GEOGRAPHY

H.C.G. - Paper-2
(Two Hours)
(2017)

Attempt seven questions in all.

Part I is compulsory. All questions from Part I are to be attempted.
A total of five questions are to be attempted from Part II.
The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets.

PART I (30 Marks)

Attempt all questions from this Part

Question 1
Study the extract of Survey of India Map Sheet No. 45D/10 and answer the following questions:
a) Give the six figure grid reference for: (2)
i. The highest point in this map extract.
Ans. Six figure grid reference for the highest point in this map extract is 087065 / 088065
/ 087066 / 088066.
ii. Surveyed tree north of Rampura Khera.
Ans. Six figure grid reference for the surveyed tree north of Rampura Khera is 072074 /
073074 / 072075 / 073075.
b) On which bank of Sukli Nadi lies : (2)
i. Butri ii. Padrugarh
Ans. i. Butri lies on the left bank of the Sukli Nadi.
ii. Padrugarh lies on the right bank of the Sukli Nadi.
c) Differentiate between the drainage pattern shown in grid square : (2)
i. 0704 ii. 0705
Ans. i. 0704 has a Trellised / Rectangular drainage.
ii. 0705 has a Radial drainage pattern.
d) The region in this map extract receives seasonal rainfall. Give two reasons for your
answer. (2)
Ans. The presence of seasonal streams /seasonal tank / cart tracks motorable in the dry
season / broken ground / narrow perennial water channel in a dry bed / cart tracks crossing
streams / dry river beds / causeways indicate seasonal rainfall in this region.
e) Calculate the distance in kms between settlement Bhatana and Makawal along the cart
track. (2)
Ans. The distance in kms between settlement Bhatana and Makawal along the cart track is
4 kms to 5.5 kms.
f) State the compass direction of the following : (2)
i. Dattani from Marol. ii. Dhavli from Makawal
Ans. The compass direction of Dattani from Marol is South East / East South East.
ii.The compass direction of Dhavli from Makawal is North East
.
g) i. Mention a social activity of people living in Marol. (2)
Ans. A social activity of the people living in Marol is a monthly fair here, which indicates
the practice of trading also.
ii. What is the main occupation of the people living in this region?
Ans. The main occupation of the people living in this region is agriculture /cultivation /
farming..
h) What do you understand by: (2)
i. The black broken line in 0807
Ans. The black broken line in 0807 indicates the presence of a disappearing / undefined /
intermittent / ephemeral drainage pattern.
ii. The vertical black line close to easting 10.
Ans. The vertical black line close to easting 10 is the 72°35’E longitude / meridian.
i) What is the main source of water supply to Bhatana? Give a reason for your answer.(2)
Ans. The main source of water supply to Bhatana is perennial lined wells since all other
sources are seasonal. Blue dots scattered all over the map extract symbolize the presence
of perennial lined wells.
j). i. Name one natural feature in the grid square 0905. (2)
Ans. Natural features in the grid square 0905 are broken ground /isolated hillocks / seasonal
streams / flat or even land / undulating land / rocky slopes.
ii. Identify one manmade feature in the grid square 1003.
Ans. Manmade features in the grid square 1003 are post office / temple / permanent huts/
settlement / cart track / seasonal tank / seasonal tank with embankment / perennial lined well
Chhatri / unlined wells.

