside the skin.
3. Compound fracture- fractures of the bone at more than one site (closed or open).

21
 Signs and symptoms:
1. Pain at the site of fracture or dislocation.
2. Swelling and deformity of limp or joint.
3. Bleeding.(usually no external bleeding in closed
fractures)
4. Victim may start limping or the fracture or
dislocation may halt the function of that body part.

Actions to be done:
1. Assess the victim responsiveness and airway
status .
2. Dial the ambulance service emergency number
(9999) or (24343666).
3. Keep victim warm by covering with additional
clothing.
4. Cover open wound with sterile dressing gauze or
clean cloth.
5. If the victim is responsive and the injury(fracture/
dislocation) is localized to one or more parts of
the body, manually immobilize the injured site.
6. Splint the injured site with any available method
to prevent movement.
7. Calm the victim and transport him to nearest
medical facility if the ambulance service is not
available in the region.

22
 Burns
Causes :
1. Hot substances such as flame, hot metals, or vapor
2. Electrocution
3. Chemical substance contact.
4. Sun or laser rays.

Types and degree of burns

1. First degree: superficial burns effects the outer layer (epidermis).The skin is
usually red with swelling and pain.
2. Second degree: outer skin layer has been burn to the second layer (dermis).

23
 Blisters develop, the skin take on an intensely
reddened and splotchy appearance producing
sever pain and swelling.
3. Third degree: Full thickness of skin involved, Fat
muscles and even bones may be affected. Most
serious type of burns painless except at the areas
surrounding the burns. The area may be charred
black or appear dry and white.

Actions to be done:
1. Assess the victim responsiveness and ABC status.
2. Dial the ambulance service emergency number
(9999) or (24343666)
3. Remove victim from the source of burns without
exposing yourself to danger.

4. If area of burns is of first or second degree and

less than 3 inches.
a. Cool the area with cold running water for at least
10 minutes or until pain subsides.
b. Remove tight clothing or rings and belts
c. If blister has formed leave it intact and cover the
area loosely with sterile gauze to prevent infection.

5. If burned area is larger then 3 inches or is third

degree:
a. If responsive cover with cool moist sterile bandages
or clean cloth.
24
b. If not responsive start CPR.
c. Don’t remove clothes but make sure victim is no
longer in contact with smoldering source.
d. Do not cool large areas; doing so could lead to
hypothermia and shock.

Electrical burns:
1. Look but don’t touch the patient and the source.
2. Turn off the electrical source if possible. If it is
not possible, move the source by using a none
conducting object.
3. Check responsiveness airway, breathing, and
circulation and manage immediately.
4. Prevent development of shock by covering the
victim and laying him down with head slightly lower
than trunk and elevating the legs.
5. If Safe and does not show signs of life
(unresponsive) start CPR.
6. Cover burns with sterile gauze or clean cloth.
7. All victims with electrical injury should recieve
medical care .
8. Transport the victim to the closest health care
facility if ambulance services not available in your
region.

25
 Stroke
Stroke: is a condition that occurs when there is bleeding into the brain
(hemorrhagic stroke) or the normal blood flow to the brain is blocked. Within minutes
of depriving brain from essential nutrients brain cells start dying, the process may
continue for several hours. The sooner the treatment is given the more likely damage
is minimized.

Risk factors :
1. High blood pressure. 4. Diabetes.
2. Previous strokes. 5. Ischemic Heart disease.
3. Smoking. 6. Old age.

26
Signs and symptoms:
1. Sudden weakness or numbness in the face,
arms or legs on one side of the body.
2. Sudden dimness or blurring or loss of vision.
3. Loss of speech or trouble talking or understanding
speech.
4. Sudden severe headache with no apparent cause.
5. Unexplained dizziness, unsteadiness or sudden
fall especially if accompanied by any of the
other symptoms.

Action to done:
1. Assess the victims alertness , consciousness ,
and ABC status.
2. Look for presence of above stroke signs.
3. Dial the ambulance service emergency number
(9999) or (24343666).
4. Reassurance and keep patient comfortable.
5. Transport the victim to the nearest health care
facility if no ambulance service available in the
region.

27
 Seizures
Involuntary contraction of many muscles in the body due to disturbance in the
electrical activity of the brain resulting in loss or impairment of consciousness.

