x™Äyëûé Ÿé 4

¤æþØþGëûÄyîû G ¡ÄyD%öìëû?
 CHAPTER CONTENT

Hardware ~î‚ Software ~îû ™yîû”y

4.1 è)þ!ô†þy 4.2 Software ~î‚ •þyîû ö×!”!îèþyˆ

4.3 þOperating System 4.4 †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû Language

4.5 Language processor 4.6 Utility program
4.7 Chapter At a Glance 4.8 MCQ
4.9 ¤‚!Çþ® ’þz_îû!èþ!_†þ ²ÌöìÙÀy_îû 4.10 !î£ìëû!èþ!_†þ ²ÌöìÙÀy_îû
Class-10
~†þy˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali | Chapter
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû xÄy!²Õ Name
öì†þ¢l ¤æþØþGëû Äyîû G ¡ÄyD%öìëû?

linux, Android, macOS etc.)

¤‚öìÇþöìþ› !î£ìëûîéÝ ŒBrief Content) þ xÄy!²Õöì † þ¢l Software (Application
B
è)þ!ô†þy:
4.1 Software):
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû !¤öìÞØþô ô)¡•þ ˜%!Øþ èþyöìˆ !îèþ_« ¥y’ÅþGëûÄyîû xÄy!²Õöì†þ¢l Software ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ !îöì¢£ì ™îûöìlîû
(Hardware) ~î‚ ¤æþØþGëûÄyîû (Software) öë ˜%!Øþ
Computer program öë!Øþ ÷•þ!îû †þîûy ¥öìëûöìSé
~†þöìëyöìˆ ’þzþ›!ßi!•þ Séy’þüy †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû ôy™Äöìô
îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#öì˜îû †þyöì? ¤y¥yëÄ †þîûyîû ?öìlÄÐ
†þôÅ ¤Á›y˜l x¤½þîÐ ~‡yöìl ¥y’ÅþGëûÄyîû î¡öì•þ
îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#îû ²Ìöìëûy?öìl ~¥z Program =!¡öì†þ
öîyVþyëû †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû öèþï•þ x‚¢¤ô)¥ xíÅyê öë
x‚¢=!¡ öèþï•þèþyöìî ö˜‡y ëyëû ~î‚ ß›¢Å †þîûy îû*þ›yhsý!îû•þ †þîûy ëyëû xíÅyê ~!Øþ Application
ëyëûÐ öèþï•þ x‚¢=!¡ Electronic, Electrical, orientedÐ
Magnetic, Mechanical îy Optical ¥öì•þ þ›yöìîûÐ î•Åþôyöìl öë ¤†þ¡ !îö좣ì Application package
öëôlé Ÿ ŸŸé P rocessor, Hard disk, Monitor, îÄî¥*•þ ¥ëû •þyöì˜îû ôöì™Ä éText editingŸé~îû
Keyboard, Printer ¥z•þÄy!˜ ¥¡ ¥y’ÅþGëûÄyîûéŸé~îû ?öì l Ä MS-Word in Windows, Spread
’þz ˜ y¥îû ” ~î‚ ¤æþØþGëû Ä yîû (software) î¡öì • þ Sheet ²ÌéÝ!•þîû ?lÄ MS-Excel in Windows,
öîyVþyëû !löì˜Åöì¢îû Set (Set of Instruction) xíÅyê ’þzþ›ßiyþ›lyîû ?öìlÄ ßÔy¥z’þ ÷•þ!îû †þîûöì•þ MS-Power
!l!˜ÅÜT HardwareŸé~îû ’þzþ›!ßi!•þöì•þ ²ÌéÝ•þ†þyîû†þ point in Windows ¥z•þÄy!˜ ’þzöìÍÔ‡öìëyˆÄÐ
îy îÄî¥yîû†þyîû# †þ•Å,þ†þ ²Ì˜_ !löì˜Å¢yî¡#îû öë ö¤Øþ !î!èþ§¬ ²Ì†þyöìîûîû Software =!¡ xyôîûy !lÁ¬!¡!‡•þ
îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû ~†þ!Øþ !l!˜ÅÜT e«öìô !l!˜ÅÜT ‹þyØÅþ !˜öìëû ²Ì†þy¢ †þîûöì•þ þ›y!îûÐ
†þôÅ ¤Á›y˜l †þöìîû •þy ¤æþØþGëûÄyîû lyöìô þ›!îû!‹þ•þÐ Software
¤æþØþGëûÄyîû (Software)Ÿé~îû ö×!”!îèþyˆ:
4.2
†þ!Á›’þz Ø þyîû ~†þ!Øþ Digital Device ~!Øþ !löì ?
ö†þyöìly †þy? †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîû ly ~!Øþöì†þ !˜öìëû †þy? !¤öìÞØþô Software xÄy!²Õöì†þ¢l Software
†þîûyöì•þ ¥ëûÐ öë !löì˜Å¢ îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû
ö†þ †þ# †þy? †þîûöì•þ ¥öìî •þy öîyVþyöìly ¥ëû •þyöì†þ
Software package
Instruction î¡y ¥ëûÐ ~¥zîû†þô !†þS%é ¤Á›!†Åþ•þ
Instruction ~†þ¤öìD îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû ë‡l ~†þ!Øþ Operating System îÄî¥yîû†þyîû# †þ•Å,þ†þ
!¡!‡•þ ö²Ìyˆyô
!l!˜ÅÜT †þy? ¤Á›§¬ †þîûy ¥ëû •þyöì†þ program î¡y Language processor
¥ëûÐ
!†þS% é ¤Á›!†Å þ •þ program ~†þ¤öì D ë‡l
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîûöì†þ !˜öìëû ~†þ!Øþ !l!˜ÅÜT ™îûöìlîû †þy?
~!’þØþîû !¡Bþyîû ö¡y’þyîû xl%îy˜†þ
¤Á›§¬ †þîûöì•þ îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#öì†þ ¤y¥yëÄ †þöìîû •þ‡l
•þyöì†þ software î¡y ¥ëûÐ !¤öìÞØþô Software ~î‚ Application Software
software ö†þ xyôîûy ²Ì™yl•þ ˜%!Øþ èþyöìˆ èþyˆ †þîûöì•þ ~îû •%þ¡ly
þ›y!îûÐ öëôl韟Ÿé Application
System Software
!¤öìÞØþô Software (System Software) Software
xÄy!²Õöì † þ¢l Software (Application 1 System Software Application Software
ComputerŸé~îû Hardware ÷•þ!îû †þîûy ¥ëû !l!˜ÅÜTþ !†þS%é
Software)
ö†þ manage †þöìîû ëyöì•þ †þy? †þîûîyîû ?öìlÄÐ
A !¤öìÞØþô Software (System Software) : Application Software !‘þ†þ
!¤öìÞØþô Software ¥¡ ¤†þ¡ ²Ì†þyîû †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîû èþyöìî run †þîûö•ì þ þ›yöìîÐû þ
îÄî¥yîû ’þzþ›öìëyˆ# öôï!¡†þ program öë!Øþ ~†þ!Øþ 2 ~¥z ™îûölì îû Software ~¥z ™îûölì îû Software ÷•þ!îû
platform ÷•þ!îû †þöìîû xlÄ software =!¡îû ?öìlÄÐ ÷•þ!îû †þîûö•ì þ Low level †þîûö•ì þ High level
!¤öìÞØþô softwareéŸé~îû ~†þ!Øþ ’þz˜y¥îû” ¥¡éŸŸŸé Language îÄî¥yîû Language îÄî¥yîû †þîûy
Operating System (like Microsoft windows, †þîûö•ì þ ¥ëûÐ ¥ëûÐ

3
Class-10
~†þy˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali | Chapter
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû xÄy!²Õ Name
öì†þ¢l ¤æþØþGëû Äyîû G ¡ÄyD%öìëû?

