Basic Calculus

Quarter 3 – Module 6:
Extreme Value Theorem
Basic Calculus - Senior High School
Quarter 3 – Module 6: Extreme Value Theorem
First Edition, 2020

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Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Module 6:
Extreme Value Theorem
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their learning at home. Furthermore,
you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the
tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible for your
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different
activities in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be
reminded of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering
the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking
your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this
module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always
bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this
material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain a deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 Let Us Learn

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here
to help you master the concept Extreme Value Theorem. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The
lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the
order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.

The module is composed of one lesson:

• Lesson 1 – Extreme Value Theorem

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate the Extreme Value Theorem (STEM_BC11D-IIIg-1); and
2. solve optimization problems that yield polynomial functions
(STEM_BC11D-IIIg-2).

Let Us Try
Min and Max: Observe each graph. Identify whether the location of
the absolute minimum and maximum values occur on the interior of
the interval [a, b] or at the endpoints. Write the letter that represents
the min and max values on the blank provided.

1.

Minimum at interior point: ______

Maximum at interior point: ______

2.
Minimum at endpoint: ______
Maximum at endpoint: ______

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3. Minimum at endpoint: ______
Maximum at interior point: ______

Let Us Study

A. Extreme Value Theorem (EVT): If f is continuous over a closed

interval, then f has both a maximum and minimum value over that
interval.
o If a function is not continuous, then the EVT does not work.
o If a function is on an open interval, then the EVT does not work.

Extrema of the function: Minimum and Maximum Values

It is easier to understand what extreme value theorem when we
know the types of extrema of the function. The definitions below help
clarify the differences of their types.

Absolute Extrema
1. Absolute (Global) maximum. Let c be a number in the domain
of f. Then, f(c) is the absolute maximum value of f, if f (c) ≥ f (x) for all x
in the domain.

Or simply, the highest point over the entire domain of a function.

2. Absolute (Global) minimum. Let c be a number in the domain of

f. Then, f(c) is the absolute minimum value of f, if f(c) ≤ f(x) for all x in
the domain of f.

Or simply, the lowest point over the entire domain of a function.

Relative Extrema
It occurs only at the interior of the domain; not at the
endpoints of a domain.

1. Relative (Local) Minimum is the lowest point in a particular

section of a graph.

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 2. Relative (Local) Maximum is the highest point in a particular
section of a graph.

The graph below helps you visualize and understand the extrema of the
function.

Example 1. Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = 5x2 – 20x + 5, on [1,4].

Solutions:
Step 1: Find the critical number(s)
a. Solving for the first derivative:
f (x) = 5x2 – 20x + 5
f ’(x) = 10x – 20

b. Setting the equation to 0 to solve for x:

10x – 20 = 0
10x = 20
10𝑥 20
=
10 10
x=2

Step 2: Find the y values

f (1) = 5(1)2 – 20(1) + 5 = -10
f (4) = 5(4)2 – 20(4) + 5 = 5
f (2) = 5(2)2 – 20(2) + 5 = -15

Step 3: Find the extremes

f (1) = -10
f (2) = -15 absolute minimum
f (4) = 5 absolute maximum

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Example 2. Find the absolute extrema of the f(x) = 2x3 – 6x on [0,3].

Solutions:
Step 1: Find the critical number(s)
a. Solving for the first derivative:
f (x) = 2x3 – 6x
f ’(x) = 6x2 – 6
b. Setting the equation to 0 to solve for x:
6x2 – 6 = 0
6x2 = 6
√𝑥 2 = √1
x=±1
x = 1 is the critical number since it is in the interval [0,3].
x = -1 neglect this value since it is not in the interval [0,3].

Step 2: Find the y values

f (0) = 2(0)3 – 6(0) = 0
f (1) = 2(1)3 – 6(1) = -4
f (3) = 2(3)3 – 6(3) = 36

Step 3: Find the extremes

f (0) = 0
f (1) = -4 absolute minimum
f (3) = 36 absolute maximum

Example 3. Locate all relative extrema for f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 12x.

Solutions:
Step 1: Find the critical number(s)
a. Solving for the first derivative:
f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 12x
f ’ (x) = 6x2 + 6x - 12

b. Setting the equation to 0 to solve for x:

6x2 + 6x – 12 = 0
6 (x2 + x -2) = 0
6 (x + 2) (x – 1) = 0
x+2=0 x–1=0 x = -2, 1
x = -2 x=1

Step 2: Find the y values

f (0) = 2(0)3 + 3(0)2 – 12(0) = 0
f (-2) = 2(-2)3 + 3(-2)2 – 12(-2) = 20
f (1) = 2(1)3 + 3(1)2 – 12(1) = -7
f (2) = 2(2)3 + 3(2)2 – 12(2) = 4

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 Step 3: Find the extremes
f (0) = 0
f (-2) = 20 relative maximum
f (1) = -7 relative minimum
f (2) = 4

Example 4. Locate all relative extrema for f (x) = x2 + 6x + 3.