Causes:
1. Epilepsy.
2. Head injury.
3. Brain disease.
4. Deprivation of oxygen or glucose in brain.
5. Febrile convulsion in children.
6. Poisons including alcohol.
7. Drug overdose.
28
Classic Seizure Sequences:
1. Brief aura (warning sign) period, for example, a
strange feeling, a special smell or taste.
2. Staring.
3. Momentary loss of memory.
4. Sudden loss of consciousness.
5. Rigidity and arching of the back.
6. Hypoxic signs (cyanosis).
7. Convulsive movement (fits).
8. Jaw may be clenched.
9. Frothy saliva may appear from the mouth and may
be blood stained.
10. Loss of bladder or bowel control.
11. Muscles relax and breathing becomes normal.
12. Recovers consciousness within a few minutes.
13. May feel dazed or act strangely.
14. May feel tired and fall into a deep sleep.

Action to be done:
1. Assess the victim's alertness, consciousness, and
ABC status.
2. Look for the presence of the above signs.
3. Dial the ambulance service emergency number
(9999) or (24343666) seeking for assistance.
4. Ensure an open airway.
29
 5. Keep the victim protected by keeping away any objects that can harm him.
6. If possible protect head with soft padding loosen clothes around the neck.
7. Put the patient in recovery position if unconscious, but breathing normally.
8. If no ambulance service available transport to the nearest health care facility.

Recovery Postion

30
 First Aid
for hypoglycemia
 Hypoglycemia / Low Blood Sugar
Signs and symptoms:
1. Headache.
2. Weakness and dizziness.
3. Restlessness (patient could be violent).
4. Pale skin.
5. Profuse sweating.
6. Palpitation.
7. Seizure (convulsion)
8. Loss of consciousness.
32
Action to be done:
1. Assess the victim's alertness, consciousness,
and Circulation Airway Breathing (CAB) status.
2. Look for the presence of the above signs and
symptoms.
3. Dial the ambulance service emergency number
(9999) or (24343666) seeking for assistance..
4. If victim is conscious and fully oriented assure
him and give him some sugar, sweets or juice.
5. If victim improves give more food and juice.
6. If victim is unconscious make sure airway is
opened and transport to the nearest medical
facility if no ambulance service is available.

33
 Allergy
Body immune system reaction as a result of exposure to an allergen (foreign body)
that can be inhaled, injected, swallowed or direct contact to skin (e.g insect bite,
seafood, medications, detergents, etc...)

Signs and symptoms:

1. Itchiness
2. Hives (skin rash)
3. Swelling of affected body part.
4. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal
cramp and loose motion.
5. Difficulty swallowing, breathing.
6. Coughing and possible wheeze.
7. Red eyes, tearing and runny nose
34
Anaphylaxis:
Sever allergic reaction can produce life threatening
respiratory distress and shock if not managed
urgently. It is Fast progression causing hemodynamic
instability (deranged body life vital signs), loss of
consciousness and possible sudden death.

Actions to be done:
1. Assess the victims alertness, consciousness,
and ABC status.
2. Look for signs and symptoms.
3. Dial the ambulance service emergency number
(9999) or (24343666) seeking for assistance.
4. Keep the airway open and clear.
5. If patient has epinephrine pen, help him to inject
it .
6. Loosen tight cloths.
7. If he has difficulty breathing, put him the position
of comfort.

35
 Epistaxis / Nasal Bleeding
Causes:
1. Unknown causes
2. Pinching dry nasal membranes
3. High blood pressure
4. Following nasal surgeries.
5. Injury to the nose.
6. (Anticoagulant medication) Blood thinning
medicines side effect.

36
Signs and symptoms
1. Sudden bleeding from the nose.
2. If prolonged and not controlled the victim may exhibit dizziness and faintness.

Actions to be done:
1. Assess the victims alertness, consciousness, and ABC status.
2. Ask the victim to sit upright , with learing forward.
3. Ask the victim to pinch his nose for 10 minutes and breath through the mouth.
4. To prevent recurrence of bleeding after bleeding ask the victim to stops picking
or blowing his nose and don’t bend down for several hours after bleeding has
stopped.
5. If bleeding occurs again ask him to blow out to clear nose from any clots
6. Spray both nostrils with a nasal decongestant (if available) and pinch nose again.
7. Dial the ambulance service emergency (9999) seeking for assistance if:
a. Bleeding continues for more then 20 minutes.
b. Bleeding follows accident, fall or head injury including punch to the face that may
have injured the nose.
c. If the victim is taking ( anticoagulant)blood thinning medicine.
8. If no ambulance service available in the region transport to the nearest health
care facility.

37
 Drowning
Signs and symptoms
1. Difficulty breathing and may progress to distress
and failure.
2. Froth coming out from the mouth.
3. Cyanosis (blue tinge skin colour) and cold skin.
4. Abdominal distention and vomiting.
5. Appears confused and feel weak.
6. Loss of consciousness.