Application †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû=!¡ ~†þØþyîû þ›îû ~†þØþy †þy? †þîûöì•þ

System Software
Software þ›yîû•þÐ ~¥zîû†þô ~†þØþyîû þ›îû ~†þØþy †þy? †þîûyöì†þ
3 Application Software
System Software Séy’þüy ~†þ!Øþ î¡y ¥ëû Batch processing Ð ~¥z Batch
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû run †þîûö•ì þ þ›yöìîû lyÐ Séy’þüy ~†þ!Øþ †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû run
processing ö†þ implement †þîûyîû ?öìlÄ xyôyöì˜îû
†þîûö•ì þ þ›yöìîÐû
4 †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîéûîû power on †þîûy îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#îû †þy? xl%¤yöìîû
~†þ!Øþ Set of program îÄî¥yîû †þîûö•ì þ ¥¡ ëyîû †þy?
öíöì†þ off †þîûy þ›ëÅhsý System Application program !Sé¡ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîîû û Control †þîûy xíÅyê ~†þ!Øþ †þy?
Software Run †þöìîÐû Run †þöìîÐû öíöì†þ xlÄ †þyöì? transfer †þîûy ë‡l xyöìˆîû †þy?!Øþ
5 Operating System ¥¡ Application Soft- complete ¥öìîÐ ~¥z Set of program !Øþ Batch
~†þ!Øþ System Software ~îû ware-~îû ’þz˜y¥îû” Operating System lyöìô þ›!îû!‹þ•þÐ
’þz˜y¥îû”Ð ¥¡éŸŸŸéMS-word, VLC 2 Multiprogramming Operating System:
player etc.
Multiprogramming Operating System
Operating
4.3 System ~î‚ •þyîû îÄî¥yîû:
¥¡ ~ôl ~†þ!Øþ Operating System öë!Øþ Run
Operating System ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ Set of System
†þîûyöì•þ þ›yöìîû xöìl†þ=!¡ program ö†þ ~†þ!Øþ
program öë!Øþ ~†þ!Øþ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû Hardware CPU îÄî¥yîû †þöìîûÐ ë!˜ ~†þ!Øþ program Input/
ö†þ ~ôlèþyöìî Manage †þöìîû ëyöì•þ îÄî¥yîû†þyîû# Output Device-~îû ?lÄ wait †þöìîû •þ‡l
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû öíöì†þ ¤î öíöì†þ öî!¢ ¤y¥yëÄ þ›yëû •þyîû Multiprogramming Operating System
†þy? †þîûyîû ?öìlÄÐ CPU control ö†þ xlÄ ~†þ!Øþ program ~
þ›y!‘þöìëû ö˜ëû ëyöì•þ éCPUŸé~îû Time lÜT ly ¥ëû
~î‚ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû Performance èþyöì¡y ¥ëûÐ
Operating System
H/W u t
User OS utp
ing Oa
t t
Secondary Wri Da Job A
Disk Job B
H/W : Hardware Storage Execution
in Job C
OS: Operating System Progress
Operating System ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ Brize between Main Memory
user ~î‚ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû ôöì™ÄÐ öë!Øþ user-~îû
CPU
öíöì†þ •þyîû †þy? ölëû ~î‚ •þyöì†þ Hardware !˜öìëû
execute †þ!îûöìëû Result !Øþ xyîyîû user ö†þ ö˜ëûÐ 3 Multiprogramming with Time Sharing
Operating System ~îû ö×!”!îèþyˆ Operating System :
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû ²Ì?öì§Ãîû Gþ›îû !èþ!_ †þöìîû xyôîûy Time Sharing Operating System ¥¡
Operating System ö†þ !lÁ¬!¡!‡•þ èþyöìˆ èþyˆ
Multiprogramming Operating System-~îû
†þîûöì•þ þ›y!îûÐ ’þz§¬•þ version ~¥z Operating System CPU
1 Batch Operating System Time ö†þ èþyˆ †þöìîû ö˜ëû !î!èþ§¬ process/uses
2 Multiprogramming Operating System
3 Multiprogramming with Time Sharing
~îû ôöì™ÄÐ ~‡yöìl CPU ö†þ ~†þ!Øþ Fixed Time
Operating System (Time Slice) !˜öìëû ö˜Gëûy íyöì†þ CPU main
4 Network Operating System memory ö•þ íy†þy ~†þ!Øþ process ö†þ upto Time
Distributed Operating System
5 Slice Execute †þöìîûÐ xhsýî•Åþ# Data ö†þ Save †þöìîû
6 Real Time Operating System Œëyöì•þ process execution complete ly ¥öì¡
1 Batch Operating System : !m•þ#ëû ²Ì?öì§Ãîû éCPU processŸé~ !æþöìîû ~öì¡ execution Öîû&
†þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîû ²Ì™yl ’þzþ›†þîû” !Sé¡ Transistor †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîû öë‡yöìl •þyöì†þ öSéöì’þü !ˆöìëû!Sé¡ ö¤‡yl
öë!Øþ †þô Heat Genarate †þîû•þ •þy¥z ~¥z ™îûöìlîû öíöì†þŠ ~î‚ þ›îûî•Åþ# éprocessŸé~ Jump †þöìîûÐ

