Tribology in Industry: J.R. Patel, G.M. Deheri

Vol.
35, No. 3 (2013) 177‐189

Tribology in Industry
RESEARCH

www.tribology.fink.rs

A Comparison of Porous Structures on the
Performance of a Magnetic Fluid Based Rough
Short Bearing

J.R. Patel a, G.M. Deheri a

a Department of Mathematics, Sardar Patel University, V.V. Nagar, Anand, Gujarat, India.

Keywords: A B S T R A C T
Short Bearing
Efforts have been made to study and analyze the comparison of various
Magnetic Fluid
porous structures on the performance of a magnetic fluid based
Rough Surfaces
transversely rough short bearing. The globular sphere model of Kozeny‐
Load Carrying Capacity
Carman and Irmay’s capillary fissures model have been subjected to
Porosity
investigations. The transverse surface roughness of the bearing surfaces

has been characterized by a stochastic random variable with non zero
Corresponding author: mean, variance and skewness. The stochastically averaged Reynolds type
Jimit R. Patel equation has been solved under suitable boundary conditions to obtain
a Department of Mathematics,

the pressure distribution in turn which gives the expression for the load
Sardar Patel University, carrying capacity. It is found that the magnetization affects the bearing
V.V. Nagar, system positively while the bearing suffers owing to transverse
Anand, roughness. This adverse effect is relatively less in the case of Kozeny‐
Gujarat, Carman model. The negatively skewed roughness induces an increase in
India. load carrying capacity which can be channelized to compensate the
E‐mail: adverse effect of porosity, at least in the case of Kozeny‐Carman model.
patel.jimitphdmarch2013@gmail.com This compensation in the case of Irmay’s model is relatively less. The
effect of magnetization responds more in the case of Kozeny‐Carman
model as compared to Irmay’s model.
© 2013 Published by Faculty of Engineering

