Curriculum development

Code: 8603

ASSIGNMENT (1)
ID : 0000319172
Name : Warda Mubeen
Tutor :
B.ed : 1st semester
Q. 1 define various concepts of curriculum. Write a comprehensive
note on Scope and need of curriculum.
Answer:

Concept of curriculum
Curriculum is a contested and frequently misunderstood concept. At a simple level, the
curriculum without a doubt approach a route of examine. The word is derived from the Latin
word that means ‘racecourse’ or ‘race’, and has come to mean a widespread path, conveying the
belief of going someplace in a predefined .

The time period curriculum refers back to the instructions and educational content material
taught in a school or in a specific path or program.

The concept of curriculum now and again characterised as fragmentary, elusive and confusion.
The definition is motivated by modes of mind, pedagogies, political as well as subculture studies.

 There are 7 common concepts of curriculum.

1.Scope and collection

2.Syllabus

3.content define

4.standards

5.Textbooks
6.route of study

7.learned reviews

CURRICULUM , old and new concepts, MECHANICS OF CURRICULUM making plans

In the beyond, the time period ”Curriculum” signified a path of studies accompanied through a
pupil in a teaching group. These days, it approach in preferred phrases, the contract among
society, the kingdom and academic professionals in regards to the academic activities that
rookies need to go through in the course of a certain phase of their lives to examine something
suited.

Consistent with Ronald Doll, curriculum is the formal and informal content and system with the
aid of which learners benefit knowledge and knowledge, expand skills, and regulate attitudes,
appreciations and values beneath the auspices of an educational organization. In different words,
curriculum may be defined as the entire experience. From this view factor, Curriculum isn’t
handiest the content selected and brought, but also the deliberate and unplanned activities
wherein people take part as college students.

A curriculum is the instructional and the educative programme by means of following which the
students attain their goals, ideals and aspirations of life. It’s far curriculum through which the
general aims of a college education receive concrete expression.

Traditional idea- The conventional curriculum changed into issue-focused even as the
contemporary curriculum is toddler and lifestyles-targeted.

Contemporary idea of CURRICULUM

Cutting-edge education is the mixture of dynamic approaches. The one is the process of
character improvement and the alternative is the technique of socialisation that’s generally
referred to as adjustment with the social surroundings.

 Scope of curriculum :
Notice that the problems raised in planning are related to the ones highlighted in curriculum idea.

Curriculum development

Curriculum development is the time period for all processes and activities related to curriculum
improvement. It’s miles hence a non-stop system of renewal and making plans of curriculum.
Implementation is setting into effect what has been deliberate.

It’s far the system of ensuring that the new curriculum and curriculum substances are made to be
had to all the faculties and institutions cantered by the curriculum improvement project.

According to Richards (2001) Curriculum development refers back to the “range of planning and
implementation procedures worried in developing or renewing a curriculum” (p. Forty one).
Many curriculum development textbooks gift the degrees of the curriculum improvement method
as follows:

 Needs evaluation or assessment

 Putting goals and targets
 Path employer
 Choosing and making ready teaching materials
 Evaluation

These steps can be various in step with the district or schooling entity and changed to meet the
wishes of the scholars and stakeholders.

Scope of curriculum :

The scope of curriculum studies encompasses the theory, planning, design, development,
implementation, and assessment of curriculum. Once the curriculum builders decide what’s to
gain knowledge of, who’s to learn, and who’s in control of what the content material of the
curriculum is, the process can proceed to the making plans and improvement degree. This is
followed by the implementation of the curriculum and its evaluation.
Curriculum studies include a diffusion of procedures inclusive of:

 Curriculum concept
 Curriculum planning
 Curriculum design
 Curriculum improvement
 Curriculum implementation
 Curriculum principle

Curriculum idea refers to a set of associated statements that provide that means to high school
curriculum by means of mentioning the relationships amongst its factors and directing its
improvement, its use, and its evaluation. It offers justification for practices in curriculum.

“what to educate”

“who’s taught”

Who controls its selection and distribution, and

Who gets taught what.

In other phrases, it’s miles a manner of seeing ‘matters’ or guiding principles for curriculum.

 Features of curriculum

To describe

To provide an explanation for

To are expecting

For that reason, curriculum theory provides educators with a important perspective about society
and its schools. For this reason, they describe and provide an explanation for from a crucial
attitude.
Curriculum idea is, therefore, crucial for making plans curriculum. It allows in guiding the
planning technique after which the curriculum development. The theory used is contemplated
inside the product, i.e. the final curriculum.