4
Class-10
~†þy˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali | Chapter
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû xÄy!²Õ Name
öì†þ¢l ¤æþØþGëû Äyîû G ¡ÄyD%öìëû?
4 Network Operating System :
Network Operating System ¥¡ ~ôl ~†þ!Øþ
Operating System öë!Øþ NetworkéŸé~îû ôöì™Ä
íy†þy ¤î Resource ö†þ manage †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîûÐ ~¥z
™îûöìlîû Operating SysteméŸé~îû ôöì™Ä Special
function íyöì†þ ëyîûy Resource =!¡öì†þ éLocal
Area Network (LAN)Ÿé~ Connect †þöìîû ~î‚
xöìl†þ=!¡ †þy?öì†þ ~†þ¤öìD †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîûÐ
Distributed Operating System
5
Distributed Operating System ~†þ!Øþ
Network-~îû ôöì™Ä íy†þy xöìl†þ=!¡ †þ!Á›’þzØþyîûöì†þ
îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû ~†þ¥z¤ôëû xöìl†þ=!¡ †þy? †þîûöì•þ
þ›yöìîûÐ ~‡yöìl Operating System !Øþ xöìl†þ=!¡
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîûöì†þ îÄî¥yîû †þîûöì¡G éUserŸé~îû †þyöìSéþ
Computer Network ö†þ ~†þ!Øþ Single System
!¥¤yöìî represent †þöìîûÐ
6 Real Time Operating System
Real Time Operating System ¥¡ ~ôl ~†þ!Øþ
Operating System öë!Øþ Embeded System-
~îû ?öì l Ä îÄî¥yîû †þîû y ¥ëû Ð ~¥z éO perating
SystemŸé~îû !lÁ¬!¡!‡•þ ÷î!¢ÜT=!¡ íyöì†þÐ
~!Øþ Respond †þöìîû éInputŸé~îû Gþ›îû !lèÅþîû †þöìîÐû
~¥z Operating System †þy?=!¡ ~†þ!Øþ
!l!˜ÅÜT ¤ôöìëûîû ôöì™Ä complete †þöìîûÐ
Traffic signal, nuclear reactor ¥z • þÄy!˜
öÇþöìe ~¥z ™îûöìlîû Operating System îÄî¥yîû
†þîûy ¥ëûÐ
User Interface-~îû Gþ›îû !èþ!_ †þöì î û xyôîû y
˜%óîû†þöìôîû Operating System þ›y¥zÐ
a GUI Operating System
b CUI Operating System
~‡yöìl User Interface ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ set of program
öë!Øþ îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû user ~†þ!Øþ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû ¤öìD
öëyˆyöìëyˆ ßiyþ›l †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîû ~‡yöìl韟Ÿé
GUIéŸé~îû ôyöìl ¥¡éŸŸŸé Graphical User Interface
CUIéŸé~îû ôyöìl ¥¡éŸŸŸé Character User Interface
a GUI (Graphical User Interface)
Graphical User InterfaceéŸé~ îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#îûy
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû Graphics îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû
öë!Øþ ÷•þ!îû ¥ëûÐ icon, navigation bars, image
¥z•þÄy!˜ îÄî¥yîû †þöìîûÐ ~¥z ™îûöìlîû Operating
System =!¡ user-friendly öëôl Windows
Operating System !Øþ GUI-~îû Gþ›îû !èþ!_ †þöìîû
÷•þ!îûÐ
CUI (Character User Interface)
b
Character User InterfaceéŸé~ îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#îûy
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû ö†þî¡ôye keyboard
îÄî¥yîû †þöìîûÐ ~!Øþ GUI-~îû precursor öëôl
ms-DOS Operating System CUI îÄî¥yîû
†þöìîûÐ
4.4 †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû Language ~î‚ •þyîû ²Ì†þyîûöìèþ˜:
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû ~†þ!Øþ Digital Device– öë !löì?îû
öíöì†þ ö†þyöìly †þy? †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîû ly ~öì†þ !˜öìëû
†þy? †þîûyöì•þ ¥ëû îy îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#îû !löì˜Å¢ xl%¤yöìîû
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû †þy? †þöìîûÐ îÄî¥yîû†þyîû# öë èþy£ìy
îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû †þ!Á›’þzØþyîûöì†þ !löì˜Å¢ ²Ì˜yl †þöìîû •þyöì†þ
î¡y ¥ëû †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû languageÐ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû
GenarationéŸé~îû Gþ›îû !èþ!_ †þöìîû †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû
Language =!¡öì†þ !lÁ¬!¡!‡•þ èþyöìˆ èþyˆ †þîûy ¥ëûÐ
a Machine Language
b Assembly Language
c High Level Language
a Machine Language : Machine Language
¥¡ ~ôl ~†þ!Øþ Language öë!Øþ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû
öîy™ˆôÄ ~†þôye LanguageÐ ~¥z Language
!Øþ 0 ~î‚ 1 ~îû Combination îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû
÷•þ!îû– †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû öëö쥕%þ ~†þ!Øþ Digital Device
•þy¥z ~öì ˜ îû ö ì † þ †þy? †þîû y öì • þ îÄî¥yîû † þyîû # öì ˜ îû
!löì˜Å¢ !˜öì•þ ¥ëû 0 ~î‚ 1 ~îû éCombinationŸé~
÷•þ!îû Machine Language !˜öì ë û Ð Machine
Language †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû ²Ìíô ²Ì?öì§Ãîû èþy£ìy
!¥¤yöìî þ›!îûˆ!”•þ ¥ëûÐ
Assembly Language : ¤y™yîû” †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû
b
îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#îû þ›öìÇþ Machine Language îÄî¥yîû
†þöìîû †þ!Á›’þzØþyîûöì†þ !löì˜Å¢ ²Ì˜yl †þîûy ¤¥? lëûÐ
~¥z †þy?!Øþöì†þ ¤¥? †þîûyîû ?öìlÄ ëyîûy †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû
(Hardware) ÷•þ!îû †þöì î û ! Sé ¡ •þyîû y éMachine
Code Ÿé~îû Shortcut ÷•þ!îû †þöì î û Ð English
Letter îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû ëyöì•þ ö¤=!¡ ¤¥öì? ôöìl
îû y ‡y ëyëû Ð ~¥z Shortcut =!¡ îÄî¥yîû †þöì î û
ë‡l †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû ?öìlÄ !löì˜Å¢ ö¡‡y ¥ëû •þyöì†þ
Assembly Language îöì¡Ð
5
Class-10
~†þy˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali | Chapter
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû xÄy!²Õ Name
öì†þ¢l ¤æþØþGëû Äyîû G ¡ÄyD%öìëû?

é Assembly Language Ÿé~ ö¡‡y !löì ˜ Å ¢ öì † þ
†þ!Á›’þz Ø þyîû myîû y execute †þîû yîû ?öìlÄ •þyöì†þ
éMachine LanguageŸé~ convert †þîûöì•þ ¥ëûÐ ~¥z
Conversion †þîûyîû ?öìlÄ öë ™îûöìlîû program
îÄî¥yîû †þîûy ¥ëû •þyöì†þ Translator program
îöì ¡ Ð öë Translator program Assembly
Language ö†þ Machine Language Convert
†þöìîû •þyöì†þ Assembler îöì¡Ð
Input Output
(Assembly Assembler (Machine
Language) Language)
Error
c High L evel L anguage : Assembly
LanguageéŸé~îû shortcut =!¡ ÷•þ!îû †þöìîû– ëyîûy
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû ÷•þ!îû †þöìîû •þyîûyÐ ö¤¥z?ìlÄ ~=!¡
Hardware Dependent Ð ö¤¥z ? ì l Ä ~†þ!Øþ
!l!˜ÅÜT éHardwareŸé~îû ?öìlÄ ö¡‡y program
xlÄ Hardware éŸé~ execute †þöì î û lyÐ ~¥z
Disadvantage ö†þ ˜)îû †þîûöì•þ English language
~îû Gþ›îû !èþ!_ †þöìîû ~†þ!Øþ Language Set ÷•þ!îû
†þîûy ¥ëû ëyîûy éHardwareŸé~îû Gþ›îû !lèÅþîû †þöìîû lyÐ
~¥z ™îûöìlîû Language ö†þ î¡y ¥ëû– High Level
LanguageÐ öëôl 'C' ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ High Level
Programming LanguageÐ
High Level LanguageŸé~ ö¡‡y program ö†þ
execute †þîûyöì•þ xyôyöì˜îû program !Øþöì†þ ²Ìíöìô
éAssembly LanguageŸé~ ~î‚ •þyîûþ›îû éMachine
LanguageŸé~ convert †þîûöì•þ ¥ëûÐ
High Level Language öíöì † þ Assembly
Language ÷•þ!îû †þîûöì•þ öë Translator program b Assembler: Assembler input !¥¤yöìî ölëû
¤%•þîûy‚ High Level LanguageŸé~ ö¡‡y †þîûîyîû
?öìlÄ îÄî¥yîû †þîûy ¥ëûÐ Translator program ö†þ
xyôîûy !•þl èþyöìˆ èþyˆ †þîûöì•þ þ›y!îûÐ
a Assembler
b Compiler
c Interpreter
~‡yöìl Interpreter ö†þ îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû xyôîûy ~†þ!Øþ
Language öíöì†þ xlÄ éLanguageŸé~ program
ö†þ Convert †þîûö•ì þ þ›y!îû– !†þév ~¥z Conversion !Øþ
Interpreter †þöìîû line by line– öë‡yöìl Compiler
îy Assembler ~†þ!Øþ program ö†þ ~†þ¤öìD xlÄ
~†þ!Øþ éFormŸé~ Convert †þîûö•ì þ þ›yöìîÐû
4.5 Language Processor:
Language Processor ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ !îöì¢£ì ™îûöìlîû
software ö¤!Øþ ~†þ!Øþ program ö†þ translate
†þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîû émachine codeŸé~Ð
Language Processor ²Ì™yl•þ !•þl ²Ì†þyöìîûîû ¥ëû
a Compiler
b Assembler
c Interpreter
a C ompiler : C ompiler High Level
Language Ÿé ~ ö¡‡y program ö†þ ~†þ¤öì D
input !¥¤yöìî ölëû ~î‚ check †þöìîû éprogramŸé~
ö†þyöìly Error xyöìSé !†þlyÐ ë!˜ ö†þyöìly Error ly
íyöì†þ •þy¥öì¡ Compiler input program !Øþöì†þ
Assembly LanguageéŸé~ convert †þöìîûÐ
Input Output
High level Compiler Assembly
Language Language
Error

