g Defense Language Institute English Language Center Lackland Air Force Base. Texas AMERICAN LANGUAGE COURSE VOLUME 2400 SUPPLEMENT STUDENT TEXTuMit 1 UNIT 2 UNIT UNIT UNIT 5 UNIT 6 February 1982 Reprinted Reprinted Reprinted Reprinted Reprinted Reprinted Reprinted Reprinted Reprinted Reprinted September 1982 January 1983 June 1983 January 1984 May 1984 November 1984 January 1985 May 1985 January 1986 September 1987 SUPPLEMENT TO VOLUME 2400 CONTENTSDICTIONARY USACE Unit I INTRODUCTION The publications and technical materials you will be required to read at your follow-on-training bases will often contain unfamiliar terms. When you encounter these unfamiliar words, you need to know how to determine their meaning as quickly as possible. A single unfamiliar vord in a technical publication should not, and must not, stop you from understanding the main idea of a sentence or paragraph. The ability to comprehend new teres by using the known words and the context of the reading is a skill that you need to learn and practice. As a student of English as a Second Language (BSL) you will need to develop skille chat will help you understand exactly what you are reading. When you encounter an unfamiliar vord in reading, there are several methods you can use to determine the word's meaning. One of these methods is dictionary useage. The dictionary is a source of many kinds of information about wor: look up a word in any dictionary, you will find several meanings. For example, the word review as a noun has the following meanings: (1) @ looking at or looking over again, (2) a general survey or report, (3) a looking back at past event (4) an evaluation of @ book or a movie, (5) a formal inspection of troops. Tf you Tf you look up a word in two or more dictionaries, you will find difference: in meaning. For example, let's look at the word “pretend.” In one dic~ tionary, the first meaning is "to effect; feign.” In another, the first meaning is "to give a false appearance of being, possessing, or performii A-third dictionary gives as its first definition "to profess (to pretend anfallibility)." One of these dictionaries listed as synonyas "feign; disseable, fake, simulate." Often, the second listings are clearer than the firet. Definition number two in one of the dictionaries reads: "to claim insiacerely or falsely." Better than a definition is sentence showing usa The following is a paraphrase of the sentence in the dictionary: He was a sick man but he pretended he was in good health. When you look up a word you will notice abbreviations for parts of speech. For example, “pretend" 18 # verb. Therefore, you will see V. or vb. Or you may see vi or intr which means it's an intransitive verb. Ou the other hand, vt and tr are the abbreviations for a transitive verb.Most dictionaries have a pronunciation guide at the bottom of each page- (The pocket dictionaries have the guide on every other page.) Look at the example word "pretend." In the pocket dictionary, the pronunciation is given as “Lf you look for the “i” in the pronunciation guide, you will see the example. In another dictionary the pronunciation is shown as “pri/tend" with the guide word for "i," "pit." A third dictionary has yet another guide word for pronunciation - "trip." As you can see, dictionari may use different systems of abbreviations or different pronunciation guides. However, when you learn how to use them, the information you get is helpful to you both as a student and as a reader, It is important that you become familiar with your English dictionary and with the symbols that it uses.BRERCISE Using the following words and your dictionary, answer the questions ie a 5. What ie the key word in your dictionary that will help you to pronounce the third letter in the word "stomach"? What is the key vord in the pronunciation guide that tells you how to pro- Nounce the second vowel in "stomach"? How does the dictionary show the pronunciation of the "ch" in "stomach"? ‘Look up the following words. What is the key word for the vowel sound these words have in coamon? a. come b, some. ¢. comfort What symbol is us parate the syllables in your dictionary? indicate? Look up the word “heat.” What does a. How many seanings can you find for "heat"? bd. What does “ve" indicate? c. What does "vi" indicate? 