38
Actions to be done:
1. Make sure you are safe and can swim well.
2. Throw a rope with a buoyant objector or use a long
stick.
3. Approach the person from behind while trying to
calm the victim as you move closer.
4. A panic victim can pull you down.
5. Use one hand to support the victim and wrap the
other to raise the chin away from the water
6. Make sure you support the victim’s neck when
suspecting spinal injury can start rescue breath’s
in the water if doesn’t delay removal of victim from
water and its safe to do so.
7. Once out of the water assess the victim"s alertness,
consciousness, and CAB status and start CPR.
8. Keep the person warm by removing wet clothing and
covering with warm blankets to prevent hypothermia.
Remain with the recovering person until emergency
medical personnel have arrived.
9. If ambulance service is not available in the region
transport the victim to nearest health facility.

39
 Chocking
Occurs when a foreign object becomes lodged in the throat or windpipe, blocking
the flow of air. Because it cuts off oxygen to brain, so you have to start first aid as
soon as possible.

Signs and symptoms:

Signs and symptoms:
1. Universal sign for chocking is hand clutched to throat.
2. Inability to talk
3. Difficult or noisy breathing
4. Inability to cough forcefully
5. Cyanosis
6. Loss of consciousness.

40
Actions to be done:
1. Ask the victim to cough if he/she can, if unable to
cough start Heimlich maneuver.
2. Begin Heimlich maneuver before dialing the ambulance
service emergency number (9999) or (24343666)
seeking for assistance.

How to perform Heimlich maneuver to the victim:

a. Stand behind the person wrap your arms around
the waist. Tip the person forward slightly.
b. Make fist with one hand. Position it slightly above
the navel.
c. Grasp the fist with the other hand. Press hard into
the abdomen with quick, upward thrust as if trying
to lift the person up.
d. Repeat until the blockage is dislodged or loses
Consciousness.

How to perform Heimlich maneuver to yourself:

a. Place a fist slightly above your navel.
b. Grasp your fist with the other hand and bend over a
hard surface.
c. Push the fist inwards and upwards.
Clearing the airway for pregnant women or obese Self
victim: Heimlich
Maneuver
a. Position hand at the base of the breastbone, just
above the joining of lower ribs
b. Proceed as with Heimlich maneuver pressing hard
41
 into the chest with quick thrust until the blockage is
dislodged.
Clearing airway for unconscious person:
a. lay the person on his or her back on the ground.
b. Open airway if the object is visible insert a finger
and sweep out the cause of blockage.
c. If remains lodged and person doesn’t
respond begin chest compression (CPR),
remember to recheck the mouth periodically and if
you see the foreign body clearly, remove it.

Clearing the airway for chocking infant under than

age 1 year old:
a. Assume sitting position and hold the infant facedown
on your forearm and use thigh to support.
b. back blow the infant gently 5 times on the middle of
the back using the heel of your hand. This should
release the obstructing object.
c. If the object is not released turn the infant face up
on your forearm with the head slightly lower than
the trunk using 2 fingers placed in center of breast
bone, and give 5 chest compressions.
d. If breathing doesn’t resume, repeat Back blows and
chest compressions.
e. If the object dislodges but infant doesn’t resume
breathing, assess the airway, breathing and circulation
and start CPR if no sign"s of life.

42
 Eye Injuries
Causes:
1. Trauma to the eye.
2. Foreign body in the eye.

Signs and symptoms:

1. Pain and itchiness
2. Redness.
3. Tearing.
4. Blurred vision
5. Swelling
6. External or Internal bleeding.
43
 Actions to be done:
1. Look for presence of the above signs and
symptoms
2. Don’t try to remove any impeded objects in the
eye.
3. Advice victim not to move the eye, cover it to
prevent movements and cover the intact eye
also.
4. Advice not to scratch the eye.
5. Wash the eye with sterile or clean water by
bending head towards the injured eye in order
to allow water to drain easily over the face and
away from the normal eye.
6. Cover injured eye with clean eye pad or wound
dressing.
7. Dial the ambulance service emergency number
(9999) or (24343666) seeking for assistance.

44
 Heat Disorders
Medical emergencies resulted from over exposure hot environment or direct sun
light. Heat related emergencies ranges as per severity from, heat cramps, heat
exhaustion and heat stroke.

Causes:
1. Exposure to direct high atmospheric temperature.
2. Over exertion in a humidified environment.
3. Prolonged sun exposure.

Contributing Factors to sunstroke:

45
 1. Application of oil and cream that prevent sweating,
hence leading body temperature.
2. Tight clothes.
3. Poor body aeration.
4. Excercising and working in hot environment.
5. Humidity.
6. Old age.

Sings and Symptoms:

Heat Cramps:
1. Cramps in the fingers, arms, legs, or abdominal
muscles.
2. Weakness.
3. Dizziness.
4. Faintness.