!Øþ îÄî¥yîû †þîûy ¥ëû •þyöì†þ Compiler îöì¡Ð Assembly level Language ~î‚ program
Input Output !Øþöì†þ convert †þöìîû Machine LanguageŸé~
High level Compiler Assembly ëyöì•þ program !Øþ †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû Hardware !˜öìëû
Language Language execute †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîûÐ
Error Input Output
Input
Assembly Machine (Assembly Assembler (Machine
High Compiler Language Assembler Language
Level Language) Language)
Language
Error Error

6
Class-10
~†þy˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali | Chapter
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû xÄy!²Õ Name
öì†þ¢l ¤æþØþGëû Äyîû G ¡ÄyD%öìëû?

c Interpreter: Interpreter ~†þ!Øþ Computer load †þöìîû ëyöì•þ •þyîûy CPU myîûy execute †þîûöì•þ
program öë!Øþ †þ!Á›’þzØþyîûöì†þ î%Vþöì•þ ¤y¥yëÄ †þöìîû þ›yöìîûÐ
•þyöì†þ †þ# †þy? †þîûöì•þ ¥öìîÐ ~†þ!Øþ program éŸé~îû flow ö†þ !lÁ¬ ! ¡!‡•þ
Input Output Diagram !˜öìëû ö˜‡yöìly ¥¡éŸŸŸé
Interpreter
(Any (Machine Object File
Code) Compiler Assembler linker
Language)
Error
Compiler ~î‚ InterpreterŸé~îû þ›yíņþÄ Source
program Addition File
Compiler Interpreter
1 Compiler, High Level Interpreter öëéŸéö†þyöìly Executable
LanguageéŸé~îû program éLanguageŸé~îû program Code
ö†þ éAssembly LanguageŸé~ ö†þ éMachine LanguageŸé~
Convert †þöìîÐû þ Convert †þöìîÐû
2 Compiler ~†þ!Øþ program Interpreter line by line
Main
memory Loader
ö†þ ~†þ¤öìD input !¥¤yöìî Convertion †þöìîÐû
ölëûÐ
3 ~!Øþ Interpreter Ÿé~îû öíöì†þ ~!Øþ Compiler-~îû •%þ¡lyëû 4.7 Chapter At a Glance
o&•þ †þy? †þöìîÐû SlowÐ
4 C, C++ etc language Python, pert etc lan- †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû = Hardware + Software
compiler îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû guage Interpreter îÄî¥yîû
program conversion-~îû †þöìîû program conversion Hardware ¥¡ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû öèþï•þ x‚¢ îy
?öìlÄÐ †þöìîÐû physical component.
Software ¥¡ collection of program.
Utility
4.6 Program:
Software
Utility program ~†þ ™îûöìlîû Software îÄîßiy ëy
ö†þyöìly program ö†þ program Develop, write,
debugg ~î‚ document †þîûöì•þ ¤y¥yëÄ †þöìîûÐ
System Software Application Software
Utility programs- ~îû ôöì ™ Ä text editors,
compiles, assemblers, loader, locater, †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû Hardware ö†þ îÄî¥yîû †þîûyîû ?öìlÄ
linker, debugger ¥z•þÄy!˜ x‚¢ ë%_«Ð ÷•þ!îû Software ö†þ System Software îöì¡Ð
~îû ôöì ™ Ä loader, locator, linker ¥z • þÄy!˜ öëôl韟Ÿé Operating SystemÐ
Operating System-~îû x‚¢ !îö좣ìÐ †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû îÄî¥yîû†þyîû# †þyöì? ¤y¥yëÄ †þîûyîû ?öìlÄ
Editor: Editor ~†þ!Øþ program ëyîû öë Software îÄî¥yîû †þîûy ¥ëû •þyöì†þ Application
programmer source program xíîy test ö†þ Software îöì¡Ð
enter, modify ~î‚ store †þîûöì•þ ¤y¥yëÄ †þöìîûÐ Operating System ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ Brize between
Editor Program Operating System- ~îû †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû Hardware ~î‚ UserŸé~îû ôöì™ÄÐ
!lëûsföì” ÷•þ!îû ¥ëûÐ !î!èþ§¬ ™îûöìlîû Operating System ¥¡éŸŸŸé
Linker: Linker ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ !îöì ¢ £ì ™îû ö ì l îû a Batch Operating System
program öë!Øþ Compiler/Assembler myîû y b Multiprogramming Operating System
÷•þ!îû file ö†þ combine †þöìîû ëyöì•þ •þyîûy execute c Multiprogramming with time sharing OS
†þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîûÐ d Network OS
Loader: Loader ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ !îöì ¢ £ì ™îû ö ì l îû e Distributed OS
program öë!Øþ linker öíöì†þ object file ö†þ f Realtime OS
input ölëû ~î‚ •þyöì˜îûöì†þ main memory ö•þ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû öîy™ˆôÄ èþy£ìyöì†þ î¡y ¥ëû Computer

7
Class-10
~†þy˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali | Chapter
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû xÄy!²Õ Name
öì†þ¢l ¤æþØþGëû Äyîû G ¡ÄyD%öìëû?

Language !î!èþ§¬ ²Ì†þyîû †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû Language 4. Software ÷•þ!îû †þîûy ¥öìëûöìSé