1. INTRODUCTION the application possibilities of suspensions of
magnetic nano particles are an extremely lively
Lubricated bearings are well known in industrial research field nowadays. Recent experimental as
applications and their main advantages compared well as theoretical investigations have
with rolling and friction bearings are their law established that the formation of structure of
friction and very high precision. The biomedical magnetic nano particles has significant influence
application and the investigation of the on the magneto viscous behavior of ferrofluids.
reheological properties of magnetic fluids gained
considerable importance during the last years. In Nada and Osman [1] investigated the problem of
fact, investigations of the properties, the flow and lubrication of finite hydrodynamic journal
177
J.R. Patel and G.M. Deheri, Tribology in Industry Vol. 35, No. 3 (2013) 177‐189
bearing lubricated by magnetic fluids with fact they presented an advanced rough surface
couple stress, based upon the Stokes micro‐ continuum based contact and sliding model in
continnum theory. It was established that the the presence of molecularly thin lubricant. Zhu
bearing characteristics enhanced due to the and Wang [10] studied the effect of roughness
magnetic effects Fe304 based ferrofluids with orientation on the elastrohydrodinamic
different saturation magnetization were lubrication film thickness. The orientation effect
employed by Huang et al. [2] to study the for circular or elliptical contact problems
supporting capacity and tribological appeared to be more complicated than that for
performance of ferrofluids. Urreta et al. [3] line contacts due to the existence of significant
summarized the work carried out in the domain lateral flows. The longitudinal roughness here
of hydrodynamic lubricated journal bearings was more favorable.
with magnetic fluids. Here, it was mooted that
magnetic fluids could be used to develop active Tzeng and Seibel [11] recognized the random
journal bearings. By applying an external nature of roughness orientation and used a
magnetic field, ferrofluids can be confined, stochastic method to describe the surface
positioned, shaped and controlled at a desire roughness. Later on, this was developed by
location. Huang et al. [4] conducted a discussion Christensen and Tonder [12‐14] to propose a
on the ferrofluid lubrication with an external more general method for analyzing the effect of
magnetic field and found that the load carrying both the roughness patterns (transverse as well
capacity of a lubricant film of a magnetic fluid as longitudinal). This method was employed by
increased with an appropriate magnetic field. Gupta and Deheri [15] to conduct an analysis for
the performance of a rough spherical bearing.
On the basis of Stokes theory and Christensen
stochastic model, Chiang et al. [5] theoretically Elsharkawy and Nassar [16] dealt with the
studied the combined effect of couple stresses hydrodynamic lubrication of squeeze film
and surface roughness on the instability porous bearings. The load carrying capacity
thresholds of a rough short journal bearing decreased with the increase in permeability
lubricated with non‐Newtonian fluids. Here the parameter. The effect of porous layer on the
couple stress accompanied with longitudinal hydrodynamic lubrication of squeeze film
roughness to provide an increase in the stability porous bearing could be neglected when the
threshold speed. Deresse and Sinha [6] analyzed permeability parameter was less than 0.001.
the roughness and thermal effect on different Elsharkawy and Alyaqout [17] considered the
characteristics of finite rough tilted pad slider optimum shape design for the surface of a
bearings. It was observed that for non‐parallel porous slider bearing lubricated with a couple
slider bearings the load carrying capacity due to stress fluids. The results established that the
combined effect was less than the load capacity optimization approach reduced the coefficient of
due to roughness effect for both longitudinal and friction. In addition, the slip parameter
transverse roughness model. Nuduvinamani et significantly affected the optimum friction.
al. [7] launched a theoretical analysis of the
problem of magneto hydrodynamic couple Deheri and Patel [18] discussed the transverse
stress fluid film lubrication between rough roughness effect on the performance
circular stepped plats. It was found that the characteristics of a magnetic fluid based short
radial roughness patterns on the bearing surface bearing. Here it was shown that the effect of
decreased the mean load capacity and squeeze transverse roughness remained always adverse
film time. Further, the applied magnetic field irrespective of the strength of the magnetic field.
increased the load carrying capacity. Adamu and However, this situation was a little better when
Sinha [8] discussed the roughness and thermal negatively skewed roughness pattern occurred.
effects on the performance characteristics of an Patel et al. [19] considered the performance of a
infinitely long tilted pad slider bearing hydrodynamic short journal bearing under the
considering heat conductivity through both the presence of a magnetic fluid lubricant. It was
pad and slider. Vakis and Polycarpou [9] shown that the magnetization turned in a
proposed a model to study the mixed nano favorable effect on the performance of the
lubrication regime expected during light contact bearing system. The coefficient of friction
or “surfing”, recording in magnetic storage. In decreased significantly for a large range of the
178
magnetization parameter. Recently, Shimpi and The length of the bearing is L and breadth B
Deheri [20] considered the effect of roughness is in Z‐direction where B<<L, necessitating
and deformation on the configuration of the dimension of B to be very small. The pressure
problem effect on short bearing studied by gradient p Z , is much larger as compared to
Deheri and Patel [18]. This article suggested that
the pressure gradient p X and hence the
the negative of the standard deviation associated
with the roughness could be neutralized up to latter can be neglected.
certain extent by the positive effect of the
magnetization parameter, by suitably choosing It is assumed that the bearing surfaces are
film thickness ratio, when the deformation was transversely rough. In line with the discussions
comparatively less. of Christensen and Tonder [12‐14], the thickness
h(x) of the lubricant film is taken as:
Patel et al. [21] considered the magnetic fluid
lubrication of a squeeze film between h x   h  x   hs
transversely rough triangular plates. Here, it was
shown that the magnetic field induced positive where h  x  is the mean film thickness and
effects reduced the adverse effect of transverse hs is the deviation from the mean film
roughness to certain extent when negative thickness characterizing the random
variance was involved. Singh et al. [22] roughness of the bearing surfaces. hs is
investigated the effect of non Newtonian
lubricant blended with viscosity index improver considered to be stochastic in nature and
on the performance of a pivoted curved slider governed by the probability density function:

bearing considering Rabinowitsch fluid model.
Myshkin and Grigoriev [23] reviewed the main  35  h 2  3
  
f hs    32c 1  c 2  ,c  hs  c
2
methods of surface roughness analysis.
Advantages and disadvantages of traditional and  
 0 , elsewhere
modern approaches of surface analysis based on 
concepts of roughness and texture were
discussed. wherein c is the maximum deviation from the
mean film thickness. The mean  , the
Here, it has been carry out to a comparative standard deviation  and the parameter 
study of different porous structures on the which is the measure of symmetry of the
performance of a magnetic fluid based random variable hs are defined and discussed
transversely rough short bearing. in Christensen and Tonder [12‐14].

It is taken into account that the lubricant film
2. ANALYSIS is isoviscous and incompressible and the
flow is laminar. Following, Agrawal [24] the
The geometry and configuration of the present magnetic field is considered to be oblique to
bearing system is shown in the Fig.1. The slider the stator. Prajapati [25] carried out the
moves with the uniform velocity u in the X‐ investigation of the effect of various forms of
direction. magnitude of the magnetic field. Following his
L emphasis on certain forms of the magnitude in
this study, the magnitude of the magnetic field
z Moving plate is taken as:
u
x
h2  1 z   1 z   1 z   1 z 
h1 h M 2  KB2    sin       sin  
y Fixed plate  2 B   2 B   2 B   2 B 

where K is a suitably chosen constant from
dimensionless point of view (Bhat and Deheri
Fig. 1. Geometry and Configuration of the bearing [26]).
system.
179
Under the usual assumptions of hydro magnetic The pressure gradient is assumed to be linear. In
lubrication (Bhat [27]; Prajapati [25]; Deheri, et. view of the discussion Liu [29] the use of
al. [28]) the Reynolds equation governing the Kozeny‐Carman formula leads to:
pressure distribution is obtained as:
Dc2 e3 l