4, Write a sentence with an 1-3ALPHABETIZING When you alphabetize, you arrange words in the order. of the letters of the alphabet, going from A, B, C, to Z. For example, the alphabetical order of the words "forward," "talk," "easy," and “alphabet would be: alphabet easy forward calk The: word is the “mechanism, words were arranged by their first letters. If the first letter of each , then you alphabetize by the second letter. For example, “manager,” and “microgroove” in alphabetical order would be: manager wechani: microgroove If the first and second letters are the same, then you alphabetize by the third letter, etc. merchant mercy meridian BXERCISE 1 Write "Yes" or "Wo" om the top line above the groups of words to indicate whether the list is in alphabetical order or not, EXAMPLES: es, bell jer extramursl forgive jai alai flog device ch devious chase helix devas chassis hemp paddie” persistent ‘Festity pledge remind riot positive inward roster ‘TitereT ‘Testes paste inane leader patch jolt leakage pave 1-6RoNeMOME POR UNIT | ome, Ruowing that words are listed alphabetically end knowing the use of the guide words on each page can make looking up a word a very quick end simple matt: ‘The following exercise vill give you practice in recognising vords in alphabet- ical order sod their releticaship to the guide words on the page. EXERCISE T In the exercise that follovs, underline the itens which would appear one dictionary page heeded by the tuo guide vords shown. Complete the exercise as shove in the example, RXAMPLE: crvelly . . . ery Sreet. ore greet cruée erecial Ll, dlecretely . . . disestedtisn discuss discreet fisces disdain divengage 2. hotepur . . » housekeeper hot red hostage how hound house 3. peofic . . . progressive progres profile project profitable Progress 4. shears... shine sheritt shape ehite onlelé ealp 3. fortunate... foul forty four found fought fossil 6. quarter . . . querulous quench qoetl quibble queee quick Te wary os + vault veal veer various vet veslt 1-38. graver . . . great arave sravel sravity gra srase 9. countless . . . course count coup courtly cove cover 10. eyeball. . . fact eye facet eyesight extrene fabulous EXERCISE IT Alphabetize the vords. First, oumber all of the words, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., according to their alphabetical order. ‘Then, rewrite them in the proper alphabetical order in the blanks provided. The first two have been done for you as examples, 2. chronometer acrobat, tiresome chronometer fortune 1 acrobat ____ only ____ ledge ___ Process ___ shoulder inns ST, ii winter 1-6PREFIXES AND STEMS Unit 2 INTRODUCTION If you want to discover the meaning of an unfamiliar word, using context clues 1s one way. Another way is looking at the meanings of word parts. Many new words are formed by adding prefixes or euffixes to known words. For example, by adding “re," a prefix meaning “again,” to "heat," we get "reheat." If we were to add "er," a suffix, to the end of "heat," we would get “heater,” meaning thet which heat Many English words have been formed by combining parts of older English Greek, and Latin words. You can often guess the meaning of an unfamiliar English word if you know the meaning of some of these word parts. For , example, “geology” comes from the stem "geo" meaning “earth” plus another stem "logy" meaning “study of." Put together, "geology" means study of the earth, ats covering, rocks, structures. Let's examine a related word--"biology.” “Bio” means "life"; we already know that "logy" means “atudy of," so the total word meaning of "biology" 16 the study of life, the science of life processes. Some of the most frequently used prefixes are: in-, iw, il-, ir-, and un-. These prefixes mean "not" and most often they are used with existing adjective words. Genera £ a word begins with a vowel or some of the consonants, use the prefix for negative meaning. Here are some examples. active + in --> inactive audible inaudible correct incorrect convenient inconvenient dependent independent definite indefinite effective ineffective expensive inexpensive flexible inflexible hospitable inhospitable human inhuman operable inoperable offensive inoffensive secure insecure sufficient insufficient traneitive antransitive visible invisible voluntary involuntary Generally if # word begins with "p" or meaning. Here are some example: use the prefix "im" for negative patient + 1m --> impatient possible impossible moral immoral mature immatureIf, however, the word begins with " the prefix "1r-" for the negative meaning. For example, regular + ir --> irregular responsible irresponsible The negative prefix "il-" goes with words beginning with the letter Here are some example legal + 11 --> allegal literate Still another negative prefix is existing words. alliterate e+ un --> unable attractive unattractive balanced unbalanced certain uncertain clear unclear developed undeveloped desireable undesireable employed unemployed educated uneducated favorable unfavorable fortunate unfortunate grateful ungrateful grammatical ungrammatical happy unhappy healthy unhealthy informed uninformed anteresting uninteresting just unjust kand unkind known unknown lawful unlawful likely * Wotice the unlikely 1s doubled. This prefix can be used wil Here are some examples of new adjectives with "un- natural necessary official organized pleasant popular Feaponsive reliable steady skilled true tidy used usual varnished written wise yielding zipped unnatural® wareliable unsteady unskilled untrue untidy unused unusual unvarnished unvrittea unwise unyielding unzippedAnother prefix with a