=!¡ ¥¡ (As per Computer Genaration). îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#îû !l!˜ÅÜT éproblemŸé~îû ¤ôy™yl
i Machine Language †þîûöì•þÐé
ii Assembly Language aŠ Application Software
iii High Level Language
Language processor ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ program bŠ System Software
öë!Øþ High Level Language ö†þ é M achine cŠ Utility Software
CodeŸé~ Convert †þöìîûÐ !î!èþ§¬ ²Ì†þyîû Language dŠ User
processor =!¡ ¥¡éŸŸŸé aŠ Application Software
i Compiler ~¥z Software îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#öì†þ ~†þ!Øþ !l!˜ÅÜT †þyöì?
ii Assembler
¤y¥yëÄ †þöìîûÐ öëôl韟Ÿé MS-Word.
iii Interpreter
Editor, debugger, linker, loader ¥¡ utility 5. Software öë=!¡ ROMéŸé~ Store †þîûy íyöì†þ
program ëy †þ!Á›’þz Ø þyîû îÄî¥yîû † þyîû # öì ˜ îû ~î‚ öë=!¡ change †þîûy ëyëû ly •þyöì†þ îöì¡éŸŸŸé
program ö¡‡y öíöì†þ execution †þîûöì•þ ¤y¥yëÄ aŠ Synchronous Software
†þöìîûÐ bŠ Package Software
4.8 îà!î†þÒ!èþ!_†þ ²ÌÙÀyî!¡ 1 cŠ Firmware
dŠ Middleware
1. Software ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþþ Group of program öë!Øþ
!î!èþ§¬ ²Ì†þyîû problem solve †þîûöì•þ îÄî¥yîû †þîûy cŠ Firmware
¥ëûŸŸŸé Firmware stands for permanent software
programmed into read only memory.
aŠ ¤•þÄ bŠ !ôíÄy
bŠ !ôíÄy 6. !lÁ¬!¡!‡•þ ö†þylä!Øþ Operating System lëûÚ
Software ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ Group of program öë‡yöìl aŠ Windows bŠ Linux
~†þ!Øþ !l!˜ÅÜT Software !l!˜ÅÜT †þyöì? îÄî¥yîû †þîûy ¥ëûÐ cŠ Oracle dŠ DOS
2. †þ!Á›’þz Ø þyöì î û î û Component ö†þ change cŠ Oracle
†þîûy öëôl main memory size îy’þüyl– Oracle ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ Application Software öë!Øþ
Adding speakers or modems etc ö†þ îöì¡ Database ÷•þ!îû †þîûöì•þ îÄî¥yîû †þîûy ¥ëûÐ
. 7. BIOS ö†þ îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû韟Ÿé
Graden
aŠ bŠ prosody
aŠ Operating System
cŠ Synthesis dŠ Upgrades
bŠ Compiler
dŠ Upgrades
Upgrads-~îû means Add something with cŠ Interpreter
existing. dŠ Application Software
3. !lÁ¬!¡!‡•þ ö†þylä!Øþ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû Operation ö†þ aŠ Operating System
Control †þöìîûÚ BIOS ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ program öë!Øþ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû
aŠ Application Software power-on †þîûyîû ¤öìD ¤öìD execute ¥lÐ
bŠ System Software 8. !lÁ¬!¡!‡•þ ö†þylä Operating System !Øþ Single
cŠ Utility Software user Operating System?
dŠ User aŠ Windows bŠ MAC
bŠ System Software cŠ MS-DOS
System Software HardwareéŸé~îû operation dŠ None of the Above
ö†þ control †þöìîûÐ
cŠ MS-DOS

8
Class-10
~†þy˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali | Chapter
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû xÄy!²Õ Name
öì†þ¢l ¤æþØþGëû Äyîû G ¡ÄyD%öìëû?

ë!˜ ~†þ!Øþ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîû Operating System cŠ ~!Øþ ~†þ!Øþ Translator

Load †þîûyîû þ›îû ö¤!Øþ xöìl†þ ?l îÄî¥yîû†þyîû# ~†þ dŠ All of above
¤öìD îÄî¥yîû †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîû •þyöì†þ îöì¡ Multi User aŠ Object program source program
Operating System ~î‚ ë!˜ †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû!Øþ ~†þ¥z
Interpreter object program ÷•þ!îû †þöìîû
¤ôëû ~†þ?l îÄî¥yîû†þyîû# îÄî¥yîû †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîû
source program öíöì†þ (But it take program
•þyöì†þ Single user Operating System îöì¡Ð line by line)
MS-DOS ~†þ!Øþ Single user Operating Ð
12. †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû Boot †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîû ly ë!˜
9. Compiler ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ韟Ÿé ly íyöì†þÐ
aŠ !†þS%é Hardware-~îû Combination
aŠ Compiler bŠ Linker
bŠ ~†þ!Øþ program öë!Øþþ é High Level cŠ interpreter dŠ Operating System
Language Ÿé ~ îû program ö†þ xlÄ
dŠ Operating System
öëéŸéö†þyöìly éformŸé~ convert †þöìîû
Boot †þîûyîû ?öìlÄ operating System-~îû
cŠ ~†þ!Øþ program öë!Øþ High Level
²Ìöìëûy?l ¥ëûÐ
Language ö†þ Assembly LanguageéŸé~
13. 'C' ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ韟Ÿé
Convert †þöìîû
aŠ Low level programming Language
dŠ None of these
High level programming Language
bŠ
cŠ ~†þ!Øþ program öë!Øþ High Level Language
cŠ Machine Language
ö†þ Assembly LanguageéŸé~ Convert †þöìîû
dŠ None of the above
High level Compiler Assembly bŠ High level programming Language
Language Code C, C++, Fortran etc High level Language.
Error 14. !lÁ¬!¡!‡•þ ö†þyl!Øþ Language Processor韟Ÿé
aŠ Assembler
10. Loader ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ éprogram öë!Øþ韟Ÿé
aŠ program ö†þ main memory ö•þ load
bŠ Interpreter
†þöìîû ëyöì•þ •þyîûy execute ¥öì•þ þ›yöìîû cŠ Compiler
bŠ Assembly Language öíöì†þ Machine dŠ All of the above
Language Ÿé~ convert †þöìîû dŠ All of the above
cŠ High level Language ö†þ Machine Language Processor ~†þ form-~îû program
LanguageŸé~ Convert †þöìîû ö†þ xlÄ form-~ convert †þöìîûÐ
dŠ None of these 15. Operating System ¥¡éŸŸŸé
aŠ program ö†þ main memory ö•þ load aŠ Set of System program
†þöìîû ëyöì•þ •þyîûy execute ¥öì•þ þ›yöìîû bŠ Set of Application program
Loader program ö†þ main memory ö•þþ load cŠ Language processor
†þöìîû ëyöì•þ program !Øþ CPU myîûy execute dŠ None of Above
†þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîûÐ aŠ Set of System program
11. Interpreter-~îû †þy? ¥¡éŸŸŸé OS ~†þþ ~†þ!Øþ Set of System program ëyîû
aŠ Object program ÷•þ!îû †þöìîû source pro- †þy? ¥¡ Hardware ö†þ ~ôlèþyöìî îÄî¥yîû †þîûy
gram öíöì†þ ëyöì•þ îÄî¥yîû†þyîû# Hardware öíöì†þ maximum
bŠ Analyses source program statement benifit þ›yëûÐ

