M1 Lesson1
LESSON 1 - TERMINOLOGIES
When talking about public health we are focusing on the
the community but can you tell me what does the
community have in common? Factors involved in
community? What about Health?
COMMUNITY
● A group of people or inhabitants living in a
certain territory with their own boundaries,
rules and regulations, sharing common goals
and aspirations and interacting with each
other.
● Is a body of people having common
organization or living in the same place under
the same laws or regulations.
● Any group of people living in the same area
or having common interests or work.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN A COMMUNITY:
● People must have professional competence
● Strong leadership and involvement in
community efforts
● Unity
HEALTH
A state of physical, mental, social well-being, and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
DESIRABLE DENTAL HEALTH
A state of normality and functional efficiency of the oral
cavity in relation to mastication and maxillo-facial
complexities.
It is the freedom from dental diseases
COMMUNITY HEALTH
It is the science and art of preventing disease,
prolonging life and promoting physical health and
efficiency through organized community efforts.
REASONS FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH:
1. Sanitation of the environment (hygienic
conditions or waste disposal)
2. Control of community diseases
3. Education of the individual in personal hygiene
4. Organization of medical, dental and nursing
services for the early diagnosis and prevention of a
particular disease
5. Development of social machinery to ensure every
individual for an adequate standard of health
M1 Lesson 2
LESSON 2 – IMPORTANCE AND PRINCIPLES
COMMUNITY DENTISTRY
- The art and science of preventing and controlling
dental diseases and promoting dental health and
efficiency through organized community efforts.
- A science offering services, which are preventive and
educative in nature.
- A form of practice, which serves the community as a
patient rather than an individual.
IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNITY DENTISTRY:
1. To reduce the magnitude of a disease
● Universal dental diseases: dental caries and
periodontal disease (98% of the population)
2. Poor distribution of manpower.
● To meet the demands of the growing
population
● Services in the depressed areas
3. Application of the learned principles in
therapeutic management (to prevent the
spread of dental diseases)
● Operation smile, dental mission
4. Because of its objective (Offering services at
the least cost)
● To know the dental status of the community

PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN COMMUNITY DENTISTRY:
The patient in the community as a whole with varied
socio-cultural influences
Attainments of goals and objectives through community
efforts and cooperation
Greatest benefit to greatest number at least cost
The most efficient method of prevention is those, which
does not rely on a high degree of individual competence.
In every procedure, there should be a dental health
education component
It is viewed with the philosophy of positive approach,
which is concerned with the ff:
a.) Community opportunities to improve dental
health
b.) The need for preserving the need
c.) Attempts to prevent disease
d.) Resisting the necessity of resorting to artificial
dentures
e) Maximum acceptance of dental health principle
M2 Administration
INTRODUCTION
Administration is the range of activities connected with
organizing and supervising the way that an organization
or institution functions. Administration is like the act of
the principal in the school managing the faculty and staff
and employing the rules of the school system.
Students need to learn this principle of administration as
they are preparing to the future, To ensure their efficient
performance. The subject training is community based
so then they learned the connecting link between the
school and the community or themselves with the
residents. This also provide motivation to the work force
and make realize the goals of the organization.
M2 Lesson 1
Administration focuses on the creation and maintenance
of policy by members of public agencies, governments
and public sector employees.
Public administration pays special attention to how far
public policy makers actually can govern and can
achieve changes that are close to the planned results.
Public administration involves a lot of large
interconnected organizations and institutions.
PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION
The structure of administration differs in every nation, in
every city, in every community or in every organization.
CEU community have different principle of administration
even for every School or Colleges.
ADMINISTRATION MANAGEMENT AND
ORGANIZATION
ADMINISTRATION
Definition: It concern with matters of broad policy.
PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION
1. Centralized Authority
● To bring authority (persons in command) to a
central point or under central control, which
permit efficient communication.
● Frenchmen HENRI FAYOL sees authority as a
combination of official (derived from managerial
position) and personal (compounded of
intelligence, experience, moral worth, post
services and others)
“SCALAR PRINCIPLE” - this pertains to the “chain of
superiors” from the highest to the lower ranks, where
orders and information comes from one source.
(School President – Deans – Division Chairman –
Section Coordinators – Clinical Instructors)
2. Span of Control
The executive should have, supervise or control a
number of workers no larger than his control.
-(Section Coordinators)
3. Delegation
● Division of work
● When an enterprise is large, more work will
be needed to direct and operate it, therefore
it becomes necessary to delegate some of
 the work and also of authority and
responsibility.
● (Asst. Dean to take other problems in behalf
of the Dean)
OPERATING BAND – is the exceptional principle stating
that decisions, which occur frequently, should be
delegated to the subordinate and only that important
issue, which is not recurring, should be referred to
superiors.
The idea is the economic allocation of executive
resources. The executive must economize on his time
by dealing only with exceptional matters.
4. Line and Staff Principles
It was developed, to utilize the advantages of both
functional and line organization.
5. Autonomy
It is the freedom of control from others in matters
affecting the professional quality of their work.
6. Authority
This pertains to “material” and “social” order in the
arrangement of things and people.
It is the right to give orders and the power to exact
prudence corollary to responsibility
7. Discipline
Is a system of rules governing conduct to impose order.
“It is in essence obedience, application, energy, behavior
and out mark of respect in accordance with the standing
agreement between the firm and employees”.
Fayol declares that discipline requires good superiors at
all levels