negative meaning is "dis-. known verb forms, nouns, adjectives or adverbs, new words are formed. are sowe examples Nouns advantage + dis agreement belief obedience approval trust Ver! agree + dis approve continue obey qualify Adjective/Adver! ‘agreeable + di: contented honest loyal obedient orderly organized reputable satisfied 1s doubled. * Notice the " By combining "dis-" with Here disadvantage disagreement disbelief disobedience disapproval distrust disagree disapprove discontinue disobey disqualify disagreeable discontented dishonest disloyal disobedient disorderly disorganized disreputable dissatisfied*EXERCISE I Although we encounter “in-," “im-," "ir-," "il-," and "un-" as negative prefixes, there are many words beginning with these combinations of lettere that ere not forsed from a prefix plus an existing word. Yor exemple, "jacidental” is not formed from the negative prefix "in-" plus a word. It is « noa-exemple of a negative prefix. In the following sentences, the context clues should help you determine whether the underlined word is an example of a negative prefix or « non-example. Place a check mark oa the Line next to the examples of negative prefixes and an Zon the Line next to the non-exemples. When in doubt, check your dictionary. 1, ‘Twenty-four out of the fifty enewers vere incorrect. 2. During the winter season there ie an increased number of illnesses. 3, Although Lisa is only 19 years old, she is independent financially. 4. Everyone says thet Jason is intelligent, but his behavior doe: reinforce that. ior merchandise. 5. That is not « good quality suitcase; it's in! of Julian to keep his visitors waiting so long while be was oa the phone 7. Her parents ere wonderful people. They're incapable of saying or doing anything thet isn't right or good. By the end of this century many things we thought impossible will have becoue reality. . I can't understand why Charlie bought the first car he looked at. I consider that impulsive, 10. At the age of 16, Rovard was 6 feet tall and weighed 160 pounds, but in all other ways he was immature. 4 ll. Driving a car at high speed in « residential area is illegal. 12. Ie is unwise to argue with a policemen, | 13, ‘The illustrated lecture was both informative and entertaining. 14. To no one's surpri: wheat and corn. the irrigated farms produced a good crop of 5. It's mot easy memorizing long liets of irregular verbs. 2-4RBKERCISE IT The prefix "dis-" is tricky. Many vords that begin with the prefix "dis-" do not have a negative weaning. Por exemple, the word “distant™ is not forned from the negative prefix "dis-" and a vord. It is « noc-example of a negative prefix. In the following sentences, place a check mark on the line next to the examples of negative prefixes and an X on the line next to the noc-example. When in doubt check your dictionary. 2, They argued constantly end disagreed about nearly everything. and her friends disposed of all of the trash. 2. After the picnic, J 3. Although everyone liked the movie very much, I was disappointed. 4. Because of @ personnel shortage, Col. Hightower disapproved the men's leave. 5. We talked about John's job offer in Alaska. It sounds good but there are some disadvantage: 6. When T came into the meeting, they vere discussing photography. 7. The ed trees had to be cut down, 8. When Richard rode his bicycle in heavy traffic he wae disobeying his parents’ wisl 9. The room had not been cleaned all week and papers were piled ell over; it was a disorderly room. 10, Although the employee seemed to follow orders, he complained about it, showing his disloyalty to his euployer. 2-5BOMEWORK FOR UNIT 2 Hane BXBRCISE I Using your dictionary, find two new examples for each of the following nege~ tive prefixes. die" | EXERCISE 11 Write a sentence with each of the vords listed in Exercise I. 1. 2. 42. 2-7REY WORDS AND PHRASES unit 3 INTRODUCTION When you scan an article or a paragraph, you are reading quickly for words and phrases which will help you pick out the main ideas. These key words and phrases are not always familiar to you. However, you may aot have to look them up since wost key words and phrases are supported by other, more familier terms. This is called the context of the sentence or paragraph. If these Supporting words are also unfamiliar, you then need to go to the dictionary for help. Scan these paragraphs for the key words and phrases. Then read the paragraphs again underlining the main ide: THE DICTIONARY A dictionary is more than a book which provides an alphabetical list of words and an explanation of meanings and uses. It also gives the origin end pronun- ciation of each word and illustrates uses in speech and literature. Some dictionaries include rules of grammar end spelling and liste of proper names and common abbreviations Unabridged dictionaries include little used obscure and foreign words ae technical terms and idiomatic expressions. Bach entry contains det definitions