Curriculum making plans

Curriculum planning may be considered because the method of gathering, choosing, balancing,
and synthesizing applicable statistics from many assets to layout those studies so as to help the
learner to acquire the goals of schooling (Glen, Hass, 1980).

Curriculum making plans is the questioning or idea degree of the curriculum improvement
procedure. Therefore, it offers with looking for key solutions to crucial questions inclusive of:

What need to be taught?

How need to it be taught?

To what section of the population?

What need to be the relationship among the various additives of the curriculum?

Word that the problems raised in planning are related to the ones highlighted in curriculum
concept.

 Curriculum development

Curriculum development is the term for all methods and sports associated with curriculum
improvement. It’s far hence a continuous procedure of renewal and planning of curriculum.
Implementation is setting into impact what has been deliberate.

It is the process of making sure that the new curriculum and curriculum substances are made to
be had to all the faculties and establishments focused by using the curriculum improvement
challenge.

In step with Richards (2001) Curriculum improvement refers to the “variety of making plans and
implementation techniques concerned in developing or renewing a curriculum” (p. Forty one).
Many curriculum development textbooks gift the ranges of the curriculum development
technique as follows:

 Needs evaluation or assessment

 Setting goals and goals
 Direction employer
 Deciding on and getting ready coaching substances
 Evaluation

These steps can be varied according to the district or schooling entity and changed to fulfill the
desires of the scholars and stakeholders.

 Needs of Curriculum

Nowadays, the curriculum is broadly taken into consideration as a program of an academic

organization. Therefore, the curriculum covers the entire experience of the learner through the
instructor’s coaching plan. The curriculum covers what and why to educate, how and while to
train, and a way to check college students’ fulfilment.

Similarly, the curriculum must include the concern rely to learn to the youngsters and the
instructor’s plan to educate it, in addition to the studies and needs of the learners. For that reason
the curriculum should be considered because the maximum essential aspect of the existence
cycle of an academic group as the moves and reactions of the instructional group or school are
also aimed toward attaining the targets set by way of the curriculum. On this experience, for the
reason that curriculum itself determines the educational and managerial features of a school, the
need, and importance of the curriculum inside the teaching and gaining knowledge of manner of
the curriculum turns into clean.
Q.2 define curriculum foundation. What is the role of
economic basis in curriculum development? Justify your
answer with specific arguments.

Answer :

Curriculum foundation

Curriculum basis refers back to the elements that influence the minds of curriculum builders to
make your mind up on what to be protected in the curriculum and its shape. There are sure
elements which offer background statistics on which the curriculum builders depend to make the
decisions. They’ll be philosophical foundations which primarily based on nature and price
systems. Mental foundation which is primarily based on the inexperienced persons and
mastering concept affects the curriculum and sociological and cultural foundation which
influences the curriculum from the social lifestyles, society and its subculture.

Foundations of Curriculum :
Foundations are the forces that have an impact on the minds of curriculum developers.

In this way they have an effect on the content and shape of the curriculum. The 5 maximum
crucial foundations of the curriculum are;

1. Philosophical foundation of Curriculum

2. mental foundations of Curriculum

3. Socio Cultural foundation of Curriculum

4. Ancient Foundations of Curriculum

5. Within your budget Foundations of Curriculum

Good value Foundations

Competitively priced foundations makes a speciality of:

• activity or market oriented curriculum

• talent mastering

The low-budget basis of curriculum gives importance to the vocational element of the
curriculum. The economic circumstance of a state or a society guide the curriculum of the u . s .,
due to the fact the stakeholder of the schooling wants to hire this sort of curriculum which help
them to construct their economy and the people have higher jobs after they finish their schooling.
On this sort of conditions the curriculum emerge as task or marketplace orientated. In this
curriculum the curriculum developer gives importance to talents acquisition that is the needs of
the time. Undeveloped countries try and prepare talent work force and ship it to other countries
for jobs.

The economic foundation of a curriculum refers back to the approaches wherein financial
principles and principles are incorporated into the curriculum. The position of monetary
foundation in curriculum development is essential for several motives.

