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Personality
Psychology
Psychology 370
Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D.
Professor
California State University,
Northridge
Class Activity
 Answer Freudian Principle
Statements based on WHAT Freud
would consider true.
 Review Answers with Class
 Continue Lecture / Discussion
Chapter Overview Cont.
  Personality Development
  The Five Psychosexual Stages
  Psychoanalytic Treatment
  Psychoanalytic Therapy Techniques
  The Recovered Memory Controversy
  Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Theory
  Silverman's Experiments
  Unconscious Cognition
  Unconscious Influences and the Body
CHAPTER
TWO
Freud:
Classical
Psychoanalysis
Chapter Overview
  The Unconscious
  Psychic Determinism
  Levels of Consciousness
 
 
Effects of Unconscious Motivation
Origin and Nature of the Unconscious
  Structures of the Personality
  The Id
  The Ego
  The Superego
  Intrapsychic Conflict
  Energy Hypothesis
  Anxiety
  Defense Mechanisms
  Sublimation
  Empirical Studies of Defenses
QUOTATIONS
“In Confession the sinner tells what he knows; in
analysis the neurotic has to tell more.”
(Sigmund Freud, The question of Lay Analysis)
"An ego thus educated has become reasonable; it
no longer lets itself be governed by the pleasure
principle, but obeys the reality principle, which
also at bottom seeks to obtain pleasure, but
pleasure which is assured through taking account
of reality, even though it is pleasure postponed
and diminished"
(Sigmund Freud, Introductory Lectures
16.357).
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Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud The Unconscious

  The “father of psychoanalysis”
  Born (1856) in Freiberg, Moravia
into a Jewish family
  Moved at the age of 4 to Vienna
 The Unconscious
  Medical school, University of  Psychic Determinism
Vienna  Levels of Consciousness
  Published in 1900, Interpretation
of Dreams
 Effects of Unconscious Motivation
  Visits the US for two weeks in 1909  Origin and Nature of the Unconscious
  Leaves Vienna in 1938 due to Nazi
aggression
  Dies in London in 1939

Psychic Determinism Psychic Determinism

•  proposes that underlying psychological factors

Psychoanalysis:   Freud’s theory and its
cause symptoms and other behavior application in therapy
•  includes (for example) the impact of traumatic
events as causes of psychopathology
Examples:  the theory described in this
chapter, which investigates
(analyzes) the unconscious
 form of therapy that involves
exploration of the unconscious

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Effects of Unconscious
Levels of Consciousness Motivation
Our mind is like an iceberg   physical symptoms
 Conversion hysteria: form of neurosis in which
psychological conflicts are expressed in
conscious physical symptoms
  Hypnosis
preconscious  highly suggestible state, suggestions of the
hypnotist influence the experience and the
recall
The majority of   Psychosis
our psyche is  irrationality of the unconscious
unconscious
beneath the  hallucinations
surface

Effects of Unconscious Origin and Nature of the

Motivation Unconscious
  Dreams
 “the royal road to the unconscious”   Repression
 manifest content (recalled story)  personal experience
 latent content (interpretation)
 hedonic hypothesis
  psychopathology of everyday life
 Freudian slips, determined by the unconscious
  Humor
 We find jokes funny if they provide a safe
release for unconscious conflicts
  projective tests
 The TAT
 The Rorschach

Structures of the Personality

Structures of the Personality

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ID
  Id uses two basic techniques to reduce
tension:
 Reflex Action and Primary Process
  At most primitive level, Id works by Reflex
Action
 I.e., Reacts automatically to in/external irritants (E.g.,
sneezing, blinking, coughing, etc)
  If needed object not immediately available, Id
forms mental image of it
 Primary process
 imagery production aimed at gratification
 Wish Fulfillment
 when infant’s image of desired object (e.g., food)
Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development  can (temporarily) fulfill desire

