Basic Hazard Awareness

Eri Sarmantua Sitinjak, ST,MT

Hazard is a source, situation, or
act with the potential to produce
harm in terms of injury, ill health
or damage to loss of assets.
 CHEMICAL & DUST
HAZARDS
(cleaning products,
pesticides, asbestos, etc.)
BIOLOGICAL MECHANICAL
HAZARDS HAZARDS
(cuts, punctures, pinches,
(mold,
pandemic,insects/pests, squeezes, bumps, etc.)
communicable diseases, etc.) PSYCOSOCIAL/WORK
ORGANIZATION
HAZARDS
Things that cause STRESS!

ERGONOMIC PHYSICAL HAZARDS

HAZARDS (noise, vibration, radiation,
temperature extreme etc.)
(pain in body/muscle,
awkward postures, repetitive
movements, etc.)
 Is that safe?"
"Oh sure, it would take two hydraulic failures before it comes down.“
Well, At Least They Were Honest
Pardon the Bad Attitude
So Far, So Good
Some People Sure Are Trusting
 Hierarchy of Controls
Elimination/Substitution
Most Requires a physical
Effective change to the
workplace

Requires worker or
employer to do
something
Requires
worker to
wear
something
Least
Effective
 14

Physical Hazards

• Noise

• Vibrations

• Radiation
▫ Ionizing radiation : Alpha-Beta-Gamma
▫ Non-ionizing radiation : UV-light, visible light,
infrared, radio waves, microwaves

• High/Low Temperature, etc

RADIATION
Radiation
16

Form of energy emitted by nucleus of atom or orbital

electron released in form of electromagnetic waves or
particles.

• Ionizing radiation (high energy) : Alpha-Beta-

Gamma
• Non-ionizing radiation (low energy) : UV-light,
visible light, infrared, radio waves, microwaves
 17

Radiation; ionizing & non-ionizing

 1- Am-241 Be
Neutron Source
Cesium 137 Gamma
Ray Source
Neutron Survey Meter
Gamma Survey Meter
OSHA radiation exposure limits
The Ionizing Radiation standards
generally limit whole-body occupational
ionizing radiation dose to 1.25 rem per
calendar quarter. Responders generally
must not exceed a 5-rem (0.05 Sv)
annual whole-body dose of ionizing
radiation (OSHA).
Fukhusima Nuclear
Plant leak due to
Earthquake worse
than Chernobil case
 Hierarchy of Controls
Elimination/
Substitution

Most
Effective Density shield Neutronshield
Isolation,

Shielding

As Low As
Reasonably
Achievable
(ALARA)
PPE will not protect
workers from direct,
external radiation
exposure
Least
Effective
Chemical Hazard is a type of
occupational hazard caused
by exposure to chemicals in
the workplace (Wikipedia).
 Hierarchy of Mitigation
Elimination/
Substitution

Most
Effective

Management policies
and procedures

Any PPE,
meditation
Least
Effective
History of Pandemic Virus
 54

Types of Biological Hazards

Biological hazards can be put into different

categories:-

Bacteria :- microscopic organisms that live in soil, water or

the bodies of plants and animals and are characterized by
lack of distinct nucleus and the inability to photosynthesize.
Examples are E Coli, TB,
and Tetanus.

Viruses :- are a group of pathogens that consist mostly of

nucleic acids and that lack cellular structure. Viruses are
totally dependent on their hosts for replication. Examples
are common cold, influenza, measles, SARS, Hantavirus,
Covid-19, and rabies

Fungi :- any major group of lower plants that lack chlorophyll

and live on dead or other living organisms. Examples are
mould, rust, mildew, smut, yeast, and mushrooms.
 55

Exposure of Biological Hazards into Body

Biological hazards can enter the body in

many ways. When determining appropriate
protective measures, measures are clear
understanding of how it can enter the body.

• Inhalation through breathing.

• Absorption direct contact

through breaks in the skin,
even chapped skin, or through
mucous membranes/ contact
with eyes, nose, mouth.

• Ingestion through swallowing.

• Injection through a puncture.
 56

Personal Protective Equipment:-

• When a hazard poses a threat, even after engineering and administrative controls have been
implemented, then PPE is necessary. Then PPE methods can protect you from biohazard.
• PPE to be effective it must be worn correctly and must be comfortable and fitted for each person.
Workers must be trained properly so that it is worn when needed.
 57

Administrative Controls:-
These controls are steps in work procedures or work
processes that minimize the risk of exposure to a
hazard. This type if control does not eliminate a
hazard but can significantly reduces the risk of
injury.

Examples are:-
• Worker training
• Vaccinations
• Rules that require regular hand washing and use
mask due to covid.
• Fine (ex: Dubai apply 3000 dirham for not using
mask).
 58

Engineering Controls:-

These controls are the first line of defense and

include built in protection in building, work
areas, equipment or supplies.

Examples are:-
• Ventilation systems
• Isolation room
• Temperature sensor with camera in malls due to
covid-19
By. Sachin kashanwal
 Hierarchy of Mitigation
Elimination/
Substitution

Most
Effective

Management policies,
regulation and fine

Any PPE
Least
Effective
The End…