Solutions:
Step 1: Find the critical number(s)
a. Solving for the first derivative:
f (x) = x2 + 6x + 3
f ’(x) = 2x + 6
b. Setting the equation to 0 to solve for x:
2x + 6 = 0
2x = -6
x = -3

Step 2: Find the y values

f (-4) = (-4)2 + 6(-4) + 3 = -5
f (-3) = (-3)2 + 6(-3) + 3 = -6
f (0) = (0)2 + 6(0) + 3 =3

Step 3: Find the extremes

f (-4) = -5
f (-3) = -6 relative minimum
f (0) =3

B. Optimization Problem

Optimization problem is a word problem in which two quantities are

related, one of them (dependent) being a function if the other
(independent).

The goal is to identify the value of the independent quantity that will
make the dependent quantity largest or smallest within a certain
acceptable range.

In real-life situations, optimization problem is finding a value that best

suits our needs. The same in calculus, optimization problems involve
finding the optimal value (i.e. minimum or maximum) of a quantity or
function.

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 Some uses of optimization in real world:
● a company finding out maximum profit, or minimizing average cost
● an engineer finding a container with the optimum shape and volume
● a doctor figuring out maximum concentration of a drug for a patient.

Steps in Solving Optimization Problems

Step 1: Assign variables relating to all quantities involved and sketch if
possible.
Step 2: Translate into mathematical equations the objective function and
the constraint equation to be minimized or maximized.
Step 3: Look for the critical value(s) to determine the extrema of a function.
Step 4: Write your answer to the problem.

Example 1. The sum of one number and two times a second number is 24.
What numbers should be selected so that the product is as large
as possible?

Solutions:

Step 1. Step 3.
Let x = first number • Differentiation yields
y = second number
P = product to be maximized P’(x) = 12 – 𝒙

Step 2. • Calculate the critical value.

Use the objective function to
maximize P, P’(x) = 0
P = xy
0 = 12 – 𝑥
x = 12
Since, the sum of one number and
12 is the critical value.
two times a second number is 24,
the constraint equation is
• Substitute the critical value
x + 2y = 24 to solve for y.

2y = 24 – x 24 – 𝑥
𝑦=
2𝑦 24 – 𝑥 2
= 24 – 12
2 2 𝑦= 2
𝟐𝟒 – 𝒙 𝟏𝟐
𝒚= 𝒚= =𝟔
𝟐 𝟐
and therefore
Step 4.
P = xy Write your answer.
24 – 𝑥
= x( ) The numbers are 12 and 6.
2

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 𝟐𝟒𝒙 – 𝒙𝟐 The largest possible product is 72,
= since P = (12)(6) = 72.
𝟐
𝒙𝟐
P = 12x –
𝟐

Example 2. Find the two numbers whose difference is 100 and whose
product is minimized.
Solutions:

Step 1. Step 3.
Let x = first number • Differentiation yields
y = second number
P = product to be minimized P’(x) = 2x – 100

Step 2. • Calculate the critical value.

Use the objective function to
minimize P, P’(x) = 0
P = xy 0 = 2x – 100
-2x = -100
Since, the two numbers whose
−2𝑥 −100
difference is 100, the constraint =
−2 −2
equation is
x = 50
x - y = 100 50 is the critical value.

- y = 100 – x • Substitute the critical value

y = x – 100 to solve for y.

y = x – 100
and therefore y = 50 – 100
y = – 50
P = xy
= x(x – 100) Step 4. Write your answer.
P= x2 -100x
The two numbers whose difference
is 100 and whose product is
minimized are 50 and -50.

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Example 3. Find the dimensions of a rectangle with a perimeter of 100 feet
and whose area is a maximum.

Solutions:

Step 1. Step 3.
Let x = width • Differentiation yields
y = length
A = area to be maximized A’(x) = -2x + 50
x
• Calculate the critical value.
y y
A’(x) = 0
x 0 = -2x +50
2x =100
Perimeter of the rectangle
P = 2x + 2y 2𝑥 50
=
2 2
x = 25
Step 2.
Use the objective function to 25 is the critical value.
maximize A,
A = xy • Substitute the critical value
to solve for y.
the constraint equation is y = -x + 50
y = -25 + 50
P = 2x + 2y
y = 25
100 = 2x + 2y
-2y = 2x -100 Step 4. Write your answer.
−2𝑦 2𝑥 −100
= The dimension of a rectangle is
−2 −2
25 ft x 25 ft. The maximum area
y = -x + 50
is 625 ft2.
and therefore
Since,
A = xy A = (25 ft) (25 ft)
A = 625 ft2.
= x (-x + 50)
A = -x2 + 50x

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Example 4. Your teacher has 700 feet of fencing materials to enclose a
rectangular garden adjacent to a pond. He will not put a fence on one
side of the garden which is adjacent to the pond so that the available
fencing materials will be used for the remaining three sides of the
garden. What is the largest area that can be enclosed?