BEST MEANS OF ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING

LINE ORGANIZATION
● Is the division in charge of units that carry
services of the organization to the public.
● Is characterized by a direct flow of authority
from the top boss through various executives
down to workers.
● It forms the essential skeleton of the
organizational structure.
● There is no staff or advisory positions
DISCIPLINE:
1. Good superiors at all cost.
2. Agreement as clear as possible.
3. Sanctions (penalties) judiciously applied.
8. Esprit de Corps
It is the harmony and unity among personnel.
It is the principle that “in union there is strength”, as well
as extension of the principle of the unity.

STAFF ORGANIZATION
● It is an organizational component that exists
primarily for the purpose of providing advice
and service to line units.
● Instead of having one single superior, there
are group of specialists to boss the workers
in the various aspects of the business.
● These are group of specialist quite
responsible to the execution.
● Security Guard responsible for confiscation of
ID

LINE PORTION serves to maintain stability and

discipline.
STAFF PORTION serves to bring expert knowledge to
bear on problems.
M4 Planning
INTRODUCTION
Of a certain project or ideas that we wanted to do,
reaching our goals and objectives is not easy. There
should always be a systematic way of achieving it. We
always start with a careful planning.
Being a health professional, we have our definitive part
to assist on the health care system. We have our part in
developing dental plans for the community.
So, what is Planning?
According to E. C. Banfield, “a plan is a decision about
a course or action”;
According to Arnold, “it is a process of pre-action
thinking to provide a basis for doing”; and Dale defines
Planning as “Today’s design for tomorrow’s action, an
outline to the steps to be taken at some future period to
solve problems earlier identified”.
To sum it up. Planning is an intellectual process which is
concerned with deciding in advance what, when, why,
how and who shall do the work; It is a blueprint of action
and operation (Marsha Conley, 2018).
For a plan to be successful, there is a systematic way of
doing it:
Defining the problem
1. Setting priorities
2. Developing specific goals and objectives
3. Determining alternative and strategies
4. Determining the methods of implementation
M4 Lesson 1 Components of Planning
Before we identify the components of Planning, let us
analyse first the “need” for planning. What is the purpose
of planning? Listed below are the reasons for the “need”
of planning:
Purpose of Planning:
● To match the limited resources with many
problems;
● To eliminate wasteful expenditure or
duplication of expenditures;
● To develop the best course of action to
accomplish a defined objective;
First purpose of planning is to identify the problems that
may arise, there may be possibilities of too many “wants”
but with limited resources (manpower, facilities and
money); Next is too be vigilant about the “costs”, the
financial aspect. It is best to allocate the funds to what is
really needed to eliminate wasteful expenditures; and to
work out the best plan of action. There may be a
possibility of conflicting values and ideas amongst the
members, despite of this, a common goal should be
determined to achieve the objectives.
Components (Special Units of Planning):
1. Advisory Component
It is an advisory body that assists the Secretary of
Health in setting up policies, defining guidelines to be
used by the service component in formulating health
plans. This is composed of the National Health
Planning Board (NHPB), NHP Commission, HP
Steering Committee and Board of Health Advisors.
2. Service Component
It is the body responsible for the formulation
aspect of the planning functions in the DOH. This is
composed of staff trained in health planning.
Other studies mentioned three components of program
planning:
1. Assessing organizational resources and
needs to inform planning
This includes the assessment process,
description of resources and data collection.
2. Analyzing the data to inform the planning
process
This includes synthesizing the data gathered
to develop priorities and prepare the report.
3. Designing a plan for sustainability
M4 Lesson 2
LESSON 2.1 DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF
PLANNING
1. According to Evolution ( “top down or
bottom up”)
Plans are made by local authorities or planners after
assessing their needs or demands.
Top Down approach:
The instructions come from the “top”. This people in
authority provides the guidelines, plans, information
,and the funding then they pass it to the middle and
lower people for implementation and control. This
approach is used generally in highly organized
organizations. This approach often results to project
failure, causes reduced productivity and lockdowns.
Bottom Up approach:
This approach implies a pro-active team input on the
project. The team members are actively participating
in every step of the management. The decisions on
the tasks at hand are consensus. This approach
