Introduction to Electrical

Engineering
Course Code: EE 103

Department: Electrical Engineering

Instructor Name: B. G. Fernandes

E-mail id: bgf@ee.iitb.ac.in

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes 1

LOGIC LEVEL VOLTAGE RANGES
TTL CMOS
⇒ Transistor-Transistor Logic ⇒ Complimentary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor
5V 5V
LOGIC 1
LOGIC 1
3.5V
2V
Intermediate
Intermediate
1.5V
0.8V LOGIC 0
LOGIC 0
0V 0V

⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 is nominally 5v ⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ranges from 3v-18v (5v often used)

⇒ IC Manufacturer cannot guarantee how TTL circuit will respond to input levels that
are between 0.8v – 2v
EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes 2
⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 (High Level Input Voltage)
• Min voltage required for a logic 1 at an input

⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 (Low Level Input Voltage)

• Max voltage required for a logic 0 at an input

⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 (High Level Output Voltage)

• Min voltage level at a logic circuit output in logic 1 state

⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 (Low Level Output Voltage)

• Max voltage level at a logic circuit output in logic 0 state

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes 3

⇒ Fan-out
• Max number of logic inputs that an output can drive reliably

⇒ Noise Immunity:
Stray electric and magnetic fields can induce voltages on
connecting wires ⇒ Noise
• Noise Immunity – Circuit’s ability to tolerate noise without causing spurious
changes in the output
• Noise Margin – Quantitative measure of noise immunity

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes 4

 LOGIC 1
VOH(min) LOGIC 1
VNH VIH(min)
Intermediate Intermediate
VIL(max)
VOL(max) VNL
LOGIC 0
LOGIC 0

⇒ Output Voltage Range ⇒ Input Voltage Range

⇒ Any voltage V > VOH(min) ⇒ LOGIC 1
V < VOL(max) ⇒ LOGIC 0
V > VIH(min) ⇒ LOGIC 1
V < VIL(max) ⇒ LOGIC 0

⇒HIGH State Noise Margin: VNH = VOH(min) – VIH(min)

⇒LOW State Noise Margin: VNL = VIL(max) – VOL(max)

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes 5

 MINIMUM TYPICAL MAXIMUM
PARAMETER
(V) (V) (V)
VOH 2.4 3.4 -
VOL - 0.2 0.4
VIH 2 - -
VIL - - 0.8

⇒VNH = VOH(min) – VIH(min)

= 2.4- 2
= 2V

⇒VNL = VIL(max) – VOL(max)

= 0.8- 0.4
= 0.4V

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes 6

 Module 3
Energy Systems

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes

Energy efficiency and Electric machines

“The electric motors and systems they drive are the largest single-energy end user and
account for more than 40% of global electricity consumption.”*

Total installed capacity of power generation in World is about 11039.5 GW#

India’s installed capacity is 407 GW$

Huge scope for energy efficient electric machines

*Report — May 2011, https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-policy-opportunities-for-electric-motor-driven-systems

# https://www.statista.com/statistics/267358/world-installed-power-capacity/ (checked on 06.12.2022)
$ https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-india (as on 30.09.2022)

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes 8

Elementary concepts

• When a conductor is moved in a magnetic field, voltage is induced in it

• And when, a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a

force

• Magnetomotive force (MMF) developed by a coil is defined as 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 (unit AT), where 𝑁𝑁 is
the number of turns and 𝐼𝐼 is the current through the coil

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes 9

Elementary concepts
• If a conductor is rotated in a magnetic field, voltage
induced in it is ‘AC’ (average value = 0)
• It is possible to generate a sinusoidal voltage
• Instead, if 3 coils which are placed 120° apart and rotated
in a magnetic field, voltage induced in these coils is ‘AC’
but they are time displaced by 120°
• It is possible to generate 3 sinusoidal voltages which are
120° apart
𝑣𝑣𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴′ = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
2𝜋𝜋
𝑣𝑣𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵′ = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − )
3
4𝜋𝜋
𝑣𝑣𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ′ = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − )
3

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes 10

Elementary concepts 𝑣𝑣

𝑡𝑡
Consider a coil rotating in a magnetic field
Case 1: 2-poles
• In one rotation (360◦), voltage induced in the
conductor has completed 1 cycle (360◦)
Case 2: 4-poles
• In one rotation (360◦), voltage induced in the
conductor has completed 2 cycles (720◦)

• No. of cycles induced voltage completes in one

rotation depends on no. of poles
• Thus, to determine the angular frequency of the induced voltage, we need to know the
rotational speed of the coil and the number of poles
𝑃𝑃
𝜔𝜔 = ⋅ 2𝜋𝜋 ⋅ rotations per second
2
EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes 11
Elementary concepts
Let a sinusoidal voltage is applied to a coil having ‘𝑁𝑁’ turns
Assuming ideal condition
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑒𝑒 = 𝑁𝑁
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝜙𝜙 = 𝜙𝜙𝑚𝑚 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
∴ 𝑒𝑒 = 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜙𝜙𝑚𝑚 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
= 𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 𝑣𝑣
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
RMS value of 𝑒𝑒 = 𝑁𝑁𝜙𝜙𝑚𝑚
2
= 4.44𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝜙𝜙𝑚𝑚 = ′𝑉𝑉 ′ (RMS value of the supply voltage)