Firstly, expertise economic concepts is critical for private economic literacy and choice making.
Financial literacy is the capability to understand and use monetary ideas and ideas to make
informed choices about the allocation of resources, which include time, cash, and effort. Via
presenting college students with a robust financial foundation, they will be better prepared to
recognize financial ideas inclusive of budgeting, saving, and making an investment, and to make
informed choices about their non-public budget.

Secondly, monetary literacy is critical for knowledgeable citizenship. Monetary troubles and
regulations play a chief function in shaping society and the decisions made through authorities
officials. A sturdy economic basis lets in students to apprehend the economic affects of
guidelines and to take part in knowledgeable discussions and selection-making approximately
financial issues.
Thirdly, monetary literacy is crucial for college students’ future careers. A strong monetary
basis can open the door to an expansion of profession possibilities in fields together with finance,
economics, commercial enterprise, and government. Additionally, financial literacy is turning
into more and more important in nowadays’s globalized financial system, wherein know-how the
financial ideas that govern global trade is important.

Fourthly, monetary literacy is a life skill that enables college students to understand and
navigate the economy they may come upon in their private and professional lives. This includes
expertise how groups operate, how costs are decided, how economies grow, and how
governments impact financial activity. Know-how these concepts will help students make
informed choices as purchasers and citizens.

Finally, monetary basis in curriculum improvement aligns with the academic standards and
benchmarks. Curriculum must be aligned with relevant standards and benchmarks to make
certain that scholars are mastering what they need to realize to be successful in their destiny
schooling and careers. Financial literacy is a crucial factor of many instructional standards and
benchmarks, which include the not unusual centre country requirements in mathematics and the
next generation technological know-how requirements.

Q.3 evaluate the various factors which usually affect the

selection and Organization of curricular contents.

Answer:

Organization of CURRICULAR content :

Curriculum organization is a difficult and complex process. Many issues are involved inside the
technique. The trouble of curriculum consists of dimensions The content and The learning
reports Curriculum employer of the curriculum content material, way The process of choosing
curriculum elements from subject, The present day social lifestyles and the students experience,
then designing the chosen curriculum elements correctly so that they can shape the curriculum
shape and sort.

 Various factors, affect the organization of curriculum

1. establishing sequence

2. figuring out the focal point

3. Integration of content material and talents

4. Logical and psychological necessities

5. types in modes of learning

6. Continuity

7. stability

1. establishing series

 Tuba vied that those concerned in curriculum employer have paid interest normally to the
series of content but no longer the sequence of processes. Some viewed collection
primarily based at the mental developmental components.
 in keeping with Stanley , Smith and Shore 4 primary concepts are worried in sequencing
the curriculum.
 From easy to complex
 Expository order
 From whole to component
  Chronological

2.determining awareness

 The units topics of the difficulty.

 The middle ideas of the subjects as focusing centres.
 Core idea can be used as insurance.
 Focusing centres as the threads for both a vertical or horizontal integration.

3.Integration of content material and abilities

This problem of integration and specialization of understanding is presumed as predicament in

education. Learning turns into extra powerful while the information and the principles from the
field are associated with each other. As an example at the same time as teaching literature history
the mastering in one field can be related to other even though it could not be shown in the
content material organisation.

4.Logical and mental requirements

Inside the system of employer of curriculum it have to maintain each logic of the issue count
number and psychological collection of the studying studies. For more powerful corporation both
of them need to be considered.

5. range in modes of gaining knowledge of

All study efficaciously through a few method. Some analyze more effectively with the aid of a
few strategies. A few may additionally accumulate a few idea correctly through studying a e
book, some via media, some thru experimentation, some from observation, a few with the aid of
doing and so on. A few want man or woman exposition, some want institution dialogue. So the
content agency need to provide a wider scope for it.
6. Continuity

In organizing content there need to be continuity. As an example, in Bruner’s spiral curriculum

it’s miles discovered that the contents are recurrent i.e. there may be a continuity of the topics.

The idea of flora and vegetation keeps from fundamental stage, the first to the research level.