Solutions:

Step 1. Step 3.
Let x = width • Differentiation yields
y = length
A = area to be maximized A’(x) = -x + 350
pond
• Calculate the critical value.
y y A’(x) = 0
0 = -x + 350
x
Perimeter of the rectangle (pond side x = 350
not included)
350 is the critical value.
P = x + 2y
• Substitute the critical value
to solve for y.
Step 2.
Use the objective function to y=−
𝑥
+ 350
maximize A, 2
A = xy 350
y=− + 350
2
the constraint equation is y = -175 + 350
P = x + 2y y = 175
700 = x + 2y
-2y = x -700 Step 4. Write your answer.
−2𝑦 x −700
= The largest area of the rectangle
−2 −2
𝒙 field is
y = (− + 𝟑𝟓𝟎)
𝟐 A = xy
and therefore = (350 ft) (175 ft)
A = xy A = 61, 250 ft2
𝑥
= x(− + 350)
2
𝒙𝟐
A=− + 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒙
𝟐

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 Let Us Practice

Instructions: Find the extrema of the functions below. Show your solution.
Write your answer with solution in a separate sheet of paper.

I. Extrema Type. Identify the extrema of the points in the graph by writing
its type in the box provided.

II. Global Extrema. Find the global extrema of the functions in the specified
interval.

1. f (x) = x4 + 3 on [2, 10].

2. f (x) = 4x2 – 3x - 5 on [1, 5].
3. f (x) = -x + x2 on [-2, 2].
4. f (s) = 12s2 -132s + 216 on [-1, 2].
5 1
5. f (w) = 2w3(w + 2)5 on [− 2 , 2].

III. Local Extrema. Locate the local extrema of the functions.

1. f (x) = 5x2 + 3x - 7
2. f (x) = x3 - 3x2 + 1
3. f (x) = 2x3 – 24x
4. f (x) = (x – 2x)2 – 4x3 + 1
5. f (x) = -2x3 – 3x2

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 Let Us Practice More

Optimization Problem. Analyze and solve the problems carefully. Follow

the steps in solving the optimization problem. You may use extra sheet of
paper.

1. Find the two numbers whose sum is 60 and whose product is a

maximum.
2. Find the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 250 ft and whose
area is as large as possible.
3. Your mother wants to make a rectangular enclosure using a wall as
one side and 150 meters of fencing for the other three sides. Find the
dimension that can produce a maximum area.

Let Us Remember
I. Concept Check. Underline the correct word that completes the
sentence.

1. Extreme Value Theorem (EVT) states that if f is (discrete, continuous)

over a (open, closed) interval, then f has both a maximum and minimum
value over that interval.
2. (Absolute, Local) maximum is the (highest, lowest) point over the entire
domain of a function.
3. (Absolute, Local) minimum is the (highest, lowest) point over the entire
domain of a function.
4. (Absolute, Local) maximum is the (highest, lowest) point in a particular
section of a graph.
5. (Absolute, Local) minimum is the (highest, lowest) point in a particular
section of a graph.

II. Label Me. Identify the extrema of the graph by arranging the
scrambled words. Write the correct word above the box.

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 Let Us Assess
Multiple Choice. Read and analyze each statement carefully. Write the
letter that corresponds to the correct answer on the space before the
number.

_____1. What does extrema of the function mean?

a. maximum c. maximum and minimum
b. minimum d. none of these
_____2. When can we use the extreme value theorem?
a. If a function is not continuous
b. If a function is on an open interval
c. If a function is continuous and on a closed interval
d. If a function is continuous and on an open interval
_____3. What is the critical point of the function f(x) = x2+18x+6?
a. -9 b. 0 c. 9 d. 18

Use the graph at the left to answer items 4 – 7.