∴ Flux in the coil is determined by the supply voltage alone, provided that the
frequency is constant

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes 12

Elementary concepts
Magnetic circuits:
• Electric circuit provides a path for the flow of ‘𝐼𝐼’
• ‘Magnetic circuit’ provides a path for the flow of magnetic flux
• These are integral part of Electromechanical systems like electric machine
• In machines, these circuits may be formed by magnetic materials only OR magnetic
materials + air as medium
𝐵𝐵
Magnetic field intensity, 𝐻𝐻 = AT/m
𝜇𝜇
Where, 𝐵𝐵 is the flux density in Wb/m2 and 𝜇𝜇 is the permeability of the medium , 𝑙𝑙
Magnetic equivalent circuit:
Let the coil has 𝑁𝑁 turns and current ‘𝐼𝐼’ flows through it, and assume that
all the flux is confined to core
Using Ampere’s circuit law: � 𝐻𝐻 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑 𝑙𝑙⃗ = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ampere turns

Magneto motive force (MMF)

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes 13
Elementary concepts
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
∴ 𝐻𝐻 =
𝑙𝑙 𝜇𝜇 ⋅ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ⋅ 𝐴𝐴 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ℛ → reluctance of magnetic path
𝐵𝐵 = 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 & 𝜙𝜙 = 𝐵𝐵 ⋅ 𝐴𝐴 ∴ 𝜙𝜙 = = =
𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙 ℛ 1
𝒫𝒫 = → permeance
𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 ℛ

Observations:
Consider an air gap s.t. 𝑙𝑙𝑔𝑔 ≪ 𝑙𝑙
𝜙𝜙 =
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
is similar to 𝐼𝐼 =
𝑉𝑉 • Flux has to cross the air gap  it will encounter two reluctances
ℛ 𝑅𝑅 𝑙𝑙𝑔𝑔
ℛ𝑔𝑔 → reluctance of air gap =
𝑙𝑙 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜇𝜇0 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 cross-section area of air gap
ℛ= is similar to 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑙𝑙
𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑎𝑎 ℛ𝑐𝑐 → reluctance of core =
𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 As the core permeability is
very high, 𝜇𝜇 → ∞ ⇒ 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 → 0

Thus, the entire MMF (𝑁𝑁𝐼𝐼1 )

is applied across the ℛ𝑔𝑔 ,
that is, the air gap

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes 14

A magnetic flux of 2.5×10 -3 Wb is required in the airgap shown below. The airgap
length is 0.2 cm. First determine the reluctance of the core and the airgap, and then
determine the MMF required to set up the required flux. Also comment on the MMF
drop across the core and the airgap. Assume that the cross-section area of the core
and the airgap region is same and the relative permeability of the core material is
6000.

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes 15

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes 16
EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes 17
 Rotating Machines
𝑁𝑁1 𝑁𝑁2
Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion (EMEC)
𝑉𝑉1 𝑉𝑉2
• Transformer converts electrical power from one ‘𝑉𝑉’ level to another
• EMEC equipment convert electrical energy into mechanical energy
& vice versa
Motor

Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy

Generator
Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy

• In both the systems, there is an electrical system & a mechanical system

• Coupled by a magnetic field

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes 18

Basic requirements of EMEC devices

• For motoring /generating action, there has to be magnetic flux field produced by a set of
coils  field coil
• This flux induces ‘𝑉𝑉’ or ‘𝐼𝐼’ in another coil which is rotating in the magnetic field 
armature coil

• Do we need to have a conductor carrying ‘𝐼𝐼’ to experience a force ?

• In rotating machine, voltage induced in the armature coil is AC

• If dc is required, some arrangement must be made to convert AC to DC

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes 19

Basic structure

Stator → stationary, does not move

→ normally outer frame
→ It is possible that stator is inside the rotor

Rotor → which rotates inside the stator

→ separated by small air gap (0.5 – 1 mm)

• Generally, stator and rotor are made up of high permeability ferromagnetic material
• Length of the air gap is kept as small as possible so that MMF required to establish 𝜙𝜙 in
the air gap is small

Image: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/direct-current-motor

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes 20

Torque Production in Rotating Machines
• Consider two bar magnets pivoted at their center on the same axis
• Torque ∝ sine(angular displacement)

Stator → coil
both of them are carrying ‘𝐼𝐼’
Rotor → coil

• They will produce their own MMF, 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 & 𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟

• Torque is produced by the tendency of two magnetic fields to align
𝐹𝐹
𝑇𝑇 ∝ 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟 sin ∠𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟𝑠𝑠
∝ 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟 sin(𝛿𝛿)

𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 sin 𝛿𝛿1 = 𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟 sin 𝛿𝛿 ∴ 𝑇𝑇 ∝ 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 sin 𝛿𝛿1

𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 sin 𝛿𝛿2 = 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 sin 𝛿𝛿 ∴ 𝑇𝑇 ∝ 𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 sin 𝛿𝛿2
• For steady torque, 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 & 𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟 should be stationary with respect to each other

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes 21