Question 2
On an outline map of India provided:
a) Draw and name the Tropic of Cancer. (1)
b) Label the river Godavari. (1)
c) Mark and name the Garo Hills. (1)
d) Mark C on the coal fields in Jharia. (1)
e) Mark with an arrow and name the NE monsoon over the Bay of Bengal. (1)
f) Shade and name the Gulf of Kutch. (1)
g) Shade and name the coastal plain that receives rainfall in October-November. (1)
h) Mark with a dot and name Delhi. (1)
i) Shade a region with Black Cotton Soil. (1)
j) Use an arrow to point at a densely populated state in South India. (1)
 PART II (50 Marks)
Question 3
a) Mention the four seasons that prevail in India stating the month for each.. (2)
Ans. The four seasons in India are :
i. Winter / Cold weather season extending from December to February.
ii. Summer / Hot weather season extending from March to May.
iii.Advancing / South West Monsoon / Rainy season extending from June to September.
iv. Retreating Monsoon season extending from October to November.
b) State the agricultural benefits derived from : (2)
i. The Westerly Depressions in Punjab.
Ans. Westerly Depressions in Punjab benefit the cultivation of wheat, barley, gram, pulses,
mustard / Rabi crops.
ii. The Kalbaisakhi in Assam.
Ans. The Kalbaisakhi in Assam benefit the cultivation of tea, rice and jute.
c) Give a reason for each of the following:- (3)
(i) Kolkata receives heavier rain than Lucknow.
Ans. Kolkata is situated in the lower Ganga valley and Lucknow is located in the upper Ganga
valley. The Bay of Bengal branch of the south west monsoons is exhausted as it blows up the
Ganga Plain from the south east to the north west. Therefore Kolkata receives heavier rainfall
than Lucknow since it comes in the path of the winds before Lucknow does.
(ii) The summer monsoon winds blow over the Arabian sea from the southwest.
Ans. The south east trade winds become south westerly when they get deflected to the right of
their path, after crossing the equator due to the Coriolis force of earth’s rotation.
(iii) Thar is a desert.
Ans. The Arabian sea branch of the south west monsoons blows parallel to the Aravallis which
fail to intercept them causing no rain.
The Bay of Bengal branch of the south west monsoons is totally exhausted by the time it
reaches the leeward side of the Aravallis causing no rain.
Very high temperature prevailing over Rajasthan creates a thermal low, which prevents the
saturation of the air mass over Rajasthan, causing no rain.
d) Study the climatic data given below and answer the questions that follow: (3)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Temperatur 12.0 25.5 26.3 27.1 30.0 36.2 36.0 35.9 30.3 28.4 21.0 16.6
e
°C
Rainfall 1.5 0.1 0.0 1.4 1.1 21.0 25.3 27.2 24.0 9.4 1.5 0.4
cms
(i) What is the annual range of temperature of the station? .
Ans. The annual range of temperature of the station is 24.2°C
(ii) What is the total annual rainfall experienced by the station?
Ans. The annual rainfall experienced by the station is 112.9cms
(iii) Why would it be correct to presume that the station lies in the interior and not on the coast?
 Ans. It will be correct to presume that the station lies in the interior as the annual range of
temperature is very high ie. 24.2°C generally found in areas having a continental location.

Question 4
a) Mention two differences between alluvial soil and black soil. (2)
Ans.
Alluvial Soil Black soil
Transported Exsitu / soil Residual / Sedentary soil / Insitu Soil
Light / Yellow coloured Dark / Black coloured
Loamy, though its texture varies Clayey and fine textured
Formed by deposition of disintegrated Formed by the disintegration of solidified
material brought down by rivers. lava /volcanic rocks.
b) Name an area in India in which each of the following processes take place. (2)
i. Sheet Erosion ii. Gully Erosion
Ans. Sheet Erosion takes place in the flood plains of the Ganga, Brahamaputra, Damodar,
Kosi, Nilgiris / Chos of Punjab / Hilly areas / North Eastern Hills / Southern slopes of the
Himalayas.
ii. Gully Erosion takes place in the Chambal Valley / Sabarmati Valley / Mahi Valley
c) What is soil conservation? State a method of soil conservation in the: (3)
i. Arid and Semi-Arid region. ii. River Valleys prone to flood.
Ans. Soil conservation is the effort made by man to prevent soil erosion and soil
degradation and retain its fertility.
i Methods of soil conservation in the arid and semi-arid region: Afforestation / Planting
Shelter Belts / Reafforestation.
ii.Methods of soil conservation in the river valleys prone to flood: Gully Plugging /
building Check Dams / Constructing Dams and Barrages.
d) Name the soil which: (3)
(i) is good for cultivation of sugarcane.
Ans. Alluvial soil / Black Soil is good for the cultivation of sugarcane.
(ii) Is acidic in nature.
Ans. Acidic soil / Laterite soil / Red soil is acidic in nature.
(iii) occurs exsitu.
Ans. Alluvial soil occurs exsitu.