_____4. What point does the absolute maximum occur?
a. at x = -3 ; y = -10 c. at x = -1 ; y = 8
b. at x = 3 ; y = 10 d. at x = 1 ; y = 4
_____5. What point does the absolute minimum occur?
a. at x = -3 ; y = -10 c. at x = -1 ; y = 8
b. at x = 3 ; y = 10 d. at x = 1 ; y = 4
_____6. What point does the relative maximum occur?
a. at x = -3 ; y = -10 c. at x = -1 ; y = 8
b. at x = 3 ; y = 10 d. at x = 1; y = 4
_____7. What point does the relative minimum occur?
a. at x = -3 ; y = -10 c. at x = -1 ; y = 8
b. at x = 3 ; y = 10 d. at x = 1 ; y = 4

_____8. What are the extrema of the function 5x3 + 8x2 + 4x + 5?

a. Min at (0, 5) and max at (10, 5345)
b. Min at (1, 5) and max at (0, 5345)
2 109 2 119
c. Min at (− 5 , ) and max at (− 3 , )
25 27
2 109 2 119
d. Min at (− 5 , − ) and max at (− 3 , )
25 27

______9. What are the two numbers whose sum is 25 and whose product is a
maximum?
a. 12.5 and 12.5 c. 10 and -5
b. -12.5 and 12.5 d. 5 and 5

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______10. What is/are the critical point/s of 4x2 – 3x = 5?
8
a. x = 3 c. x = -8, 3
3
b. x = d. x = 8, -3
8

Let Us Enhance

Do what is asked. Use an extra sheet of paper to show your solution.

I. Find the extrema of the functions in the interval [-1, 5].

1. f (x) = 2x3 - 6x2 + 3

2. f (x) = x4 – 4x3 + 4x2

3. f (x) = x3 (x + 1)2

II. Solve the optimization problems systematically.

1. Find two numbers whose difference is 50 and whose product us
a minimum.

2. Find the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 200 m and

whose area is as large as possible.

Let Us Reflect

Most people have the tendency to think about maximizing or

minimizing their work to increase productivity. Optimization helps us use a
thing or a situation to its best even in many constraints.
As students during this time of pandemic, the best thing to maximize
is your study habit. Increase your time in supplemental reading and
studying to make sure you understand the topics of your module. Minimize
the playing of gadgets and other wasteful downtimes.
Optimizing vital portions of your daily activities can ultimately lead to
more dependable, safer, and greater profit activities.

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 16
Let Us Assess
1. c 6. c
2. c 7. d
3. a 8. c
4. b 9. a Let Us Practice
5. a 10. b I. a. Global Minimum
b. Local Maximum
Let Us Enhance
𝐼. c. Local Minimum
1. Absolute Max (5, 103) d. Global Maximum
Relative Max (0, 3) e. Local Minimum
Absolute/Relative Min (2, -5) f. Endpoint
Absolute Min (-1, -5) II.
2. Absolute Max (5, 225) 1. Absolute Max (10, 10003)
Relative Max (1, 1) Absolute Min (0, 3)
Absolute/Relative Min (0, 0) ; (2, 0) 2. Absolute Max (5, 80)
3 89
3. Absolute Max (5, 4500) Absolute Min ( , − )
3 108 8 16
Absolute/Relative Min (− , − 5
)
3125 3. Absolute Max (-2, 6)
II. 1 1
Absolute Min (2, − 4)
1. The two numbers whose differences
4. Absolute Max (-1, 360)
is 50 and whose product is minimum 11
are 25 and -25. Absolute Min ( 2 , −147)
2. The dimensions are 50m x 50m 1
5. Absolute Max ( , 24.4141)
2
with a maximum area of 2500 m2. 3
Absolute Min (− 4, −2.5749)
Let Us Remember
I. II III.
3 149
1. Continuous; a. Global Minimum 1. Relative Min ( − 10 , − 20 )
closed b. Local Maximum No Relative Max
2. Absolute; c. Local Minimum
2. Relative Max (0, 1)
highest d. Global Maximum
Relative Min (2, -3)
3. Absolute; e. Local Minimum
lowest f. Endpoint 3. Relative Max (-2, 32)
4. Local; highest Relative Min (2, -32)
1 109
5. Local; lowest 4. Relative Max ( 6 , 108)
Let Us Practice More Relative Min (0, 1)
1. The two numbers whose sum is 60 5. Relative Max ( 0, 0)
and whose product is maximized are Relative Min (-1, -1)
30 and 30.
2. The dimensions are 62.5 ft x 62.5 ft Let Us Try
with a maximum are of 3906.25 ft2. 1. Min at d ; max at c
3. The dimensions are 75 m x 37.5 m 2. Min at b; max at a
with a maximum area of 2812.5 m2. 3. Min at b ; max at c
Answer Key
 References

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources. Basic Calculus:

Learner’s Material Pasig City: Department of Education.
Pelias, J.G.B. (2018). Basic Calculus (First Edition). Rex Book Store, Inc.
REX Knowledge Center, 109 Sen M Cuenco Sr, Quezon City, 1114
Metro Manila, PH

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region XI

F. Torres St., Davao City

Telefax:

Email Address: lrms.regionxi@deped.gov.ph

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