7. balance

 In step with Olive stability may be attained via the subsequent set points:
 The child centred and problem centred curriculum.
 Wishes of the character and the society.
 Breadth and depth of curriculum content material.
 Traditional content and modern content.
 Unique teaching strategies and educational studies.
 Work and play
 Unique variety of scholars and their mastering styles.
 Elements which generally affect the selection of the content :

The choice is considerable if it’s far decided on and organized for the improvement of getting to
know activities, competencies, procedures, and mindset. It also develops the 3 domain names of
getting to know particularly the cognitive, affective and psychomotor abilities, and considers the
cultural aspects of the newcomers. Specifically, if your students come from distinct cultural
backgrounds and races, the concern count ought to be lifestyle-touchy. In quick, choose a content
material or challenge count that may acquire the overall aim of the curriculum.

3. Validity

Validity refers back to the authenticity of the subject be counted or content you chose. Make
certain that the topics are not obsolete. As an example, do no longer encompass typewriting as a
ability to be found out with the aid of university college students. It must be approximately the
pc or facts generation. For this reason, there’s a want to test frequently the concern be counted or
contents of the curriculum, and update it if necessary. Do not watch for another five years so that
it will change it. Present day curriculum professionals are after cutting-edge tendencies,
relevance and authenticity of the curriculum; in any other case, your school or united states
might be left behind.

4. interest

This criterion is actual to learner-concentrated curriculum. Students examine high-quality if the

challenge rely is significant to them. It becomes significant if they’re interested in it. However if
the curriculum is difficulty-concentrated, teachers don’t have any desire however to complete the
pacing agenda religiously and train most effective what is within the ebook. This can by hook or
by crook explain why many fail in the subject.

5. application

Some other criterion is the usefulness of the content material or concern count number. College
students assume that a topic depend or a few topics aren’t crucial to them. They view it useless.
As a result, they don’t observe.

Right here are the questions that students often ask:

Will I want the challenge in my task?

Will it supply that means to my existence?

Will it expand my potentials?

Will it remedy my hassle?

Will or not it’s part of the take a look at?

Will i’ve a passing mark if I learn it?

6. Learnability

The situation rely or content must be in the schema of the newbies. It must be inside their
reviews. Instructors must follow theories on psychology of gaining knowledge of if you want to
realize how topics are supplied, sequenced, and organized to maximise the learning ability of the
students.

7. Feasibility

It way that the situation count number can be fully applied. It have to take into account the real
situation of the school, the authorities, and the society, in trendy. College students must examine
inside the allowable time and the usage of resources available. Do now not give them a topic that
is impossible to finish. As an instance, you’ve got handiest one week to finish the unit but then,
the sports may take a month for the scholars to complete it. This is not feasible. Do no longer
provide a pc problem if there may be no even power within the place or there aren’t any
computers in any respect.

Guiding ideas within the choice and enterprise of content

A. Validity:

Coaching the content that we should teach in line with countrywide standards explicit within the
simple training Curriculum, it also method coaching the content that allows you to comprehend
the goals and targets of the route as laid down inside the simple schooling curriculum eight.
Importance-What we train must respond to the wishes interests of the learners, subsequently

B. Balance :

Content material includes no longer handiest information however additionally standards and
values. The use of the three-degree approach ensures a balance of cognitive, psychomotor, and
affective lesson content. A balanced content material is some thing that isn’t too easy to be above
average scholar, neither no longer too tough to show off the average. It is some thing that
demanding situations the student. To observe the principle of balance, no topic ought to be
substantially mentioned on the cost of other subjects.

C. Self-sufficiency

Content material completely covers the essentials. Gaining knowledge of content isn’t always
“mille-extensive-and-inch- deep”. The necessities sufficiently covered and are dealt with in
depth. That is a case of “much less is more”.

Q.4 explain the main approaches and various format in writing

behavioural objectives. Also develop 5 statements of behavioural
objectives.

Answer :

Behavioural objectives

Behavioural objectives, learning objectives, instructional objectives, and overall performance

targets are terms that talk to an outline of observable pupil behaviour performance. An
educational behavioural goal is a cleat and unambiguous description of a planned academic
expectations for the leaner that specifies what behaviour a student need to perform in order for a
searcher to infer that gaining knowledge of came about. Behavioural targets, it constructed well,
provide an excellent car for making the ones inferences Behavioural targets are approximately
curriculum, no preparation.

A behavioural goal, further to being the focal point of the mastering plan, offers criteria for
contracting an assessment of the gaining knowledge of revel in, as well as for the educational
methodologies the educator makes use of to implement the enjoy. With out behavioural
objective, it’s far difficult, if now not not possible to determine exactly what the results of a
selected studying experience is meant to reap.