Question 5
a) How do trees in the Tropical desert forests adapt themselves to the dry climate. (2)
Ans. Trees in the Tropical desert forests adapt themselves to the dry climate as they have
long roots, small leaves, hard thorns or sharp spines / xerophytic in nature / fibrous radial
roots / fleshy succulent stems / waxy leaves.
b) Name the tree as per its characteristics given below: (2)
i. The wood is hard and suitable for shipbuilding.
Ans. Teak / Chaplas / Sal are suitable for shipbuilding.
ii. The stilt roots are under water during high tide.
Ans. Sundari / Hintal / Gorjan / Garan / Keora have stilt roots which are under water
 during high tide.
c) Explain why the forest cover in India is shrinking. (3)
Ans. The forest cover in India is shrinking due to : increase in population / urban sprawl /
deforestation due to increase in the demand for forest products and agricultural land /
industrialization / over grazing / setting up of large river valley projects / forest fires /
faulty agricultural practices like shifting agriculture etc.
d) Name the natural vegetation found in the following regions: (3)
i. The western slopes of the Western Ghats. ii. The Nilgiris iii. Western Rajasthan
Ans. i. Tropical Evergreen Forests / Rainforests are found on the western slopes of the
Western Ghats.
ii. Mixed / Montane / Tropical Deciduous / Mountain forests are found on the Nilgiris.
iii.Desert and Semi Desert / Thorn and Scrub forests are found in Western Rajasthan.

Question 6
a) Give a reason for the significance of irrigation in: i. Punjab ii. Rajasthan (2)
Ans. i. In Punjab rainfall is uncertain, and varies over space and time / rainfall is seasonal /
water is needed for Rabi crops (winter) / the region is agriculturally rich / introduction of
Green Revolution Measures / large tracts of fertile land / limited winter rain.
ii. Western Rajasthan receives less than 25cms of rainfall / scanty rainfall.
b) Name a state where: (2)
i. Tube wells are common. ii. Tank irrigation is popular.
Ans. i.Tube wells are common in UP / Bihar / Punjab/ Haryana / Rajasthan / West Bengal.
ii. Tank irrigation is popular in Tamil Nadu / Andhra Pradesh / Karnataka / Telengana.
c) Give one geographical reason for each of the following: (3)
i. Sprinkler irrigation is practised in arid and semi arid regions.
Ans. Sprinkler irrigation is practised in arid and semi arid regions as there is no loss of
water through evaporation since water is supplied through pipes. Therefore, there is
minimum wastage. There is even distribution of water and it thus conserves water.
It is economic also.
ii. A tube well should be installed in a fertile and productive land.
Ans. A tube well should be installed in a fertile and productive land so that the cost of
construction and operation of the tube well may be recovered from increased farm
production / It can be installed at the farm itself as it occupies less space / It is a permanent
or perennial source of water and free from pollution.
iii. Canal irrigation is more suitable in the Northern Plains.
Ans. Canal irrigation is more suitable in the Northern Plains since there are many perennial
rivers from which they can draw water / presence of soft alluvial soil helps in the
construction of canals / Level land facilitates easy drainage.
d) Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow: (3)
 i. Name the activity shown in the diagram.
Ans. The activity shown in the diagram is Rainwater harvesting / Ground water recharge /
Rooftop rainwater harvesting.
ii. Give two objectives of the activity named in (d) (i).
Ans.iii. Objectives of rainwater harvesting are: to meet the increasing demand for water /
to reduce surface runoff / to avoid flooding roads / to raise the ground water level / to
improve the quality of ground water / to reduce ground water pollution / to reduce soil
erosion / to supplement household requirements of water during the hot, dry summers.

Question 7
a) Give the names of four important types of iron ore found in India. (2)
Ans. Four important types of iron ore found in India are Magnetite, haematite, Limonite
And Siderite.
b) Name the following: (2)
i. An offshore oil field in the Gulf of Cambay.
Ans. An offshore oil field in the Gulf of Cambay is Aliabet / Hira
ii. An oil refinery in Bihar
Ans. An oil refinery in Bihar is Barauni
c) i. Name the state that produce large amount of limestone : (3)
Ans. The states that produce large amount of limestone are Madhya Pradesh / Orissa
/ Gujarat / Andhra Pradesh / Tamil Nadu / Jharkhand / Chhatisgarh .
ii. State two uses of limestone.
Ans. Limestone is used in the manufacture of Iron & Steel/Cement/Glass/Fertilizers/Tiles
/Paper/Plastics/Paints
d) State an important industrial use of: (3)
i. Manganese
Ans. Manganese is used to impart strength and durability to steel. Manufacture bleaching
powder, insecticides, black enamel, medicines, ferro alloys, used in chemical, electrical
and glass industries
ii. Coal.
Ans. Coal is used in large amounts in making Steel/Cement/Glass/Fertilizers/Tiles
iii.Aluminium.
Ans. Aluminium is used to manufacture aircrafts, electric wires, utensils, electrical goods,
headlights, reflectors telescopes, automobiles & railway wagons.

