DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM

GROUP MEMBERS:
MUHAMMAD UZAIR KHALIQ (200157)
RANA MUHAMMAD AHSAN (200175)

ABDUL MOHIZ (200199)

CLASS:
TELECOM 4-B

SUBJECT:
ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN(LAB)
SUBMITTED TO:
TOUSEEF UR REHMAN

Contents:
Problem Statement .......................................................................................... (1) 
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
Abstract ............................................................................................................ (2) 

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Introduction ...................................................................................................... (3) 
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Component ...................................................................................................... (4) 
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Design Block Diagram Circuit ...................................................................... (5) 
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Simulations ..................................................................................................... (6) 
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Analysis Calculations ................................................................................... (7) 
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Output Voltage Signal ................................................................................... (8) 
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
Working ............................................................................................................ (9) 
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
Applications .................................................................................................. (10) 
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Conclusion ...................................................................................................... (11)

PROBLEM STATEMENT:
 Design and Construction of FM Transmitter
CIRCUIT USING TRANSISTOR

Abstract
Design of a Single Transistor FM Transmitter Frequency modulation (FM) is a
telecommunications technique that sends data across a carrier wave by changing its frequency.
For rising transmissions of music and speech, Fm radio frequencies are often employed. The
broadcast band is found in the Fm region of the radio spectrum all over the world. The FM
broadcasts are typically sent and received between 87.5 and 108.0 MHz. It's hard to design and
construct an FM transmitter.

Introduction
An FM transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of
an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency
alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current,
the antenna radiates radio waves. Frequency modulation (FM) transmitter generates the radio
waves by varying the radio signal’s frequency slightly. FM transmitter is basically a VHF colipits
oscillator capable of transmitting sound or music to any standard FM receiver. The circuit works
on a D.C source which makes it for a pure rectification. FM transmitter also has a capacitor
microphone which picks up very weak sound signals. This FM transmitter was designed using
transistors and other component such resistor, inductor and capacitors. This project transmits
frequency on 100MHz± 5%. The transmitting distance is 300metres. It is powered with 9volts
D.C battery using suitable F.M receiver tuned to the transmitting frequency of this project. F.M
Transmitter can be used as cordless microphones, mobile phone and for public address
purposes. The distant of transmission is limited to 300m and fixed frequency of transmission,
away from all other radio station. This gives best range and least interference. The antenna is
attached to the outside of the transmitter, as in portable devices such as cell phones, walkie-
talkies, and garage door openers. In more powerful transmitters, the antenna may be located
on top of a building or on a separate tower, and connected to the transmitter by a feed line,
that is a transmission line.

Component :
• MIC:
 MIC is used to pick up the sound signals. The diaphragm inside the MIC
vibrates according to the air pressure changes and generates AC signals.

• TRANSISTOR:
Transistor 2N 2222A is the common NPN transmitter used in general
purpose amplifications. It has maximum power rating of 0.5 Watts. Over powering of 2N
2222A can generate heat and destroy the device. So maximum power output should be
around 125 milli watt. Pin assignment of 2N 2222 A is 1 Emitter - 2 Base - 3 Collector
(EBC) from the front side (Flat side on which the number is printed).

• CAPACITOR:
Capacitors for decoupling the first decoupling capacitor 4.7uf obstructs
the various frequencies of speech signals. The current to the transistor's base is
modulated by C1. The 4.7 uF capacitor isolates the microphone from the transistor's
base voltage, allowing only alternating current (AC) impulses to flow through. A big
capacitor produces bass (low frequencies), while a small capacitor produces treble (high
frequencies).

Capacitor across the transistor keeps the tank circuit vibrating. As long as
the current exists across the inductor coil L1 and the Trimmer capacitor, the tank circuit
(Coil-Trimmer) will vibrate at the resonant frequency. When the tank circuit vibrates for
long time, the frequency decays due to heating. Presence of the capacitor C3 prevents
this decay. A capacitor of 203 PF is necessary.

 RESISTORS:
Resistors Variable resistor restricts the current through the MIC.
The voltage divider R1 and R2 limits the base current of transistor and R3 forms the
emitter current limiter. The given values are necessary for the 2N222 transistor.


Inductor coil:
Inductor Coil The inductor used in the circuit is a
handmade coil using 22 SWG (Standard Wire Gauge) enameled copper wire. The length,
inner diameter, number of turns etc are the important parameters to be considered
while making the inductor. Then only the inductor resonates in the 88-108 band FM
frequency.

 Ceramic capacitor:
 variable capacitor with a value of 8 pF can be used to
adjust the resonant frequency of the tank circuit. The variable capacitor and the
inductor coil form the Tank circuit (LC circuit) that resonates in the 88-108 MHz. In the
tank circuit, the capacitor stores electrical energy between its plates while the inductor
stores magnetic energy induced by the windings of the coil.

 Antenna:
A plastic wire or Telescopic aerial can be used as antenna. The length of the antenna is
very important to transmit the signals in the suitable range. As a rule, the length of the
antenna should be ¼ of the FM wave length.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
4.7uf capacitor used for filtration . It filter the voice that come from the mic. And 10k ohm and 47
k ohm resistors are use for amplification
SIMULATIONS:
CALCULATIONS:
OUTPUT VOLTAGE WAVE

WORKING
The FM transmitter circuit and the required electrical and electronic
components for this circuit is the power supply of 9V, resistor, capacitor, trimmer capacitor,
inductor, mic, transmitter, and antenna.

Let us consider the microphone to understand the sound signals and inside the mic, there is a
presence of the capacitive sensor. It produces according to the vibration to the change of air
pressure and the AC signal.

The formation of the oscillating tank circuit can be done through the transistor of 2N222 by
using the inductor and variable capacitor. The transistor used in this circuit is an NPN transistor
used for general purpose amplification. If the current is passed at the inductor L1 and variable
capacitor then the tank circuit will oscillate at the resonant carrier frequency of the FM
modulation. The negative feedback will be the capacitor C2 to the oscillating tank circuit.

To generate the radio frequency carrier waves the FM transmitter circuit requires an oscillator.
The tank circuit is derived from the LC circuit to store the energy for oscillations. The input
audio signal from the mic penetrated to the base of the transistor, which modulates the LC
tank circuit carrier frequency in FM format. The variable capacitor is used to change the
resonant frequency for fine modification to the FM frequency band. The modulated signal from
the antenna is radiated as radio waves at the FM frequency band and the antenna is nothing
but copper wire of 20cm long and 24 gauge. In this circuit, the length of the antenna should be
significant and here you can use the 25-27 inches long copper wire of the antenna.4.7uf
capacitor used for filtration . It filter the voice that come from the mic. And 10k ohm and 47 k
ohm resistors are use for amplification

APPLICATIONS:

• The FM transmitters are used in the homes like sound systems in halls to fill
the sound with the audio source.
• These are also used in cars and fitness centers.
• The correctional facilities have used in the FM transmitters to reduce the prison
noise in common areas.

CONCLUSION:
The fundamental idea of this project is to low powered FM transmitter, multichannel FM
transmitter for the commercial band. So, far the test result of this project which is the outcome
of construction procedures has revealed the successful achievement of the primary objective;
the design and construction of an FM transmitter of appreciable range operating on 9v power
supply. Because of the impressive good result, obtained from the usability test, the FM
transmitter is now ready for either instructional or entrepreneur purposes. The successful
completion of this study has indicated that practical FM transmitter requiring low power input
can be designed and constructed