When writing behavioural targets, one must begin via defining a particular content or
informational businesses individuals having knowledge of what consumes appropriate content in
a specific region ought to accomplish this A properly-built behaviour objective describes an
meant gaining knowledge of out and common 3 components:

 The behaviour verb

 The situation
 The measurement criteria

Factors in writing behavioural objectives

Start every behavioural objective with a verb. The important thing of any behavioural objective
is the verb decided on to indicate predicted behaviour from gaining knowledge of activities.

Kingdom each objective in phrases of learner performance. A behavioural goal is one that is
taken into consideration to be observable and measurable. Behaviour is normally construed to be
an motion of an character that may be seen, felt, or heard by any other person.

Examples of objectives

At the graduate level of education, it’s miles expected that getting to know targets might be
widespread, abstract, and cognitive or affective. Examples of suitable objectives for graduate
college students are as follows:
1) Cognitive: Create an evaluation device based totally on a nursing principle for sufferers
experiencing pain.

2) Cognitive: examine the usefulness of nursing research in clinical practice.

3) Affective: be given professional obligation for trade in problem scientific conditions.

Domains for writing Behavioural targets

Cognitive domain

 Cognitive stages of studying are as observe

 knowledge
 Comprehension
 application
 Evaluation
  Synthesis
 Assessment
 Affective area

Refers to the feelings and value machine of a person

Affective tiers of getting to know include:

 Receiving
 Responding
 Valuing
 Organizing
 Characterizing by a cost

Instance objective:

The scholar will exhibit a commitment to improving case presentation skills with the aid of
often seeking remarks on shows.

Psychomotor area:

Refers to physical movement traits and motor ability capabilities that involve behaviours
requiring certain levels of physical dexterity and coordination.

Q.5 compare the ideas and standards for selecting the

curriculum contents for early childhood education.
Answer:

Early childhood schooling applications, despite the fact that they are less based inside the getting
to know system due to the fact the youngsters are so younger, nonetheless require a curriculum
to hold the youngsters accomplishing precise dreams. Inside early childhood education, when
creating a curriculum, it is crucial to examine Developmentally appropriate Practices (DAP).
Developmentally appropriate practices are looking at what stage of development a toddler is in
and working on what tasks are critical for that stage of development. As soon as the ones goals
were identified, someone can create a curriculum that allows the child to benefit those
developmental competencies in early formative years education.

Now that the dreams have been established through DAP and an knowledge of what the ones
look like is installed, the manner that the curriculum works desires to be installed next. There are
numerous one of a kind strategies to enforce the curriculum, together with ordinary sports, play
activities, scaffolding techniques, figure engagement, and intentional coaching. Habitual activity
enables to create some independence in youngsters because they understand what comes next
and are able to make assumptions about what’s predicted. Play activities help to encourage
youngsters to have a laugh whilst getting to know. Scaffolding is a way that builds upon other
learned abilities. As an instance, nowadays kids found out the way to placed on their shoes. The
next day they’ll learn to tie their footwear. It clearly builds on previously found out information.
Parent engagement is also encouraged so that kids are mastering out of doors of the lecture room
and within the domestic as well. Intentional teaching in the curriculum is making a factor to train
sure kids on unique responsibilities and being intentional with the teacher’s guidance.

 Ideas for choosing the curriculum :

Why do you’ve got the curriculum you have got? Why do you are making the choices you do?
How do your academic principles impact your curriculum? In this blog, Melanie Moore,
Cornerstones’ Curriculum Director, looks at the way to discover your curriculum concepts and
why understanding your ideas well is critical for an authentic curriculum.

There’s little question that as a number one instructor or senior leader, you’ll be requested to
make many essential daily decisions that could form a large part of the workload in any primary
school. You are regularly anticipated to make your alternatives speedy.

On occasion we make our alternatives primarily based on a intestine feeling, but when
judgements are more widespread, we regularly want to dig deep within ourselves to locate the
answer. Despite the fact that we won’t continually realize it, whilst we make a decision on any
scale, it’s miles our concepts, or middle values, that offer us with the internal compass via which
we navigate.

 Curriculum concepts are so vital for early youth :

Just as we use our non-public concepts to help us make crucial selections approximately how we
act and what we do, having a clean set of curriculum principles can help you to build an genuine
curriculum that meets the needs of your college and freshmen.

