DeMaris] Ror Reaea ma ae cei Prats Ultimate Stress Design - Flexure Objective Upon completing this section, students should be able to kn concept of Ultimate and apply the theories in investigating a designing a reinforced beams, Content @ Advantages and Disadvantages of USD Method @ Assumptions in RC Beams in USD Types of RC Beam Failures Derivation of Beam Expressions Load Factors © Strength Reduction Factors in RC Beans 2 inv tigation and Design of Beams = Singly Reinforced Beams = Doubly Reinforced Bears Activities During the module, students will perform graded activities to measure their progress during the course; Quiz, class discussion, practice problems. Readings —veianotneinored concete edn by he wacoroc Reinforced Concrete Design Lectures by Engr. LR Bonzon National Structural Cade of the Philippines 2010 EditionModule 3 — Ultimate Stress Design — Flexural Analysis since 1963, the ultimate strength design method has rapidly gained popularity because; > it makes use of a more rational approach than does working stress design > amore realistic consideration of safety is used > it provides more economical designs, Advantages of USD Method: > More rational approach than WSD_ ‘+ It takes into consideration the nonlinear shape of the stress-strain diagram. > More realistic consideration of safety is used «Load factors are present in strength design + More consistent theory all through out the design > Provides more economical designs * Flexible designs * Percentage of steel varies Assumptions in using USD Method: v plane sections before bending remains plane after bending. at ultimate capacity, strain and stress are not proportional strain in the concrete is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis. tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural computations. the ultimate strain of concrete is 0.003. the modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel is 200 GPa. the maximum compressive stress in the concrete is 0.85f'c the ultimate tensile stress in the reinforcement must not exceed the specified tensile stress of steel, fy v vvvvvy Types of Reinforced Concrete Beam Failures: 1. Balanced Section - Reinforced concrete beam sections in which the tension steel also reaches yield strain simultaneously as the concrete reaches the failure strain in bending are called balanced sections. 2. Under-Reinforced Reinforced Concrete Beams - Area of the tension reinforcement used in the beam is less than that required for the balanced strain condition.— Ultimate Stress Design — Flexural Analysis 3. Over-Reinforced Concrete Beams - Concrete crushes before steel yields and concrete failure is sudden since it is a brittle material. Derivation of Beam Expression ~ [ eo 6.2 Gia strain variation at stress variation at ultimate load condition ultimate load condition The ultimate strength design takes into consideration of the non-linear shape of the stress-diagram. £ ae Ett Whitney replaced the curved stress block with an equivalent rectangular block of intensity 0.85f'c and depth a = Bc as shown. The area of this rectangular block should equal that of the curved stress block, and the centroids of the two blocks should coincide. Bic=a Where: ie = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis at ultimate strength a = depth of the compression block By = numerical coefficient used for the relationship of "c" and “a”Module 3 — Ultimate Stress Design — Flexural Analysis When: (NSCP, Sec.410.3.7.3) f'c $28 MPa By = 0.85 fic > 28 MPa By = 08 Ose: T=Ah, THA, C=T C = 0.85f'cab T=A;fy Bryan Dale. ¥ RECONDESIGN— Ultimate Stress Design — Flexural Analysis via Ratio and Proportion, we can; oss oc PR _C=085f.ab 600d a nee cp = 600+ fy og THAS, Since ¢ =; a= Ashe 0.003 0.85 fb cy By multiplying “a” in both numerator and denominator d . Asfy (ad ang 0.85f/b \d But the steel percentage can be calculated as; = As P= Ta «usc, 408.1) food Since « = Bey: fyPod _ ( 600d ) 1 0.85f *'\600+ The balanced steel ratio is now; ( 600 asset Pb = 600+f,) fy— Ultimate Stress Design — Flexural Analysis Maximum Steel Percentage, Pmax Design of Reinforced Concrete author J. Mccormac suggested that the maximum strain for the tension steel when the concrete strain reaches 0.003 is 0.005. Using this philosophy the suggested maximum steel ratio is: 3\ 0.85f"cB; When; &2h > Tension Steel Yields; (f; = fy) i < fy > Tension Steel does not Yield; (f, # fy) Minimum Steel Percentage, Pmnin Sometimes because of architectural or functional requirements, beam dimensions are selected that are much larger than