Question 8
 a) What is Mixed farming? Mention one benefit of Mixed farming. (2)
Ans. Mixed farming is the cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock on the same farm.
b) Give the geographical requirements for the cultivation of sugarcane. (2)
Ans. The geographical requirements for the cultivation of sugarcane are : i. 20°C-30°C
temperature ii.75cms-200cms of rainfall iii. Well drained alluvial or black soil.
c) Explain the following terms and name the crop with which each is associated : - (3)
i. Retting.
Ans. . A microbiological process, which facilitates the stripping of the jute fiber from
the stalk by loosening it when it is immersed in fresh running water for some time.
ii. Ratooning.
Ans. Ratooning is the cultivation of sugarcane from the root stock of the cane left intact
in the soil after the cane has been harvested.
iii.Ginning.
Ans. Ginning is the separation of the cotton seeds & the fiber from the raw material /lint
d) Give geographical reasons for the following : - (3)
i. Regular pruning is essential for the tea bushes.
Ans. Regular pruning is essential for the tea bushes as it helps in growing of new
shoots bearing softer leaves in plenty / helps lateral growth / facilitates easy plucking.
ii. Coffee beans are roasted.
Ans. Roasting of coffee beans gives it, its characteristic aroma, taste, colour and flavor.
iii. Millets are known as dry crops.
Ans. Millets are known as dry crops as they are heat and drought resistant / they are
hardy crops / they can grow in areas of scanty rainfall, poor soils and adverse climatic
conditions.
.
Question 9
a) i. Differentiate between Mineral-based industry and Agro-based industry giving one
example for each. (2)
Ans. A mineral based industry derives its raw material from mining ex. iron and steel,
cement, ship building whereas agro based industry derives its raw material from
agriculture ex. sugar / cotton / jute.
b) Though Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of mills. Yet, Maharashtra is the largest
producer of sugar (2)
Ans. Maharashtra is the largest producer of sugar because the geographical conditions in
the south are more suitable for growing sugarcane; 20°C-30°C temperature, 75cms –
200cms of rainfall, absence of frost and loo, presence of onshore maritime winds,
moisture retentive black soil and well planned large land holdings / Longer crushing / mills
are near the plantations so there is no loss of sucrose in transit and the cost of production is
low / Mills are better managed in the cooperative sector / sugar lobby is responsible for
large capital investment encouraging the farmers to grow sugarcane / new technology.
c) Give a geographic term for each of the following: (3)
i. Non Mulberry silk produced in Madhya Pradesh.
Ans. Non Mulberry silk produced in Madhya Pradesh is Tussar / Eri / Muga
ii. Rejected cane after crushing.
 Ans. Rejected cane after crushing is known as the Oilcake
iii. The rearing of silkworms to obtain silk.
Ans. The rearing of silkworms to obtain silk is Sericulture.
d) With reference to the cotton textile industry answer the following questions: (3)
i. Give two reasons why Mumbai is an important cotton textile industry.
Ans. Mumbai is an important cotton textile industry due the following factors:
easy availability of cotton from the Deccan Trap ( Black Soil) region of Maharashtra /
humid climate facilitates the spinning of cotton yarn / availability of cheap HEP from
the torrential stream flowing down the western ghats / Mumbai port provides export and
import facility / tropical climate gives rise to a ready market for cotton fabric / skilled
and unskilled labour is easily available from the surrounding states / is well connected
with the hinterland by roads and railways / abundant supply of soft water for dyeing and
bleaching / easy availability of credit and banking facilities.
ii. Mention two more important centres of the cotton textile industry in India. (3)
Ans. Important centres of the cotton textile industry in India are Ahmedabad / Surat /
Bhavnagar / Kanpur / Coimbatore / Madurai / Salem / Kolkata / Sholapur / Kohlapur/
Pune / Nagpur / Aurangabad / Jalgaon / Rajkot / Morvi / Porbundar / Tirunelveli /
Tiruchirapalli / Tuticorin / Ramanathpuram / Lucknow.