Trying to build your curriculum on dreams that aren’t derived from your ideas and center values
is like building a residence on sand. With clean and nicely-described ideas, you may have firm
foundations on which to build.

Colleges can regularly feel pressured to set curriculum dreams that derive from academic
developments or governmental pressures. While some ideas and projects may be beneficial for
curriculum improvement, many aren’t and sincerely crank up the strain of ‘activities’. The result
of this may be faculties losing self assurance in doing what they agree with to be proper for
them, despite understanding their youngsters fine.

Setting up your curriculum principles

You can make your curriculum ideas seen with the aid of publishing them to your faculty
website and sharing them via your faculty prospectus and so forth. Aim to be succinct and
articulate on what’s crucial for your faculty’s curriculum and why. William units out the
standards he feels are most vital in designing a curriculum. These are:

 Balanced
 Rigorous
 Coherent
 Vertically included
 Appropriate
  Focused
 Relevant

Whilst some schools are happy to apply William’s standards to guide the layout in their
curriculum, others prefer to do some thing a bit greater bespoke. I accept as true with this is the
proper thing to do. The reason of your curriculum ideas is to offer a clean steer for the layout of
your curriculum, and also you need to be totally satisfied, comfy and confident in them.

There are seven standards that usually carried out in the selection of situation-remember/content
material, subjects needed for the curricular programme or route of a curriculum. They’re:

(i)Self-sufficiency of freshmen

(ii)significance of domain names of gaining knowledge of

(iii)Validity of the difficulty remember

(iv)interest of the newcomers

(v)application of the problem-rely

(vi)Learnability of the students

(vii)Feasibility of completion.

(1) Self-sufficiency of inexperienced persons

Economic system of gaining knowledge of refers to less teaching attempt and much less use of
instructional sources, however students benefit extra outcomes. They’re able to cope up with the
gaining knowledge of effects effectively. Which means students must receive chance to
experiment, take a look at, and do area look at. This allows them to learn independently

(2) Importance of domains of learning

The challenge-remember need to reply to the need and interest of the novices. It’s miles big, if it
is selected and organized for the development of getting to know sports, abilties, techniques, and
mindset. It also develops the three domains of learning – the cognitive, affective and
psychomotor abilities; and considers the cultural elements of the inexperienced persons.
Specifically, if college students come from exclusive cultural backgrounds and races, the
difficulty-be counted ought to be tradition-touchy. In quick, choice of content or challenge-be
counted is to be finished to obtain the general purpose of the curriculum.

(3) Validity of the issue- depend

Validity refers back to the authenticity of the concern-matter or content that we select. As an
example, inclusion of content material on pc or facts era is extra beneficial than inclusion of
typewriting as a ability to be learned by means of university college students. There may be a
want to check frequently the concern-count or content of the curriculum, and replace it in line
with the emerging traits and demands of the novices. The content ought to additionally be
modified and updated in keeping with the changing need of the society and the character’s
increase.

(4) hobby of the newcomers

Teacher should keep in mind the hobby of the newcomers, their developmental degrees,
cultural, and ethnic heritage. That is, the challenge-be counted must be learner-cantered
curriculum. College students’ learn best if the issue-be counted is meaningful to them. It turns
into meaningful, if students’ are interested by it. But, if the curriculum is difficulty-cantered,
instructors haven’t any preference however to finish the pacing schedule and educate best what’s
in the book. This causes bored with students and fails within the topics.

(5)selection of the concern-matter

Any other criterion of selection of content material is the usefulness of the content or issue-
matter. College students’ think that a topic-remember or a few topics are not crucial to them.
They view it useless and as a result, they don’t observe. In order that selection of issue-be
counted need to be carried out in this sort of way that students’ should price the difficulty-count
number or content as beneficial to them.

(6) Learnability of the scholars

The situation-remember or content need to be within the schema of the freshmen. It should be
within their stories. Instructors have to observe theories on psychology of mastering as a way to
know how topics are provided, sequenced, and prepared to maximize the gaining knowledge of
capacity of the scholars.

(7) Feasibility of entirety

Feasibility of entirety way that the subject- be counted may be completely implemented in the
prescribed time table. Content need to be selected by thinking about the real situation of the
educational establishments, the government, and the society in preferred. Students’ have to
examine in the allowable time and the use of sources to be had to them. And additionally, the
critical content material can be covered in the quantity of time available for practise.

Thank you