9
Class-10
~†þy˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali | Chapter
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû xÄy!²Õ Name
öì†þ¢l ¤æþØþGëû Äyîû G ¡ÄyD%öìëû?
4.9 ¤‚!Çþ® ’þz_îû!èþ!_†þþ²ÌöìÙÀy_îû 2 ~=!¡ Hardware Dependent Ð ö¤¥z?ìlÄ
1. †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû Language †þyöì†þ îöì¡Ú
îÄî¥yîû†þyîû# öë èþy£ìy îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû †þ!Á›’þzØþyîûöì†þ
!löì˜Å¢ ²Ì˜yl †þöìîû •þyöì†þ †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû Language
î¡y ¥ëûÐ öëôl韟Ÿé C, C++, Java etc ¥¡ !î!èþ§¬
™îûöìlîû †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû Language ëyöì˜îû ~†þ!Øþ !l!˜ÅÜT
Syntax or grammer ~î‚ Semarties xyöìSéÐ
2. Generation-~îû Gþ›îû !èþ!_ †þöìîû †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû
Language ö†þ †þéŸé!Øþ èþyöìˆ èþyˆ †þîûy ëyëû Ú
GenerationéŸé~îû Gþ›îû !èþ!_ †þöìîû †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû
²Ì™yl•þ !•þl èþyöìˆ èþyˆ †þîûy ëyëûŸŸŸé
(i) Machine Language
(ii) Assembly Language
(iii) High Level Language
3. Machine Language †þyöì†þ îöì¡Ú
Machine Language ¥¡ ~ôl ~†þ!Øþ Language
öë!Øþ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû öîy™ˆôÄ ~†þôye LanguageÐ
~¥z Language !Øþ 0 ~î‚ 1 ~îû Combination
îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû ÷•þ!îû– †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû öëö쥕%þ ~†þ!Øþ
Digital Device •þy¥z ~öì˜îûöì†þ †þy? †þîûyöì•þ
îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#öì˜îû !löì˜Å¢ !˜öì•þ ¥ëû 0 ~î‚ 1 ~îû
éCombinationŸé~ ÷•þ!îû Machine Language
!˜öìëûÐ Machine Language †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû ²Ìíô
²Ì?öì§Ãîû èþy£ìy !¥¤yöìî þ›!îûˆ!”•þ ¥ëûÐ
4. Assembly Language †þyöì†þ îöì¡Ú
¤y™yîû” †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#îû þ›öìÇþ Machine
Language îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû †þ!Á›’þzØþyîûöì†þ !löì˜Å¢
²Ì˜yl †þîûy ¤¥? lëûÐ ~¥z †þy?!Øþöì†þ ¤¥? †þîûyîû
?öìlÄ ëyîûy †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû (Hardware) ÷•þ!îû
†þöìîû!Sé¡ •þyîûy éMachine CodeŸé~îû Shortcut
÷•þ!îû †þöìîûÐ English Letter îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû ëyöì•þ
ö¤=!¡ ¤¥öì? ôöìl îûy‡y ëyëûÐ ~¥z Shortcut =!¡
îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû ë‡l †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû ?öìlÄ !löì˜Å¢
ö¡‡y ¥ëû •þyöì†þ Assembly Language îöì¡Ð
5. High Level Language †þyöì†þ îöì¡Ú
Assembly LanguageéŸé~îû shortcut =!¡ ÷•þ!îû
†þöìîû– ëyîûy †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû ÷•þ!îû †þöìîû •þyîûyÐ ö¤¥z?ìlÄ
~†þ!Øþ !l!˜ÅÜT éHardwareŸé~îû ?öìlÄ ö¡‡y
program xlÄ HardwareéŸé~ execute †þöìîû
lyÐ ~¥z Disadvantage ö†þ ˜)îû †þîûöì•þ English
language ~îû Gþ›îû !èþ!_ †þöìîû ~†þ!Øþ Language
Set ÷•þ!îû †þîûy ¥ëû ëyîûy éHardwareŸé~îû Gþ›îû
!lèÅþîû †þöìîû lyÐ ~¥z ™îûöìlîû Language ö†þ î¡y
¥ëû– High Level LanguageÐ öëôl 'C' ¥¡
~†þ!Øþ High Level Programming LanguageÐ
6. †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû bug î¡öì•þ †þ# öîyVþyëûÚ
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû bug ôyöìl ¥¡ öëéŸéö†þyöìly ™îûöìlîû
problem, defect or mistake in a program/
Software/Hardware.
7. Debugging î¡öì•þ †þ# öîyVþyëûÚ
öë þ›m*!•þîû ¤y¥yöìëÄ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû bug-
ö†þ identify ~î‚ remove †þîûy ¥ëû •þyöì†þ
Debugging î¡y ¥ëûÐ
8. High Level Language-~îû †þ# †þ# Advantage
xyöìSéÚ
High Level Language-~îû Advantage =!¡
¥¡éŸŸŸé
†þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû éHardware independent
i
ii ¤¥öì? †þîûy ëyëû
iii Easy Debugging etc
9. Translater †þyöì†þ îöì¡Ú
Translater ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ !îöì¢£ì ™îûöìlîû program
öë!Øþ îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#îû program ö†þ ~†þ!Øþ form
öíöì†þ xlÄ éformŸé~ convert †þöìîûÐ ~!Øþ ~†þ!Øþ
Application SoftwareéŸé~îû ’þz˜y¥îû”Ð
10. Cold Booting †þyöì†þ îöì¡Ú
†þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû Hardware component =!¡öì†þ
Start †þîûyîû general process ö†þ Cold Booting
î¡y ¥ëûÐ ¤y™yîû”•þ ë‡l †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû power-
on †þîûy ¥ëû •þ‡l öë Booting !Øþ ¤Á›§¬ ¥ëû ö¤!Øþ
Cold Booting lyöìô þ›!îû!‹þ•þÐ
10
Class-10
~†þy˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali | Chapter
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû xÄy!²Õ Name
öì†þ¢l ¤æþØþGëû Äyîû G ¡ÄyD%öìëû?

4.10 !î£ìëû!èþ!_†þ ²ÌöìÙÀy_îû 4 !î!èþ§¬ ²Ì†þyöìîûîû Software =!¡ xyôîûy !lÁ¬!¡!‡•þ

‹þyØÅþ !˜öìëû ²Ì†þy¢ †þîûöì•þ þ›y!îûÐ
1. Software †þyöì†þ îöì¡Ú Software-~îû ö×”#!îlÄy¤!Øþ Software
ö¡‡Ú
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû ~†þ!Øþ Digital Device ~!Øþ !löì?
!¤öìÞØþô Software xÄy!²Õöì†þ¢l Software
ö†þyöìly †þy? †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîû ly ~!Øþöì†þ !˜öìëû †þy?
†þîûyöì•þ ¥ëûÐ öë !löì˜Å¢ îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû
ö†þ †þ# †þy? †þîûöì•þ ¥öìî •þy öîyVþyöìly ¥ëû •þyöì†þ Software package
Instruction î¡y ¥ëûÐ ~¥zîû†þô !†þS%é ¤Á›!†Åþ•þ Operating System
Instruction ~†þ¤öìD îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû ë‡l ~†þ!Øþ îÄî¥yîû†þyîû# †þ•Å,þ†þ
Language processor !¡!‡•þ ö²Ìyˆyô
!l!˜ÅÜT †þy? ¤Á›§¬ †þîûy ¥ëû •þyöì†þ program î¡y
¥ëûÐ
!†þS% é ¤Á›!†Å þ •þ program ~†þ¤öì D ë‡l ~!’þØþîû !¡Bþyîû ö¡y’þyîû xl%îy˜†þ
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîûöì†þ !˜öìëû ~†þ!Øþ !l!˜ÅÜT ™îûöìlîû †þy? 2. Operating System †þyöì†þ îöì¡Ú Operating
¤Á›§¬ †þîûöì•þ îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#öì†þ ¤y¥yëÄ †þöìîû •þ‡l System-~îû !î!èþ§¬ èþyˆ=!¡ ö¡öì‡yÚ
•þyöì†þ software î¡y ¥ëûÐ
Operating System ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ Set of System
software ö†þ xyôîûy ²Ì™yl•þ ˜%!Øþ èþyöìˆ èþyˆ †þîûöì•þ
program öë!Øþ ~†þ!Øþ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû Hardware
þ›y!îûÐ öëôl韟Ÿé
ö†þ ~ôlèþyöìî Manage †þöìîû ëyöì•þ îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#
A !¤öìÞØþô Software (System Software)
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû öíöì†þ ¤î öíöì†þ öî!¢ ¤y¥yëÄ þ›yëû •þyîû
B xÄy!²Õöì†þ¢l Software (Application †þy? †þîûyîû ?öìlÄÐ
Software)
A !¤öìÞØþô Software (System Software) :
!¤öìÞØþô Software ¥¡ ¤†þ¡ ²Ì†þyîû †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîû
îÄî¥yîû ’þzþ›öìëyˆ# öôï!¡†þ program öë!Øþ ~†þ!Øþ H/W
User OS
platform ÷•þ!îû †þöìîû xlÄ software =!¡îû ?öìlÄÐ
!¤öìÞØþô softwareéŸé~îû ~†þ!Øþ ’þz˜y¥îû” ¥¡éŸŸŸé
Operating System (like Microsoft windows,
linux, Android, macOS etc.) H/W : Hardware
OS: Operating System
B xÄy!²Õöì † þ¢l Software (Application
Software): Operating System ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ Brize between
xÄy!²Õöì†þ¢l Software ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ !îöì¢£ì ™îûöìlîû user ~î‚ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû ôöì™ÄÐ öë!Øþ user-~îû
Computer program öë!Øþ ÷•þ!îû †þîûy ¥öìëûöìSé öíöì†þ •þyîû †þy? ölëû ~î‚ •þyöì†þ Hardware !˜öìëû
îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#öì˜îû †þyöì? ¤y¥yëÄ †þîûyîû ?öìlÄÐ execute †þ!îûöìëû Result !Øþ xyîyîû user ö†þ ö˜ëûÐ
îÄî¥yîû†þyîû#îû ²Ìöìëûy?öìl ~¥z Program =!¡öì†þ Operating System ~îû ö×!”!îèþyˆ
îû*þ›yhsý!îû•þ †þîûy ëyëû xíÅyê ~!Øþ Application †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû ²Ì?öì§Ãîû Gþ›îû !èþ!_ †þöìîû xyôîûy
orientedÐ Operating System ö†þ !lÁ¬!¡!‡•þ èþyöìˆ èþyˆ
î•Åþôyöìl öë ¤†þ¡ !îö좣ì Application package †þîûöì•þ þ›y!îûÐ
îÄî¥*•þ ¥ëû •þyöì˜îû ôöì™Ä éText editingŸé~îû 1 Batch Operating System
?öì l Ä Ms-Word in Windows, Spread Multiprogramming Operating System
2