and illustrations. However, most people find the smaller, abridged dictionaries which list common words and brief definitions to be convenient, useful tool Dictionaries are known as lexicons, so the people who compile them are called lexicographers. Most lexicographers were scholars who drew up liste explaining unusual and foreign words. The oldest word liet still in existence 18 a collection of terms compiled from works of the Greek poet Homer during the time of Augustus Caesar (27 B.C. - 14 A.D.). Before the mid-19th century, dictionaries were usually written by individuals and reflected their personal tastes and prejudices. In our time dictionaries are compiled by specialists in language, literatu ‘ience, and technology. They no longer present individual tastes and prejudices. Inatead they reflect the views of the group of experts. They are definite improvements in both accuracy and objectivity. 3-1RXERCISE 1 Wathout your dictionary, write the meaning of each of these words. Don't forget to look for supporting words or phr: Ts ys in the paragraphs themselves. unabridged ee obscure abridged lexicon lexicographer existence ee tastes 3-2RXERCISE IT Without lookang at the reeding, mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F). 1, Mot all dictionaries contain the ease information. 2. Unabridged dictionari: are very detailed. 3. Most people use ussbridged dictionaries. 4. An abridged dictionary is all that most people need. 5. Dictionaries can also be called lexicons. 6. The oldest word list in existence was compiled during the 19th century. 7, Barly dictionaries vere usually written by individuals. 8. All dictionaries include rules of grammer. 9, There are ao foreign words in an English dictionary. 4 10. Modern dictiosaries are compiled by specialists. 3-31. 1. 2. Many nurses have been called A circle has no : Wes be after the eccideat? Let your be your guide. It isa to celebrate this holiday with fireworks. She wes in charge of all the for the play. formally, formerly Be was bead coach of a team in the Midwest. You will be _- introduced to all the employees at the mesting. 3S1, Rveryone preferred the ,, @uggestion to the former. 2. By the Cine be finished the work it wes : then ‘be thought. 1. We with all requirements before being allowed to eater the base. 2. me all of his notes before be begen writing kis book. Of the sentences or paragraphs end the caly plece to obtain the mesnings is by looking in the dictionary. To give you practice in looking up enusual » wee your dictionary te help you fied the mesaing of the Australie Japan Ragland 2. Om whst would you find frete? acar a house a geiter 3. Where could you see « comet? at the theater in the oty ° ewe tare 4. Qlavieles ares... bones mute and bolts wires 5S. Me was watching « mallerd. 0 plese a dock amenA 10. ue 12. What do you do with compost? teach with ic wear it What do you do with « scone? eat it wash it What would you use « dibble for? planting driving Were would you see an atoll? in the mountains on the plaice Your sdenoids are.... in your coat by your house Where would you use « metronome? driving « truck practicing on « piano What would you carry in « ewer? water vegetables 3-7 put it on the soil wear it washing in the ocean in your throat turning on « lemp clothesCONTEXT CLUES Unit & InTRopUCTION Béfective reading requires the use of various problem-solving skills. For example, it is impossible for you to know the exact meaning of every word you read, But, by developing your guessing ability, you might be able to compre- hend the broad meaning of « word in « sentence, paragraph, or ay. To achieve this, you will use context cl “Context” refers to the parte of a sentence or peragragh immediately cet to or surrounding a specific word. “Clues” help solve problems. There are many kinds of clues. One kind is a Sremmatical type clue. For example, the article "a" or "the" signals that a noun will follow. Another type of clue is that given by prefixes or suffixes. Stall another type of clue ie the context clue that involves wore than a word ‘or phrase. To help you improve your ability to gue keep the following in mind: at the meaning of unfamiliar words, 1. Satisfy yourself with @ generel idea about the unfamiliar word; an exact synonym or definition is not always necessary. 2. Use the meanings of the other words in the sentence (or paragraph) and the meaning of the sentence as a whole to reduce the number of possible meanings. 3. Use punctuation and grammar clues which point out the relationships asong the various parte of the sentence. EXERCISE I Read the following sentences. Try to guess at the meaning of the underlined worde from context clues. Then rewrite the sentence in your ovn words. umber 1 18 an example. 1. The facade of the White House faces Pennsylvania Avenue. Here the President receives important visitors on the front lawn. If the facade of the White House faces the etreet, then "facade" weans “Eront.