are required for bending alone. Such members theoretically require very small amount of reinforcing, There is actually another possible mode of failure that can occur in very lightly reinforced Hi resisti I ir i fallimmedic rs wi warning 14 Pin = > (NSCP, Sec.410.6.1) ty Pmin Load Factors In the ASCE-ACI report, all of the factors of safety in ultimate strength design was provided for extensibility in the load factor. That is, the service loads were increased by some multiple and the idealized capacity, or ultimate strength, of the member had to be equal to or greater than this assumed loading. Idealized Capacity (AU) = Ultimate Load— Ultimate Stress Design — Flexural Analysis Idealized capacity (bU) ultimate load (Cun + c2u2) u = 14(D+F) aM Ui = 1. 2(0+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.50(L; oF R) @ Uo = 12D + 1.6(Lior R) + (1.0L or 080W) @ u = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.50 (Lior R) (4) Ui = 12D +1.08+ 1.0L 6) Uo = (0900 + 1.6 + 1.6H © u = 0.90D + 1.0E + 1.6H @ where; D = dead load L = five load u = impact loads F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures W = wind load L = rain load on the deflected roof E = earthquake load H = earth pressure T = structural effects brought about by settlement, creep, shrinkage, expansion or temperature change. Strength Reduction Factors The purpose of the strength reduction factors are as follows; > Uncertainties of materials strength o $0754 -00m i > : : 0 > Possible variations in dimensions > Placement of Reinforcement 07s > Workmanship = 065 + (¢,-0.002) 232 ad lower bound on for members with factored aia ‘compressive load < 010 A, Jeasion controled 1002 «= 0.008 «= 0.005— Flexural Analysis Tension Controlled when: & 2 0.005 @ = 0.90 Compression Controlled when: & S 0.002 0 = 0.65 Transition Zone when: 0.005 = & = 0.002 250 9 = 0.65 + (¢, — 0.002) - USD — SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM The present design of reinforced concrete structures is based on the concept of providing sufficient strength to resist hypothetical overloads. The nominal strength of a proposed member is calculated, based ‘on the knowledge of the member and material behavior. The nominal strength is modified by a strength reduction factor, 6, less than unity, to obtain the strength Cc =T c 0.85 fab (NSCP, sec.410.3.7.1) 7 = AL a a My, = c(a-5) = r(a-5) M, < OMn— Ultimate Stress Design — Flexural Analysis My = Opfyba?(1— 2h) | non matamacc eaten et Steps in determining the Moment Capacity of a Singly Reinforced Beam 1, Identify if the tension steel will yield or not (f,,f4) 2) Determine the height of the compression block (a,c) 3.) Compute for the value of fz 4) Compute for the reduction factor needed (¢ 0) 5.) Get the nominal moment (M,.) 6.) Get the ultimate moment (M,) Get the value of a" (c=) ‘get the value a= Bie Yields: ee fy Get the value of Get the the actual stress in nominal steel, fe momentin the (strain diagram) beam, My Not yield fe6) ofc’ and ‘at } | checkifthe | | factor needed, [| moment in the & ‘assumptions o beam. My >) are correct T hot, get the required value of ‘cto satsty the condition of the compression and tension bars Bryan Dale P.¥ RECONDESIGN ge 9Module 3 — Ultimate Stress Design — Flexural Analysis Example 1:_ Investigation ‘A doubly reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm. The steel covering both of the top and bottom reinforcements is 50 mm. Itis reinforced for tension with 4000 mm? and for compression with 1200 mm?, Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the beam Given’ fe = 25.00 Mpa % = 420.00 MPa RECO an Dale P.¥ 1200mm? 400mm 600 mm 300mmUltimate Stress Design — Flexural Analysis Engr. Bryan Dale PY RECONDESIGN Page 21— Ultimate Stress Design — Flexural Analysis Example 2: Investigation 7 Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the 3-22mm 0 beam shown. Use concrete cover of the center of the steel! 600 mm bar equivalent to 65 mm. 532mm 0 Given: 300 mm fe = 30.00 Mpa fy = 420.00 MPa. Page 22 Engr. Byan Dale P. ¥Ultimate Stress Design — Flexural Analysis Engr. Byan Dale PY RECONDESIGN Page 23Example 3: Investigation A rectangular beam is limited to a width of 300 mm, an effective depth of 400 mm and a total depth of 450 mm. The beam carries a lve load of 40 kN/m and a total dead load of 20 kN/m on a simple span of 6.0 meter. Determine the necessary reinforcement assuming a steel cover of 50 mm. Given’ fe = 30.00 Mpa % = 400.00 MPa 300 mm 400 mmUltimate Stress Design — Flexural Analysis Engr. Bryan Dale PY RECONDESIGN Page 25