encourages the team members to think creatively for
the benefit of the project; thus they felt involved and
appreciated in every step of the way.
In this approach the plans are formulated at the
operational level. The course of the plan is from the
bottom to top level.
Participatory Approach:
This approach is a combination of the two
approaches mentioned above. The leader or top
management will provide the planning guidelines and
parameters to the operational level. Then this team
will construct the plan and forwards to the top level
for review and approval.
On this approach, each participant becomes an
integral part of the planning process. The key term
here is “participatory”.
This article will give us more idea on how does the
participatory approach to planning is done:
https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/analyze/where
-to-start/participatory-approaches/main
Links to an external site.
Team Approach:
This approach involves a team whose members are
equipped with different skills to formulate a plan.
They conceptualize and forward the draft plan to the
top management for review and approval.
2. According to Base Plan (Resource
Base)
Given a fixed amount of resources and the plan tries
to get the most out of it. This approach identifies the
physical resources needed to complete the project
e.g. labor, equipment and materials.
3. According to Concern of the Plan
This approach is used by identifying first what is the
needs or demands of the community.
M4 Lesson2 Part 2
LESSON 2.2 SCOPE AND TIME SPAN OF
PLANNING
Scope of Planning
This refers to the limitations of the planning. What
are the things that are included and excluded – to
avoid misunderstanding.
3 Factors should be considered:
Resource – what are the things that can be
use and those that are not needed
Time – the specific tasks should be identified
and its timetable
Quality – refers to the deviation from the
desired standard
The scope of planning may have a comprehensive or
partial range: comprehensive – where all sectors of
the economy are involved; and partial – where only a
few or one sector is considered.
Time Span of Planning
1. Long Term Planning
This refers to planning with a period of 3
years or more. This requires a longer period
of time for the objective to be achieved. (e.g.
MRT/LRT construction, National election)
2. Medium Term Planning
This is concerned with ways and means of
achieving predefined goals and objectives
indicating what type and where resources will
be allocated. (e.g. Clean and green program,
save “ilog pasig” program, Buhayin ang
MayniLA)
3. Short Term Planning
This refers to an annual or biannual activities
that needs to be accomplished.
(e.g. Community outreach program/ Dental
mission/ CIVAC)
M4 Lesson3
LESSON 3.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
DURING PLANNING
According to the presentation: “Introduction to
Planning” by Hari Prasad Kaphle, there are different
limitations and barriers to planning.
Limitations includes:
● It depends up on facts and information. To
get reliable information may not possible
always.
● To prepare an effective plan it needs highly
experienced managers.
● Planning needs team efforts.
● Planning may lead to internal inflexibilities
and procedural rigidities.
● Planning is an elaborative process needs
more paper work.
● It is a time consuming and expensive
process.
● Planning is rigid and may discourage
innovation.
Barriers in Effective Planning:
1. Difficulty of accurate premising
2. Problem of rapid change
3. Internal barriers
a. Capital investment
b. Psychological factors
c. Policy and procedure
4. External Barriers
a. Government policy
b. Political climate
c. Trade union
5. Lack of sufficient time for planning
6. Lack of sufficient cost for planning
One of the major problems encountered during
program planning is about resources. The resources
to be considered are: personnel, equipment and
supplies, facilities, and financial resources. There are
certain criteria to determine what should be included
in your resources:
● Is it appropriate?
● Is it adequate?
● Is it effective?
● Is it efficient?
RESOURCES ALLOCATION
Allocation of resources - apportionment of productive
assets among different uses. Resource allocation
arises as an issue because the resources of a
society are in limited supply, whereas human wants
are usually unlimited, and because any given
resource can have many alternativeLinks to an
external site. uses (encyclopedia brittanica).
Resource allocation is used to designate the
available resources in an economic way.
GENERAL CRITERIA CONSIDERED WHEN
ALLOCATING RESOURCES:
 1. Efficiency Criterion
- These are resources allocated to areas,
which will yield a better economic return.
2. Value Criterion
- These are resources allocated to areas,
which are underserved, depressed and are in
need.
https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/trainin
g/online-courses-and-resources/non-certificate-cours
es-and-mini-tutorials/population-analysis-for-planner
s/lesson-1Links to an external site.
The image below identifies the things that should be
included in every steps of Planning Process:

SAMPLES OF ALLOCATION PROBLEMS:

1. Allocation among different population groups
(Mothers and infants, disabled, OCW, elderly,
cultural minorities)

2. Allocation of resources among problems

(How much to allocate to AIDS, dental health)

3. Allocation to spend on consumption or for

investment
(To increased hospital amenities as in buying
equipment)

4. Allocation among techniques or programs

(How much to give to public health, to health
education to prevent heart disease)

PRINCIPLE OF EFFICIENCY
This refers to the most effective method of
significantly reducing or eliminating problems.

The main purpose of this principle is to have a

maximum production with the least cost of available
M4 Lesson3 Part 2
resources.
LESSON 3.2 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
For us to solve the problems, we have to follow a
Generally speaking, Situational analysis refers to the
systematic approach of planning process.
process of identifying the current opportunities and
STEPS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS:
challenges that may affect the planning process. It
1. Situational Analysis (Where are we now?)
answers the question: Where are we?
2. Goals and Objectives setting (Where do we
want to go?)
In Healthcare, situational analysis describes the
3. Strategy or Activity setting (How do we get
situation regarding the health status and services of
there?)
a given area. It assess the extent to which the health
4. Evaluation (How do we know we are there?)
services were given. It analyzes the problem and
needs so the plan can address to them.
To further enlighten us about Planning Process,
please read the article:
COMPONENTS OF SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
1. Description of Present Situation
FOUR TECHNICAL AREAS:
Population Analysis – total no. of people;
geographical distribution; age-sex composition; vital
statistics rate; birth rate; death rate; natural growth
rate
Health Status – causes of sickness and death
Health Resource Analysis – health facilities;
manpower type; number, distribution and analysis of
current and recently concluded health projects.
Health Related Socio-economic Factors – nutritional
disposal; food establishments; transportation;
communication; education and housing
2. Projection
This refers to the population and the different rates
of specific disease based on observed trends and
further modified by possible impacts of programs and
trends observed in the health related socio-economic
factors.
3. Problem Identification and Explanation
This refers in identifying the problems and causes
in the four technical areas.
The most common situational analysis tool used in
the Healthcare industry is the SWOT analysis.
SWOT analysis is a strategic planning technique
used to identify the strength, weakness,
opportunities and threats related to project planning.
Strengths and weakness are frequently
internally-related, while opportunities and threats
commonly focus on the external environment. The
name is an acronym for the four parameters the
technique examines (Wikipedia: SWOT analysis):
● Strengths: characteristics of the business or
project that give it an advantage over others.
● Weaknesses: characteristics of the business
that place the business or project at a
disadvantage relative to others.
● Opportunities: elements in the environment
that the business or project could exploit to its
advantage.
● Threats: elements in the environment that
could cause trouble for the business or
project.
 HEALTH PROGRAM