* Rewritten: The front of the White House faces Pennsylvania Avenue. a12. While in London, I had a car accident that was my fault. I had to employ a barrister to speak for me in the courtroom. 3. Thad driven around the block five times looking for a parking space for ty car, Finally, a motorcycle pulled out. I had to maneuver ey car into the space very carefully. 4. It's mot easy to translate poetry and stories. It takes a lot of study at the university level to become « good translator. In fact, two scholars worked on the translation of thie emall book of poems. What is a scholar? 5. John and his brothers all went to the sawe military scedemy. This academy 1s considered a prestige school because of its high standards of education and because of the outstanding quality of ite graduates. What is a prestige school? 6. When the Navy was ready to launch the newest aircraft carrier, they ated the Governor and his wife to the ceremony. The launching took pla at a shipyard in Virginia.EXERCISE IT Without using your dictionary, select the word or phrase thet correctly completes each of the following sentences. Use the context clues provided in each sentenc 1. The party was a disaster--too many people and not enough food. & suc be a failure ¢. postponed 2. He carried a lot of paraphernalia: a camera, s recorder, two flashlights, He had @ lot of 9 and some sandwiche: a. equipment b. groceries c. tapes 3. The man was rotund, His face was round and he weighed over 300 pounds. The man was very : fat thin c. tired 4. He was antagonistic toward everybody in his office. Nothing pleased hia. He everything and everybody. a. disagreed with b. agreed with c+ put up with 5. We had to forfeit the last basketball game. We needed five players but oaly three showed up. We the game. a. von be lost c. played 4-3‘HOMEWORK YOR UNIT 4 ‘ane, EXERCISE I Fill in @ word for each blank inthe following. sentences. Deteruine the word you need by using context clues. Write the word that is eppropriate in terms of grammar end mesaing. REAMPLE: Sgt Allen got @ now | for his birthday. It's « red two-door sporte model, with white interior end bucket seats. ‘The answer is "car." ‘the context clues were “two-door,” “sports model,” end “pocket seate.” These clues describe only one thing, a car. 1, He needed to dry himself after he got out of the shower. 2, Put some more in your drink te make it colder. 3. Every evening, Robert reads the to find out what hes hep- pened in the world, . 4. Don't throw your banana peel on the fleor because somecne might and fall. 3. The metorcycle driver put on his te protect his heed. 6. The bread that just came out of the oven was very to the touch. 7. Lf yeu would like to eweeten your tea, put in some - 8. After the left reer blew out, I couldn't drive my car any further. 9. The Africes » unlike the Asian, hes a fletter head and larger ears with « wuch longer trunk end oualler tusks. 10. Unlike his brother, whe is very handsome man, Joba is quiteRXERCISS 11 Ak First, skim the following paragraph. ‘Then, as you reed it the second time, fill ip the missing words by using context clues, including gremar clues. 2 ictiqngries Dictionaries became common in Engiaid during the 16th aod 17th centuries. The introduction of the press stimulgted en interest books end learning. By {18th century dictionaries had significant changes. For the time lexicographers included femiliar words in their books. used earlier reference books, lists, obser- vation and personal as sources for their - as a result, dictionaries gradually expended their coverage of the language.BOTE-MAKING (on volcances) Unit 5 InTRopUCTION As you read the following peragraph on voleances, keep in mind the skills that you've learned so far: (2) scanning for general inforeation (2) using key vords end phrases (3) determining the main ideas 8 a valuable skill introduced in Unit 2402 of Volume This unit re-emphas: 2400, note-taking. In order to take effective notes, es you read, you must be alert to the mia ideas and be able to distinguish petween important sod unimportent material. As you begia to take notes regularly, you should develop your ovn system of aymbole and abbreviations. Whenever possible, you should underline the main pointe end even circle key words and phrases. It is aleo s good idea to look for transition words, phrases, ad sentences to help you recognise the conclu~ #100 of ove idea and the introduction of another. The following reading on "volcances” has cumbered paragraphs as vell as headings. ‘The headings will help you in ecanning the reading for wain ide ‘The numbers will help you in the note-making exercise. Read the paragraphs three times. The first time, sll you need to do ie scan for general information. Read a second time to pick out main ideas and key words and phrases. Then, go through the reading a third tiee to-make note: Write your notes on page 4 of this unit. 5-11. What is a volcano? A volcano is an opening in the earth's surface from vhich hot molten rock and gases may be expelled. Another name for the hot molten rock is lava. Basically there are two kinds of volcanoes - the leva dome volcano and the composite volcano. 