Heat Exhaustion:
1. Increased body temperature.
2. Profuse sweating.
3. Headache.
4. Diarrhea.

Heat Stroke:
1. Skin dry, hot and red.
2. Temperature above 42 degree Celsius.
3. Seizure.
4. Loss of consciousness.
46
Action to be done:
Heat Cramps/Exhaustion:
1. Remove the victim from hot environment & place
him in a cool shaded or air conditioned area.
2. Lie the patient on his back.
3. Give him fluid to drink if he is alert and able to
swallow.
4. Dial the ambulance service emergency number
(9999) or (24343666) seeking for assistance if
the victim did not recover.

Heat Stroke:
1. Remove the victim from hot environment & place
him in a cool shaded or air conditioned area.
2. Give him fluid to drink if he is alert and able to
swallow.
3. If he is unconscious, assess the victim alertness
and start CPR if necessary.
4. Dial the ambulance service emergency number if
(9999) seeking for assistance.
5. Transport the victim to the nearest health care
facility if no ambulance service available in the
region.

47
 Spinal Column Injuries
Neck & Back Injuries
Injury to the spinal Colum from neck to bottom of back which can lead to life
long disability.

Causes:
1. Fall
2. MVC (motor vehicle collision) .
3. Diving injuries.
4. Pedestrian accidents.
5. Sport injuries.
48
Signs and symptoms:
1. Sever pain in the injury site.
2. Inability to move the injured area.
3. Deformity at the injured site.
4. Feeling of weakness, numbness.
5. Unable to move his extremities.
6. Signs of paralysis and loss of bowel and urinary
bladder control.

Actions to be done:
1. Assess the victim"s alertness, consciousness,
and ABC status.
2. Dial the ambulance service emergency number (9999)
or (24343666) seeking for assistance.
3. Keep the person on much same position as he or
she was found .
4. Keep person still and place heavy towels on both
sides of the neck or hold the head and neck to
prevent movement.
5. If person shows no signs of breathing and circulation
start CPR.
6. If person is vomiting, chocking and in danger of
further injury, use at least 2 people to roll the patient.
Work together to keep the persons head, neck, and
back aligned while rolling the person onto one side.
7. If in isolated back injuries, do not let the patient to
move and transport in same position immediately.
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 Tongue Obstruction
Tongue obstruction is a medical condition caused by nervous system and neurological
disorders accompanied by loss of consciousness and temporary memory loss. That
situation occurs frequently among athletes, where muscles of the jaw and tongue
start to relax. Tongue base falls in airway leading to obstructing the patient airway
and death if no one relieve the obstruction immediately.

Causes:
 The condition may occur when potassium and sodium imbalance in the blood.
 As a result of the blows to head or brain that cause brain dysfunctions and
increase in the nerve electrical impulses which lead eventually to swallow his
tongue.
 Due to low blood sugar level.

50
 Occurs as a result of sudden blood circulation
problems.

Signs and symptoms:

1. unconsciousness.
2. cyanosis.
3. No breathing or gasping.

Action to be done:
1. The person should be trained to deal with such
cases.
2. Place the patient's supine and position yourself
at the side of the patient head.
3. Place one hand on the patient's forehead and,
using firm downward pressure with your palm,
tilt the head back.
4. Put two fingers of the other hand under the bony
part of the chin and lift the jaw anteriorly to
open the airway.
5. Call (9999) or (24343666) for ambulance
services.

Remmber:
Do not insert your fingers on the patient's mouth to
pull the tongue because the tongue muscle is very
strong and the patient's may bite your fingers.

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 First Aid Kit
Importance of First Aid Kit:
First aid kit is considered to be of vital importance at home, work or in the car. A
well stocked kit can help respond effectively to common injuries and emergencies
and preventing any deterioration of the condition. Save the kit in easy to retrieve
locations that are out of the reach of young children.

1. First aid manual

2. Sterile Gauze
3. Adhesive tape

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4. Cotton balls
5. Elastic and triangular bandages
6. Band Aids different sizes
7. Spirit swabs
8. Soap or hand sanitizer
9. Antibiotic cream
10. Antiseptic solution or towelettes
11. Analgesic cream
12. Petroleum jelly or lubricant/ Calamine lotion
13. Pain killer (paracetamol)
14. Tweezers and scissors
15. Instant cold packs
16. Disposable latex or synthetic gloves
17. Flashlight with additional batteries.
18. Emergency Numbers
19. Small blanket
20. Sterile eye wash
21. Safety pins different sizes

Remember:
1. To check for expiry date and change things
accordingly
2. To replace used items as soon as possible.

53
 Always
Remember

Survival
Series
for
Adults

Survival
Series
for Kids