Question 10
a) ‘The iron and steel industry constitutes the backbone of modern industrial economy.’
Give two reasons to justify the statement. (2)
Ans. The iron and steel industry constitutes the backbone of modern industrial economy
because it supplies necessary machinery for production of other goods / railways tracks,
engines, ships, bridges, armaments, water pipes, sewage covers, motors, infrastructural
necessities in airports and seaports are all made of iron and steel / it supports agriculture,
fertilizer and cement industries.
b) i. Name an iron and steel industry set up in Orissa with the help of a famous German
firm. (2)
Ans. The iron and steel industry set up in Orissa with the help of a famous
German
firm is the Rourkela Steel Plant.
ii. From where does the industry named in b (i) get its iron ore and manganese.
Ans. The Rourkela Steel Plant gets its supply of iron ore from Bonaigarh / Mayurbhanj /
Keonjhar / Noamundi / Sundergarh and its supply of Manganese from Noamundi /
Keonjhar / Sundergarh / Barajamda.
c) Name a manufacturing centre for each of the following: ( 3)
i. Aircraft ii. HMT iii. Railway coaches
Ans. i. Aircrafts are manufactured at Bangalore / Nasik / Koraput / Hyderabad / Kanpur.
Ans. ii.HMT plants are located at Bangalore / Hyderabad / Srinagar / Ajmer / Ranchi /
Secunderabad / Kalamassery.
Ans. iii.Railway coaches are manufactured at Chennai / Kapurthala / Pinjor / Perambur.
d) Name two products each of the following industries: (3)
i. Petrochemical industry ii. Heavy Engineering Industry iii. Electronic Industry
 Ans. i. Plastics / Insecticides / Synthetic Fibres / Synthetic Rubber / PVC / Polythehe/
Polyester / Nylon / Dacron / Terelene are some products of the petrochemical industry.
ii. Ships / Aircrafts / Automobiles / Machinery / Steel Plants / Locomotives are some of
the products of the heavy engineering industry.
iii. Computers / Television Sets / Audio systems / Cellphones / Telephones / Switches /
Radios / Teleprinters / Transmission Systems / Testing Instruments / Components are
some products of the Electronic industry.

Question 11
a) i. Mention two reasons why more people use railways rather than airways. (2)
Ans. Railways are cheaper, have a wider connectivity, are more comfortable, can carry
more tonnage and passengers, facilitates easier movement of bulky goods, connect
rural areas to cities. Whereas, airways are expensive, not all places are connected by
airways, and they do not allow passengers to carry much luggage.
b) i. Why is inland waterways declining in its importance? Give two reasons for your
answer. (3)
Ans. The importance of inland waterways declined since :
i. It is the slowest means of transport and is not as developed as road/ rail transport.
ii.Seasonal variation in the volume of water in rivers as well as silting of the rivers
due to deforestation affect their navigability adversely.
iii.Diversion of river water for irrigation reduces the volume of water in rivers.
iv. It provides access to limited areas.
v. Expansion of roadways and railways.
c) What do you mean by the following?
i. Sewage ii.Eutrophication iii Recycling (3)
i. Ans. Waste water discharged from domestic premises like residences, institutions,
and commercial establishments is known as sewage.
ii. Ans. Eutrophication is a type of water pollution. It is a depletion of oxygen from
the water bodies either through natural or due to human activities / This process
takes place due to introduction of nutrients and chemicals through discharge of
domestic sewage, waste from industries and from agricultural fields.
iii. Ans. Recycling or reuse involves the collection of used and discarded materials
and processing these materials and making them into new products / Converting
waste products into usable ones /Recovery of usable products from waste.
d) ) ‘Methane is an air pollutant that causes Greenhouse effect.’ Name three sources
of this gas. (2)
Ans. Methane comes from cattle sheds / swamps / coal mines / wetlands / paddy
fields / enteric fermentation / manure management / livestock raising / biomass
burning / biofuels / fossil fuel mining / decay of organic matter / land fills / oil and
natural gas fields / fossil fuel mining.
.

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