SUPEREGO
EGO
  Das Uberich "the over-I"
 Das Ich "the I"   Emerges age 4
 Emerges during first 6 months   Strives for the ideal rather than the real
  Governed by Moral / Idealistic Principle
 Rational Self
  Functions divided into two spheres:
 Governed by reality principle  Conscience
 Postpones discharge of energy until  fosters morally right behavior by inhibiting impulses for pleasure
appropriate situation or object in real world and by persuading ego to attend to moral concerns
appears  Ego ideal
 Secondary process:  promotes idealistic/perfectionistic goals

 reality based problem solving   Develops through incorporation

 taking in of parents' values; defensive identification
 I.e., creates a strategy for obtaining actual
 child internalizes moral values of same-sex parent
object or situation

INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICT Energy Hypothesis

 Energy Hypothesis
Repression requires energy, and
 Anxiety
the more energy tied up in the
 Defense Mechanisms conflict, the less energy is
 Sublimation available for dealing with
 Empirical Studies of Defenses current reality

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anxiety EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS

  Defense mechanisms operate unconsciously

 neurotic anxiety to protect the ego against the pain of anxiety
  Unconscious ego processes that keep
 moral anxiety
disturbing, unconscious thoughts from being
 reality anxiety expressed directly
  An absolute necessity since conscious
awareness of all of our myriad conflicting
motives & impulses would be overwhelming
  Defense mechanisms operate in combination to
protect ego from neurotic & moral anxiety

Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms
  Denial
  not acknowledging painful aspects of   Regression
reality   Engaging in behavior associated w/pleasure of an earlier
  Projection developmental period
  people disguise their own threatening   Reaction Formation
impulses by attributing them to others   the ego unconsciously switches
unacceptable impulses into their opposites
  Defensive Identification
  taking on others' characteristics to reduce one's anxiety   Undoing
or negative emotions   making symbolic retribution for an unacceptable
impulse/act
  Projective Identification   Rationalization
  rejecting threatening features of self and projecting them   offering self-justifying explanations in
onto another place of the real, more threatening,
  Displacement unconscious reasons for one’s actions
  shifting sexual or aggressive impulses   Repression
toward a more acceptable or less   Most fundamental defense mechanism
threatening object or person   Actively excluding threatening thoughts from
consciousness

sublimation Empirical Studies of Defenses

Finding a socially acceptable aim   projective tests

and object for the expression of   Rorschach inkblot test
an unacceptable impulse   Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
  self-report measures
  Defense Mechanism Inventory
May be expressed in:
  art
  Occupation

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PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

 erogenous zones
 psychosexual stages

ORAL STAGE ANAL STAGE

 oral eroticism
 oral sadism  toilet training
 weaning  anal retentive (organized,
 oral character traits controlled)
 optimism  anal expulsive (messy,
 passivity
disorganized)
 dependency
 passive dependence  anal character traits
 orderliness
 counterdependence
 parsimony
 obstinacy

PHALLIC STAGE LATENCY

 genital zone  Calming of sexual

 masturbation impulses
 fantasy of parental  More socially and
partner academically driven
 males: Oedipus
conflict
 females: Electra
conflict

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GENITAL STAGE PSYCHOANALYTIC TREATMENT

 Puberty   love and work

  "Where id was, there shall ego
 Focus on sexuality be."
 Genital character   free association
  catharsis
 vanity;
  insight
appearance;   transference
attention   Countertransference
  Recovered memory controversy

Psychoanalysis as a
Scientific Theory Silverman's studies

 low reliability of projective  subliminal psychodynamic

tests activation
 "Mommy and I are one"
 validation through the
 "Beating Daddy is OK"
psychoanalytic method
 effectiveness of therapy
 process of therapy (insight not
necessary)

Unconscious Influences
Unconscious Cognition
and the Body

  Alternative Neurological
explanations for the
unconscious Basis for
  Cognitive approaches Freudian
Theory

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CONCLUSION
The Unconscious
 BASIC ASSUMTIONS:
 The major causes of behavior have their Structures of the Personality
origin in the unconscious.
 Psychic determinism: all behavior has a Intrapsychic Conflict
cause/reason.
 Behavior is motivated by instinctual Personality Development
drives.
 Different parts of the unconscious mind Psychoanalytic Treatment
are in constant struggle.
 Personality is shaped as the drives are Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Theory
modified by different conflicts at different
stages of one's life.