PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND SAMPLING

OBJECTIVES (5):
At the end of this activity, you should be able to:
1. Create a Pulse Amplitude Modulation Circuit.
2. See how the circuit functions and how it will give the output that will be the pulse
amplitude modulated signal.
3. Obtain Pulse Amplitude Modulated waveform and its corresponding demodulation
was also performed.
4. Learn the used of Pulse Amplitude Modulation .

MATERIALS TO BE USED: IMAGES, PRICES, WHERE TO ACQUIRE WITH

TOTAL PRICE COMPUTATION

Materials Images Prices and Links

TRANSISTOR
BC548BP

Regulated Power Supply

Battery
RESISTORS
(2) 10k ohms
(1) 1k ohms

FUNCTION GENERATOR Available at ECE Laboratory

OSCILLOSCOPE Available at ECE Laboratory

Introduction:
Today communication is the heart of technology. Communication is achieved over a
transmitter and a receiver through signals. These signals carry the information through
modulation. Pulse Amplitude Modulation is one of the kinds of modulation techniques used in
signal transmission. Pulse amplitude modulation is the simplest form of modulation. It is an
Analog to digital conversion method where the message information is encoded in the amplitude
of the series of signal pulses. Modulation is a process of changing the characteristics of a carrier
signal like amplitude, frequency, and width, etc. It is the process of adding information to the
carrier signal. A carrier signal is a steady waveform with constant amplitude and frequency.

Figure 1: Modulation
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) is a form of signal modulation where the message
information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses. It is an analog pulse
modulation scheme in which the amplitudes of a train of carrier pulses are varied according to
the sample value of the message signal. Demodulation is performed by detecting the amplitude
level of the carrier at every single period.
 Figure 2: Pulse Amplitude Modulation Signal
Circuit Diagram:
VCC
5.0V

R1 Q1
BC548BP
V1 10kΩ
7V R2
10kΩ
XFG1 R3
1kΩ
COM

Figure 1. Amplitude Modulator circuit

PROCEDURE:
Part I.
1. Make the connection according to Figure 1. Kaya dc voltage muna ay para makapag
stablish ng particular relation in what value of input signals what should be the minimum
 and maximum value of the input signals its amplitude range, what should be it amplitude
range that we have to decide
2. Set the parameters of XFG1 for sampling to a square wave type. Change the value
of the sampling frequency to 10kHz, duty cycle to 50%, the amplitude to 2.5Vp to
have a peak-to-peak value of 5 Volts, and offset to -2.5 so that the amplitude range
of the square wave will vary from 0 to -5 and it will not be taking any positive value.
3. Connect the channel A of an oscilloscope to the emitter of transistor, to get the
amplitude modulated output.
4. Run the circuit. Draw/Screenshot the waveform. What have you observed?
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5. Change the value of the Input dc voltage as indicated in table 1. Measure the
maximum and minimum output Pulse Amplitude of the waveform. Observe from
the oscilloscope. Ignore the spikes.
6. Note down the values and use table 1. Tapos itong table 1 ang agamitin to understand
in what range we must give the input message signal so that it will be properly sampled.
7. At what dc voltage value does the pulse start appearing? This value should be the
minimum voltage of any message signal. What is the state of the transistor before
this particular value is set?
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8. If the waveform starts shifting in upward direction (which is not required in
performing pulse amplitude modulation, it means that you have already exceeds the
maximum voltage we can give to the message signal to get the maximum amplitude.
At what value of the voltage, we can get the maximum amplitude?
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Part II.

9. Turn off the circuit. Disconnect the DC source and replace it with input message
signal through another function generator.
10. Set the parameter for the message signal to a sinusoidal type, the frequency is set to
1kHz, the amplitude to 2.5Vp and offset to 0. In this case the minimum value is
coming as -2.5 Volts. Draw/Screenshot the waveform. Is the signal sampled?
that’s why the entire message signal isn’t going to be sampled.
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11. Connect channel B of the oscilloscope to see the input waveform. The positive
should be connected to the positive of the input message signal and the negative to
ground. Measure the minimum voltage of the input waveform. If the measured
voltage value does not match the minimum voltage value you have in table 1, do step
12.
12. Change the offset value of the input message signal(function generator) to get the
supposed minimum voltage value of the signal. Use what you have observed from
table 1.
13. Run the circuit. Draw/screenshot and describe the output waveform. What have you
noticed? Does the signal sampled?
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Table 1. Observation table for the output Pulse Amplitude

SI Number Input DC Voltage O/P Pulse O/P Pulse

Amplitude (max) Amplitude (min)
1 0 0 0
2 1 0 0
3 1.1 17.461mV 0
4 1.2 43.344mV 0
5 1.3 77.560mV 0
6 5 1.815 0
7 6 2.300 0
8 6.1 2.349 0
9 6.2 2.398 43.387mV
10 7 2.787 380.604mV

Guide Questions:
1. What is pulse amplitude modulation?
Amplitude of the sampled pulse is varied according to the modulating signal.
2. Why is pulse amplitude modulation used?
PAM is used to modulate the signal wave during the transmission of data. PAM is a type
of analog to digital conversion technique.
3. How is PAM Signal generated?
 The following block diagram of pulse amplitude modulation can be used to generate
PAM.
PAM, or pulse amplitude modulation, is the most basic form of pulse modulation, in
which the signal is sampled at regular intervals and each sample is rendered proportional
to the modulating signal’s amplitude at the sampling moment.
The PAM signal is produced by the sampler, which has two inputs: sampling/carrier
signal and modulating signal, as seen in the block diagram above. As a result, the signal
amplitude is proportional to the modulating signal over which the data can be transmitted.
This is the PAM signal, then. The above waveforms represent the distribution of the
PAM signal, which includes the message and sampling signals, with the carrier train of
signals plotted within the time region. Pulse Modulation is mostly used to relay analogue
data such as data that would otherwise be sent as a continuous speech signal.
4. Is pulse signal analog or digital?
PAM is a type of analog to digital conversion technique where the analog signal is
converted to a digital signal.
5. Give at least one application of Modulation.

CONCLUSION
The biggest benefit of pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is that it is more noise resistant.
Because of the short length of the transmitted pulse, PAM transmission places stringent
conditions on the magnitude and phase responses of the channel.

The circuit successfully modulates the carrier pulse train generated using IC 555 using
modulating signal of 5V and these two signals are controlled using an npn transistor that
eventually generates the output that is pulse amplitude modulated signal. Thus, the circuit made
would ensure that the carrier signal would get naturally sampled and its amplitude would vary
proportional to the modulating signal. We also calculated various values to generate the suitable
output. In future, this modulated signal can be further demodulated easily .

Here, the working of transistor as a switch and the IC 555 as pulse train generator was
successfully studied and implemented. Moreover, the charging and discharging properties of the
capacitor were also used for continuous generation of pulses.

PICTURES
References:
https://www.elprocus.com/pulse-amplitude-modulation/
https://akshayvyas245.medium.com/design-pulse-amplitude-modulation-28eccb80ad79