CIVIL ENGINEERING

Civil engineering deals with all aspects of public and private civic infrastructure.
Civil engineers oversee and take part in the planning, construction, and upkeep of
structures and systems, such as:

 Dams
 Roads
 Buildings
 Railways

Most of the time, civil engineering focuses solely on human-made structures, but it
occasionally overlaps with the natural world of environmental engineering.

As a branch of science-forward engineering, civil engineering is more concerned with

the functionality of a project than its aesthetic value. That’s not to say that civil engineers
don’t design beautiful bridges or awe-inspiring airports; rather, the emphasis is on creating
something that works.

ARCHITECTURE

Architecture is a blend of art and science that relates more specifically to the design
of buildings. Whether it's a residential, commercial, or industrial structure, an architect had
a hand in envisioning the project alongside their client.

In contrast with civil engineering, the field of architecture tends to focus more closely on
the aesthetic aspect of a structure (though, of course, adhering to building codes and safety
practices are essential parts of the role). Architects are also more likely to work in an
office, where they typically handle responsibilities like:

 Calculating project costs and estimating construction time

 Drawing building plans (by hand or using computer software)
 Negotiating contracts
 Choosing contractors
Surveying:
Surveying, the first step of starting a new civil engineering project, is a very
important branch of civil engineering
Surveying is the technique of determining the relative position of different features
on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements
and finally representing them on a sheet of paper known as plan or map.

Concrete:
An artificial stone-like mass is the composite material that is created by mixing
binding material (cement or lime) along with the aggregate (sand, gravel, stone, brick
chips, etc.), water, admixtures, etc in specific proportions. The strength and quality are
dependent on the mixing proportions.

Fresh concrete has many applications and can be cast into circles, rectangles, squares
and more. It can also be used for staircases, columns, doors, beams, lentils and other
familiar structures. Concrete is made in different grades, including normal, standard and
high-strength grades. These grades indicate how strong the concrete is and how it will be
used in construction.

RCC Beam:

Reinforced Cement Concrete Beam is subjected to bending moments and shear. Due
to the vertical external load, bending compresses the top fibers of the beam and elongates
the bottom fibers. The strength of R.C.C Beam depends on the composite action of
concrete and steels.

Beams:

Beam is the horizontal member of a structure, carrying transverse loads. Beam is

rectangular in cross-section. Beam carry the floor slab or the roof slab, it transfer all the
loads including its self-weight to the columns or walls.
 Types of Beams:
The different types of beams are:

1- Cantilever Beam:

It is fixed in a wall or column at one end the other end is free, it is called cantilever beam.
It has tension zone in the top side and compression zone in the bottom side.

2- Simply Supported Beam:

It is a beam supported freely at the two ends on walls or columns. In actual practice, no
beam rests freely on the
supports (walls or columns).

3- Overhanging beam:
In overhanging beam, its end extends
beyond the wall or column support.
Overhanging of the beam is the
unsupported portion of the beam. It may be one side or both the sides of the support.
 4- Fixed Beam:
In this beam, both ends of the beam are rigidly fixed into the supports. Also, Main
reinforcement bars and stirrups are provided.

5- Continuous Beam:
It is supported on more than two supports. This beam is more economical for any span
lengths.

Columns:
Column is a vertical structural member. It transmits the load from ceiling/roof slab and
beam, including its self-weight to the foundation.
Columns may be subjected to a pure compressive load. R.C.C. Columns are the most
widely used now-a-days.
Types of Columns:
- Long Column or Slender.
- Short Column.
- Intermediate Column.
Lintels:
Lintel is a short beam with its ends built into a wall. It is a horizontal structural member
placed over small openings of the wall for door, window, ventilator, cupboard, etc.
 Classification of Lintels:
 Timber Lintel.
 Stone Lintel.
 Brick Lintels.
 Steel Lintels.
 R.C.C Lintels.

Superstructure:
Superstructure of a building is the portion of the structure above the foundation. It
provides the necessary utility of the building with comfort, structural safety, ventilation,
etc.
Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area,
and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and
firms to function. Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical structures such
as roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, and
telecommunications (including Internet connectivity and broadband access). In general,
infrastructure has been defined as "the physical components of interrelated systems
providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living
conditions" and maintain the surrounding environment.
Bridge:
Bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as body of water, valley,
road, designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, nature of the terrain
where the bridge is constructed, the material used to make it and available to build it.
Types of bridges:
1. Arch Bridge
2. Beam Bridge
3. Cantilever Bridge
4. Suspension Bridge
5. Cable-Stayed Bridge
6. Tied-Arch Bridge
7. Truss Bridge
 Dams:
Dam, structure built across a stream, a river, or an estuary to retain water. Dams are
built to provide water for human consumption, for irrigating arid and semiarid lands, or for
use in industrial processes. They are used to increase the amount of water available for
generating hydroelectric power, to reduce peak discharge of floodwater created by large
storms or heavy snowmelt, or to increase the depth of water in a river in order to improve
navigation and allow barges and ships to travel more easily. Dams can also provide a lake
for recreational activities such as swimming, boating, and fishing. Many dams are built for
more than one purpose; for example, water in a single reservoir can be used for fishing, to
generate hydroelectric power, and to support an irrigation system. Water-control structures
of this type are often designated multipurpose dams.

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