Multiprogramming with Time Sharing

3
Sheet ²ÌéÝ!•þîû ?lÄ MS-Excel in Windows,
Operating System
’þzþ›ßiyþ›lyîû ?öìlÄ ßÔy¥z’þ ÷•þ!îû †þîûöì•þ MS-Power 4 Network Operating System
point in Windows ¥z•þÄy!˜ ’þzöìÍÔ‡öìëyˆÄÐ 5 Distributed Operating System
6 Real Time Operating System

11
Class-10
~†þy˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali | Chapter
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû xÄy!²Õ Name
öì†þ¢l ¤æþØþGëû Äyîû G ¡ÄyD%öìëû?

1 Batch Operating System : !m•þ#ëû ²Ì?öì§Ãîû Slice Execute †þöìîûÐ xhsýî•Åþ# Data ö†þ Save †þöìîû
†þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîû ²Ì™yl ’þzþ›†þîû” !Sé¡ Transistor Œëyöì•þ process execution complete ly ¥öì¡
öë!Øþ †þô Heat Genarate †þîû•þ •þy¥z ~¥z ™îûöìlîû éCPU processŸé~ !æþöìîû ~öì¡ execution Öîû&
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû=!¡ ~†þØþyîû þ›îû ~†þØþy †þy? †þîûöì•þ †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîû öë‡yöìl •þyöì†þ öSéöì’þü !ˆöìëû!Sé¡ ö¤‡yl
þ›yîû•þÐ ~¥zîû†þô ~†þØþyîû þ›îû ~†þØþy †þy? †þîûyöì†þ öíöì†þŠ ~î‚ þ›îûî•Åþ# éprocessŸé~ Jump †þöìîûÐ
î¡y ¥ëû Batch processing Ð ~¥z Batch 4 Network Operating System :
processing ö†þ implement †þîû y îû ?öì l Ä Network Operating System ¥¡ ~ôl ~†þ!Øþ
xyôyöì˜îû ~†þ!Øþ Set of program îÄî¥yîû †þîûöì•þ Operating System öë!Øþ NetworkŸé~îû ôöì™Ä
¥ëûÐ ëyîû †þy? !Sé¡ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû control †þîûy íy†þy ¤î Resource ö†þ manage †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîûÐ ~¥z
xíÅyê ~†þ!Øþ †þy? öíöì†þ xlÄ †þyöì? transfer †þîûy ™îûöìlîû Operating SysteméŸé~îû ôöì™Ä Special
ë‡l xyöìˆîû †þy?!Øþ complete ¥öìîÐ ~¥z Set of function íyöì†þ ëyîûy Resource =!¡öì†þ Local
program !Øþ Batch Operating System lyöìô
Area Network (LAN)Ÿé~ Connect †þöìîû ~î‚
þ›!îû!‹þ•þÐ
xöì l†þ=!¡ †þy?öì†þ ~†þ¤öìD †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîûÐ
2 Multiprogramming Operating System:
5 Distributed Operating System
Multiprogramming Operating System
Distributed Operating System ~†þ!Øþ
¥¡ ~ôl ~†þ!Øþ Operating System öë!Øþ Run
Network-~îû ôöì™Ä íy†þy xöìl†þ=!¡ †þ!Á›’þzØþyîûöì†þ
†þîûyöì•þ þ›yöìîû xöìl†þ=!¡ program ö†þ ~†þ!Øþ
CPU îÄî¥yîû †þöìîûÐ ë!˜ ~†þ!Øþ program Input/ îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû ~†þ¥z¤ôëû xöìl†þ=!¡ †þy? †þîûöì•þ
Output Device-~îû ?lÄ wait †þöìîû •þ‡l þ›yöìîûÐ ~‡yöìl Operating System !Øþ xöìl†þ=!¡
Multiprogramming Operating System †þ!Á›’þzØþyîûöì†þ îÄî¥yîû †þîûöì¡G éUserŸé~îû †þyöìSéþ
CPU control ö†þ xlÄ ~†þ!Øþ program ~ Computer Network ö†þ ~†þ!Øþ Single System
þ›y!‘þöìëû ö˜ëû ëyöì•þ éCPUŸé~îû Time lÜT ly ¥ëû !¥¤yöìî represent †þöìîûÐ
~î‚ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû Performance èþyöì¡y ¥ëûÐ Real Time Operating System
6

Operating System Real Time Operating System ¥¡ ~ôl ~†þ!Øþ

ut
O utp Operating System öë!Øþ Embeded System-
ing a
t t ~îû ?öì l Ä îÄî¥yîû †þîû y ¥ëû Ð ~¥z éO perating
Secondary Wri Da Job A
Disk Job B SystemŸé~îû !lÁ¬!¡!‡•þ ÷î!¢ÜT=!¡ íyöì†þÐ
Storage Execution
in ~!Øþ Respond †þöìîû éInputŸé~îû Gþ›îû !lèÅþîû †þöìîÐû
Job C
Progress ~¥z Operating System †þy?=!¡ ~†þ!Øþ
Main Memory !l!˜ÅÜT ¤ôöìëûîû ôöì™Ä complete †þöìîûÐ
CPU Traffic signal, nuclear reactor ¥z • þÄy!˜
öÇþöìe ~¥z ™îûöìlîû Operating System îÄî¥yîû
Multiprogramming with Time Sharing
3 †þîûy ¥ëûÐ
Operating System : User Interface- ~îû Gþ›îû !èþ!_ †þöì î û xyôîû y
Time Sharing Operating System ¥¡ ˜%óîû†þöìôîû Operating System þ›y¥zÐ
a GUI Operating System
Multiprogramming Operating System-~îû
’þz§¬•þ version ~¥z Operating System CPU CUI Operating System
b

~‡yöìl User Interface ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ set of program

Time ö†þ èþyˆ †þöìîû ö˜ëû !î!èþ§¬ process/uses
öë!Øþ îÄî¥yîû †þöìîû user ~†þ!Øþ †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû ¤öìD
~îû ôöì™ÄÐ ~‡yöìl CPU ö†þ ~†þ!Øþ Fixed Time öëyˆyöìëyˆ ßiyþ›l †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîû ~‡yöìl韟Ÿé
(Time Slice) !˜öìëû ö˜Gëûy íyöì†þ CPU main GUIéŸé~îû ôyöìl ¥¡éŸŸŸé Graphical User Interface
memory ö•þ íy†þy ~†þ!Øþ process ö†þ upto Time CUIéŸé~îû ôyöìl ¥¡éŸŸŸé Character User Interface

12
Class-10
~†þy˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali | Chapter
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû xÄy!²Õ Name
öì†þ¢l ¤æþØþGëû Äyîû G ¡ÄyD%öìëû?