- Is a timed series of service activities which requires

physical, human and financial resources for the
implementation of one more courses of action to
achieve a given health policy objective.

TYPES OF PROGRAMS:

1. Field of Operation or Health Impact and

Supporting Program
2. Direct Service Program and Functional
Support Program
3. Program for Direction, Coordination and
Management, Health System Infrastructure
Program and Technology Program

Program for Direction, Coordination and

Management

- It formulates policies, programs and projects

- It directs, coordinates, control and manage program

activities

M5 - Oral Health Program Planning

Health System Infrastructure Program
Introduction:
- Program for planning and development of basic
Planning is a very important part of dental care
health faculty network
provision that can operate at many different levels.
The goal of planning is to guide choices so that
- It includes health manpower products and training,
decisions are made in the best manner to reach the
health education and public information
desired outcomes. It provides a guide and structure
to the process of decision making to maximize
results within the limited resources available.
Technology Program
Oral health program planning can be justified for the
following reasons:
- Program for research promotion and development
It gives the opportunity to be proactive in
- It includes family planning and nutrition;
decision-making rather than constantly reacting to
environmental health; psycho-social health to include
pressures and demands.
mental health, alcohol, drug abuse; oral health;
It enables priorities to be set.
laboratory and biological products;
It identifies when resources can be directed to have
communicable/non communicable diseases control;
the greatest impact.
workers health; health of the elderly
 principal obstacles to the program implementation
KEY ELEMENTS OF A PROGRAMME noted in the past and what need to be done to
overcome them.
1. NAME OF THE PROGRAMME
Activity
It identifies as close as possible with the health 7. LINKAGES
policy objective or disease it is addressing. It includes the ff:
Examples: Community Outreach Program, Dental Responsibilities of the different technical and
Mission, Civic Action administration components of the health
components.
Participation of other government health
2. BASIS OF THE PROGRAMME facilities/units outside the DOH
Brief description of the activity Responsibilities of any of the private sectors
Brief statement of the priority disease Possible involvement of other related sectors
It intends to solve the status of the program
Example: To render free dental services
8. PROPOSED BUDGET
It is an estimation of expenses
3. HEALTH POLICY OBJECTIVE
Objective of the activity
Examples: 9. NEED FOR TECHNICAL COOPERATION
To render free, comprehensive dental services to the FROM EXTERNAL AGENCIES
community: Sponsors, NGO’s
To promote unity and camaraderie among students
and the community
To promote dental awareness through dental health 10. EVALUATOR INDICATORS
education
Impact indicator – health policy objective
Outcome indicator – health status targets/disease or
4. DISEASE/CONDITION TARGET condition targets
It indicates quantified change from existing levels of Output indicator – service targets
occurrence.
Examples: dental caries, dental diseases

5. ACTIVITY/SERVICE TARGET
It indicates percentage of courage of a given eligible
population
Example: 100 indigent families, 100 school-aged
children

6. APPROACH
It describes the course of action to be pursued
through:
manner of implementation, program tactics
field units take responsible for the delivery of
services