Grade 9

English Literature
RECAP
 OBJECTIVES:
I. Identify the literary techniques illustrated in
the poem/sentences;
II. Give examples of each literary technique

through writing;
III. Compose poetry integrating literary elements
and techniques.
Literary Techniques
Are specific aspects of literature, in the sense
of its universal function as an art form that
expresses ideas through language, which we
can recognize, identify, interpret, and analyze.
SIMILE HYPERBOLE

METAPHOR IMAGERY

ALLITERATION IRONY

PERSONIFICATION OXYMORON

ONOMATOPOEIA ALLUSION
SIMILE
Similes are a form of figurative language that
uses the words "like" or "as" to compare two

things.

Example:

Your smile is as bright as the sun.

 "The Raven"
"On the morrow, he will leave me, as my
hopes have flown before.
METAPHOR
A metaphor is a comparison between two things that states
one thing is another in order to help explain an idea or show

hidden similarities. Unlike a simile

that uses "like" or "as"
(you shine like the sun!), a metaphor does not use these two
words.

Example:

"You are my sun and moon.

 "The Raven"

"To the fowl, those fiery eyes now burned

into my bosom's core"

"And his eyes have all the seeming of a

demon's that is dreaming"
ALLITERATION
A technique that repeats the first sound in several words.
The words may be separated

by a word or several words.

Tongue twisters use this technique.

Example:

"She sells sea shells on the seashore"

 "The Raven"
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I
pondered, weak and weary,
over many a quaint and curious volume
of forgotten lore, -
When I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly
there came a tapping.
PERSONIFICATION
Giving human characteristics to animals, ideas, or objects.
This can add pleasure to the
reading of a poem and make
the reader take a different
perspective on things. This
literary device is used a lot in poetry.

Example:

"The flowers and the bees danced together"

 "The Raven"

Quoth the Raven "Nenermore."

ONOMATOPOEIA
Consists of using words that mimic sounds. The words can
also sound like their meaning.
This can add a fun element to
poetry and can really help the

reader experience what the

poet experienced.

Example:

Tugdug-tugdug, my heart beats abnormally.

 "The Raven"

"Uncertain rustling of each purple

curtain."
HYPERBOLE
It is basically an extreme exaggeration.

Hyperbole examples make a point and can

sometimes be very funny.

Example:

"You can fill the pool with your tears."

 "The Raven"

"To the fowl whose fiery eyes now

burned into my bossom's core"
IMAGERY
It appeals to the reader's senses. There are
several types of imagery. It can describe

objects, desires, or thoughts.

Example:
The silhouettes when I looked outside my

windowpane."
 "The Raven"

sad
"the silken" "uncertain"

"rustling of each
curtain"
 IRONY
The use of words to convey

the opposite of

their literal meaning.

Types of Irony:

Verbal Irony Situational Irony Dramatic Irony

VERBAL IRONY
Is a trope in which the intended meaning of a
statement differs from the
meaning that the words

appear to express. Usually in a form of sarcasm.

Example:

"Maybe I ask because I'm sure?"

SITUATIONAL IRONY
Involves an incongruity between

what is expected or
intended and what actually
occurs.

Example:
A person works hard for decades, spending little to save money for

retirement. The week before retiring,

the person unexpectedly has a

massive heart attack and dies.
DRAMATIC IRONY
Is an effect produced by a narrative in which the audience

knows more about the present

or future circumstances
than a character in the story.

Example:
In Twilight, Edward is convinced that he is putting Bella in danger

when readers know that she is actually

in grave danger from others

that only Edward can protect her from.
OXYMORON
An oxymoron is a figure of speech that juxtaposes

concepts with opposite meanings

within a word or in a
phrase that is self-contradiction.

Example:

alone together awful

good beggarly

riches
ALLUSION
An allusion is an indirect reference to another figure,

event, place, or work of art that

exists outside the story.

Example:

She felt like she had a golden

ticket. (Charlie and the

Chocolate Factory)
Question:

Could a phrase or line have more than 1

literary technique?
Answer:
Yes, there are lines that consist of more

than 1 technique.

Example:
White wine is from the white vine,
crawls down to your throat.
 Try it Out!
5 minutes
Direction: Give examples of each literary devices
using the table in your module.

TECHNIQUES FEATURES EXAMPLES

Compare two things

SIMILE  
using “like” or “as”
 Identifying Poetic Device
3 minutes

Direction: Write which technique is being used on

the line. You may write more than one answer for it
may consist of more than one literary technique.
Support your answer.
1. The dress was a sparkling red as it reflected light from
every angle. Penelope thought the dress must be the
color of Dorothy’s slippers.
 Answers:

1. Allusion 6. Onomatopoeia
2. Irony 7. Metaphor
3. Personification & Alliteration 8. Imagery
4. Simile 9. Irony
5. Personification 10. Allusion
VI. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
BE A POET.

Direction: Craft your own story/poem that is related to

your life experiences. It may center on society, family,
self, or the environment that

you are in. Use the first

column of the table below to organize your story

elements, and use the 2nd column to place all the
figurative languages you have used.