3. Language processor †þ#Ú !î!èþ§¬ ²Ì†þyîû linker, debugger ¥z•þÄy!˜ x‚¢ ë%_«Ð
Language processoréŸé~îû †þy? ö¡öì‡yÚ ~îû ôöì ™ Ä loader, locator, linker ¥z • þÄy!˜
Language Processor ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ !îöì¢£ì ™îûöìlîû Operating System-~îû x‚¢ !îö좣ìÐ
software ö¤!Øþ ~†þ!Øþ program ö†þ translate Editor: Editor ~†þ!Øþ program ëyîû
†þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîû émachine codeŸé~Ð programmer source program xíîy test ö†þ
Language Processor ²Ì™yl•þ !•þl ²Ì†þyöìîûîû ¥ëû enter, modify ~î‚ store †þîûöì•þ ¤y¥yëÄ †þöìîûÐ
a Compiler, b Assembler, c Interpreter Editor Program Operating System- ~îû
a C ompi ler : C ompiler Hig h le vel !lëûsföì” ÷•þ!îû ¥ëûÐ
Language Ÿé ~ ö¡‡y program ö†þ ~†þ¤öì D Linker: Linker ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ !îöì ¢ £ì ™îû ö ì l îû
input !¥¤yöìî ölëû ~î‚ check †þöìîû éprogramŸé~ program öë!Øþ Compiler/Assembler myîû y
ö†þyöìly Error xyöìSé !†þlyÐ ë!˜ ö†þyöìly Error ly ÷•þ!îû file ö†þ combine †þöìîû ëyöì•þ •þyîûy execute
íyöì†þ •þy¥öì¡ Compiler input program !Øþöì†þ †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîûÐ
Assembly LanguageéŸé~ convert †þöìîûÐ Loader: Loader ¥¡ ~†þ!Øþ !îöì ¢ £ì ™îû ö ì l îû
Input Output program öë!Øþ linker öíöì†þ object file ö†þ
High level Compiler Assembly input ölëû ~î‚ •þyöì˜îûöì†þ main memory ö•þ
Language Language load †þöìîû ëyöì•þ •þyîûy CPU myîûy execute †þîûöì•þ
þ›yöìîûÐ
Error
b Assembler: Assembler input !¥¤yöìî ölëû ~†þ!Øþ program éŸé~îû flow ö†þ !lÁ¬ ! ¡!‡•þ
Assembly level Language ~î‚ program Diagram !˜öìëû ö˜‡yöìly ¥¡éŸŸŸé
!Øþöì†þ convert †þöìîû Machine LanguageŸé~ Object File
ëyöì•þ program !Øþ †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû Hardware !˜öìëû Compiler Assembler linker
execute †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîûÐ
Input Output Source
program Addition File
(Assembly Assembler (Machine
Language) Language) Executable
Code
Error
c Interpreter: Interpreter ~†þ!Øþ Computer
Main
program öë!Øþ †þ!Á›’þzØþyîûöì†þ î%Vþöì•þ ¤y¥yëÄ †þöìîû memory Loader
•þyöì†þ †þ# †þy? †þîûöì•þ ¥öìîÐ
Input Output 5. Booting †þ#Ú Booting process !Øþ ¤‚öìÇþöìþ› î”Åly
Interpreter
(Any (Machine †þöìîûyÚ
Language) Code)
Error Boot îy Bootup †þîûyîû xíÅ †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû System
ö†þ ‹þy¡% †þîûyÐ ¤y™yîû”•þ Power button !Øþ
4. Utility program †þyöì†þ îöì¡Ú Linker ~î‚
On †þöìîû xyôîûy ~¥z †þy?!Øþ †þöìîû íy!†þÐ ë‡l¥z
LoaderéŸé~îû †þy? î”Åly †þöìîûyÐ
xyôîûy ö†þyöìly Computer System ö†þ Start
¥Gëûyîû !löì˜Å¢ ²Ì˜yl †þ!îû •þ‡l ö¤ !löì?îû ôöì™Ä
Utility program ~†þ ™îûöìlîû Software îÄîßiy ëy xöìl†þ=öì¡y †þy? †þöìîûÐ öë †þyîûöì” ~!Øþöì†þ
ö†þyöìly program ö†þ program Develop, write, Booting îöì¡Ð ~¥z ¤ôëû öë †þy?=!¡ ¥ëû ö¤=!¡
debugg ~î‚ document †þîûöì•þ ¤y¥yëÄ †þöìîûÐ
¥¡éŸŸŸé
Utility programs- ~îû ôöì ™ Ä text editors,
compiles, assemblers, loader, locater, †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû Hardware =!¡öì†þ preliminary

13
Class-10
~†þy˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali | Chapter
†þ!Á›’þzØþyîû xÄy!²Õ Name
öì†þ¢l ¤æþØþGëû Äyîû G ¡ÄyD%öìëû?

Check †þöìîûÐ CMOS chip é Ÿ é ~ îû ôöì ™ Ä Computer System

HardwareéŸé~ íy†þy program =!¡ run ¥Gëûyîû ¤Á›!†Åþ•þ !†þS%é information öÞØþyîû †þîûy íyöì†þ
?lÄ öîû!’þ †þöìîûÐ öëôl †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû!Øþîû ôöì™Ä †þ•þ þ›!îûôy” ~î‚ †þéŸé!Øþ
ë‡l ö†þyöìly †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû ö†þ start (cold booting) Memory îûöìëûöìSé ~î‚ †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû!Øþîû ôöì™Ä íy†þy
îy restart (hot booting) ~îû !löì˜Å¢ ö˜Gëûy Disk drive.
¥ëû •þ‡l †þ!Á›’þz Ø þyîû ROM Ÿé ~ îû ôöì ™ Ä íy†þy †þ!Á›’þz Ø þyîû Booting éŸé~îû ¤ôëû ~¥z ¤ôhßì
instruction (BIOS) =!¡öì † þ þ›öì ’ þü ~î‚ ~¥z •þíÄ=!¡öì † þ öèþ!îû æ þy¥z †þöì î û íyöì † þÐ •þyîû þ ›îû
instruction =!¡ •þ‡l †þ!Á›’þzØþyöìîûîû !löì?îû †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû ¥y’Åþ!’þöì:îû ôöì™Ä íy†þy Operating
!¤öì Þ Øþôöì † þ ~†þîyîû þ›îû # Çþy †þîû y îû !löì ˜ Å ¢ ö˜ëû System ö†þ ö¡y’þ †þöìîû †þyîû” xþ›yöìîû!Øþ‚ !¤öìÞØþô
~!Øþöì † þ POST (Power on Self test) îöì ¡ Ð Séy’þüy †þ!Á›’þzØþyîû ö†þyöìly †þy?¥z †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîû lyÐ

14