2. Lava dome volcanoes. The lava dome volceno is a mountain formed by a series of lava eruptions. As @ volcano grows, the lava may flow from the sides of the volcano mountaia well as from the central opening. When lave eruptions 20 longer come through the ceatrsl opening or vent, the volcano stops increasing in height. Instead, At imcreases in diameter. Sometimes closely spaced dome volcances may unite. An example of such a union is the island of Hawaii. Five huge lava domes united to form the island of Havaii. 3. Composite volcanoes. Composite volcanoes are generally much higher, formed by rock fragments and lava, It ie not unusual to see composite volcences rise 10,000 feet above their ba This type of volcano is usually symmetrical and it al or depression at the top. An exemple of « composite volcano Japan or Mt. Vesuvius in Italy.4, Why do volcanoes erupt? There is no single answer to this question. Studies of active and dead volce~ noes indicate that volcamic activity has taken place over the past three billion years. Geologists know that there are some reservoirs of molten rock at approximately 20 miles below the earth's crust. But no one has yet been able to explain how this molten rock gets ther: however, that Pressure changes connected with the formation of mountains could trigger frac~ tures in the earth's surface. These fractures could then allow the hot liquified rock to force its way to the surface. Aided by gases released by the molten rock, the macs is then pushed through the vents and down the slopes of the volcanic mountain. 5. Inactive volcanoes. When a volcano has been inactive for « long time and its vent seems to be closed, it is said to be extinct. When its activity is oaly temporerily suspended, it is said to be dormant. It is often difficult to tell whether « volcano is extinct or only dormant. Mt. Vesuvius was thought to be an extinct voleano until it erupted in A.D, 79. ‘This eruption proved that only the upper end of the vent had solidified. When the pressure below the surface built up, it blew out the top like a cork. When volcanoes become extinct, their craters fill up with water. Rain water filled up Crater Lake in south This lake, situated in an area of ancient volcanic activity, diameter, 26 miles in circumference, and 1,932 feet deep at its deepest point, 6. Volcanic destructive power. The destructive power of volcanic action is the result of the leva flow, falling rock, and ash. Usually, the lave flow is slow and moves a relatively short distance before it congeals. The solid matter, however, way be more destructive than the lava. It was the combination of falling rock and ash that buried the city of Pompeii and many of its inhabitente in 79 A.D. In the volcanic eruption of 1883 on Krakatau, bits of pumice end dust were sent up anto the air for a distance of 20 miles. Some of this dust was carried around the earth by currents in the upper air. 7. A new volcano, ‘The Mexican volcano Paricutin, 200 air miles west of Mexico City, is unique as the first in history to come under scientific observation almost from the moment of ite birth. On the afternoon of February 20, 1943, a farmer was plowing his cornfield when he sav @ spiral of steam coming from a small depression, That night thunderous explosions rocked the countryside. By morning, the volcano had built up @ cone more than 50 feet high. The eruption deposited cinders, ash, and boubs of solid rock at a rate of 2,700 tons a minute. Within 6 months the cone was 1,000 feet high. Lava first appeared in the crater 4 months later. It did aot flow over the lip but burst out of the sides of the cone. At the end of its first year Paricutia was about 1500 feet high and still growing. Ite lava flow hed covered two villages, and ash and ges had destroyed all vegetation within a radius of 20 miles. Thi people liviag in the villages had to mov homes. More than 8,000 people had to be evacuated from the area activity continued for nine years, until 1958. ‘Then it became dormant. 5-38. What makes volcanoes active or inactive? Voleano activity is unpredictable. Volcanoes are born and volcanoes die, but geologists still know relatively little about what triggers activity or inactivity. NOTES:NOTES AND QUESTIONS Here are examples of note-taking on paragraphs 1 and 2. They ay be different from the notes you have taken; no two note-takers produce exactly the same notes. It is important, however, to have the-necessary note tnformetion to ansver the questions. Paragraph 1. What is a volcano? opening in earth's surfece ~ molten'rock, gases expelled lava ~ molten rock 2 kinds ~ lava dome and composite Based on the notes, auswer the following questions. 1. What is a volcano? SS 2. what 1s lava? SS 3. What are the 2 basic types of volcances? ooo Paragraph 2. Lava dowe volcances. foreed: series of eruptions central opening not in height domes grow together 5 lave domes formed Hevaii Questions 1. How is a leva dose volcano formed? SS 2. Do you think lava dome volcances are extremely high? i 3. How was the island of Hawaii formed? —_— 5-5Paragraph 3: Composite volcances. Check your notes. Questions le 3. Do you think composite velcances are higher than leva dose volcances? — What is the height of « typical composite volcano? —_——— Give an example of « composite volcano. ee Paragcaph 4. Why do volcances erupt? Check your notes. ‘Questions le 2. 3. For how long @ period of time has volcanic activity taken place? — Where are the reservoirs of molten rock found? ee EEEEETEE How do geologists explain volcanic activity? —_—_ What causes fractures to appear in the earth's surfaces? —_— —_— Paragraph 5. Inactive volcances. Check your notes. Questions 1 2. What is the difference between an extinct volcano and a dormant oneT —— ———— Can seeaingly extinct volcances become active? Can you give an example? Se 564. How are crater lakes formed? How deep is Crater Lake in Oregon? Paragraph 6. Volcanic destructive power. Questions Which ie more destructive, the lave or the falling rock? What heppened in 79 A.D.? As a result of the eruption in Krakateu, how far did the volcanic dust travel? Paragraph 7. A new volcano. Paragraph 8. What mskes volcances active or inactive? Questions Te Ss When wae Paricutin Volcano born? Where is this volcano located? How high was the volcano after the first 6 moaths of activity? Bow high was the volcano at the end of the first year of activity? ‘Whaat happened to the people who lived in the ares of volcanic activity? 5-76. What 18 thg status of Paricutia today? Can geologists predict when volcanoes become active or inactive? ne a 5-8HOMEWORK FOR UNIT 5 Name Use the following notes to write @ paragraph or paragraphs about gun safety. Hunting Accidente—~ Hunters not familier with fundamentals Guns not treated with respect Safety Rules for Handling Fireares Think of every gun as loaded. Keep barrel clear of obstructions. Control direction of muzzle. Be sure of target. Unload gun when not in use. Store guns and ammunition safely. Don't drink alcoholic beverages. Never shoot at vater. Never climb a tree. Wear bright colored clothing. 5-9WOTE-TARING FROM A LECTURE Unit'6 Just a8 important as the ability to read and take notes on the reading. is the ability to teke notes from vhat you hear. Information will be presented im lectures, speeches, and discussione as well ae in textbooks, Each instructor's manner of speaking and presentation vill differ. after sevetal lectures you will become familiar with these indi- vidual characteristics and be able to adjust your note-taking techaiques to thes. i explain... . eribe. . . talk about... . define... . Let me first In the first place... . Another reason... . reason... An additional | cause... . explanation... . development... . However... Although... . Therefore... . Ae acesult of... Consequently... . Let we repeat... . In summary 2... In conclusion... . Briefly then... . For all these reasons... . Let me review quickly... . 6-1Wow listen to a short lecture on "Clocks end-Watche: notes. As you listen, take Listen for the "introducing" words that signal the main points. Remeber, this is not a dictation. Your notes should include the main pointe only. Omit articles. Use abbreviations whenever possible. Leave plesty of space so that you can add to your notes when you review and rewrite thes later. 6-2WOTRS: CLOCKS AND WATCHESRXERCISE I Look over the actes that you have taken on "Clocks snd Watch motesaeking questions of your instructor es nec SXEECISE IL Read each of che statements below. Refer to your notes to determine if each one is true (T) or false (F) and circle the correct letter. T F 1. Primitive people did not measure time. T F 2. Hour glasses were used in the Middle ages. TY 3. Hour glasses are extremely accurate for telling tine. T F 4. The first electrical clocks were built in 1840. TF 5. The first clocks were made in Germany. T F 6. The U.8. produces more watches than any other country. TF 7. Modern watchwaking combines hand-workuanship and mass production. T F 8, Making a watch is a very simple process, TF 9. Big Ben's diale are 23 feet in diameter. T F 10. A large watch is alvays more accurate than a saall coe.HOMEWORK FOR UNIT 6 Name EXERCISE I ’ Listea to any of the 5:30 National News Programs on TV, and take notes. Be sure to make a note of the TV channel you watched. The order of the news pre- sentation will be differeat on the three major networks. The important thing, however, is the taking of notes on the oewsc: Write your notes on this page. 6-5BXERCISE IL Review your notes on "Clocks and Watches!" and re-write them on this page Then, from your notes write a paragraph on the subject of "Clocks and Watches."