721  e  l
2 '
d2  0  M 2  6 u dh

2  p   (1)
dz  2  g h  dx l'
where e is the porosity and is the length
l
where:

ratio. Under suitable assumptions this ratio turns
 
g h   h 3  3h 2  3  2   2 h  3 2   3    12l1
out to be around 2.5 from experimental results. In
that case the Kozeny‐Carman formula becomes:

while  0 is the magnetic susceptibility,  is Dc2e3

the free space permeability,  is the   .
1801  e 
2
lubricant viscosity and  is permeability of

porous region. Introducing the dimensionless quantities:
h1  h2  x 
 l
The concerned boundary conditions are: m , h  h2 1  m1  , l *  '
h2   L  l
B
p  0; z  
2 h23 h23k 0  z x
P p ,  *
 ,Z  , X  ,
and uB 2
u B L
dp A  1  m 1  X 
 0; z  0 (2)
dz L    D 2l
L ,   ,   ,   3 ,  c3 1 (3)
h2 h2 h2 h2 h2
Case‐1: (A globular sphere model)

A porous material is filled with globular particles
  2 2
g h  A3  3A2  3    A  3        2 3 l *e3
61  e
2
(a mean particle size Dc ) which is given in and using boundary conditions (2) the
Figure A. dimensionless form of the pressure distribution
is found to be:
 *  1  1  1  1 
P   Z  sin   Z     Z  sin   Z 
2  2  2  2  2 
3m  1 2 1
  Z 
L 4 gh 
(4)
The load carrying capacity of the bearing system

Fig. A. Structure model of porous sheets given by then is obtained as:
Kozeny‐Carman.
B 2 L
The Kozeny‐Carman equation is a well‐known W    px, z dxdz (5)

relation used in the field of fluid dynamics to B 2 0
calculate the pressure drop of a fluid flowing thought Therefore, the non‐dimensional load carrying
a packed bed of solids. This equation remains valid capacity takes the form:
only for laminar flow. The Kozeny‐Carman equation
1
mimics some experimental trends and hence 3
W  h2 4 w   * L 1  sin1  m 1  dx (6)
serves as a quality control tool for physical and
digital experimental results. The Kozeny‐Carman
uB B 2 B0gh 
equation is very often presented as permeability
versus porosity, pore size and turtuosity.
180
Case‐2: (A capillary fissures model) while the increase in load carrying capacity is:

L
* 1  sin 1
B
as compared to the case of conventional
lubricants (for both the models of porosity).

It can be seen from Equation (4, 7) and Equation
Fig. B. Structure model of porous sheets given (6, 8) that the expressions are linear in the
by Irmay. magnetization parameter  * . Accordingly, the
increasing values of  * will lead to increased
In Figure B, the model consists of three sets of load carrying capacity. Setting the roughness
mutually orthogonal fissures (a mean solid size parameters to be zero, this study reduces to the
Ds ) and assuming no loss of hydraulic gradient discussion of a magnetic fluid based porous
at the junctions, Irmay [30] derived the short bearing with different porous structures.
permeability: Further, considering the magnetization
 

Ds2 1  1  e 
23
 parameter to be zero, this study reduces to the
investigation of Basu et al. [31] in the absence of
121  e  porosity.

where e is the porosity. The Figs. 2‐20 relates to the configuration of
Kozeny‐Carman (case‐1) while the graphical
Considering the non‐dimensional quantities: representation for Irmay model (case‐2) is
   2
g h*  A3 3A2 3  A3    
2
 2 3  
* 11e2 3 presented in Figs. 21‐37. The sharp rise in the
load carrying capacity is manifest in Figs. 2‐3
1e and Figs. 21‐22. This may be probably due to the
Ds2l1 fact that the magnetization increases the
*  effective viscosity of the lubricant there by
h23 increasing the pressure. However Fig. 3
and making use of the boundary conditions (2) indicates that in the case of Kozeny‐Carman
the dimensionless pressure distribution model the effect of e on the load carrying
assumes the form: capacity with respect to  * remains negligible
up to the value of e  0.15 .
 *  1  1  1  1 
P   Z  sin   Z     Z  sin   Z 
2  2  2  2  2 
3m  1 2 1
  Z  (7)
L 4 gh
*
 
In view of Equation (5), the non‐dimensional
load carrying capacity is calculated as
1
h23 L m1 dx . (8)
W w   * 1  sin1  
uB 4
B 2 B 0 g h*  

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. 2. Variation of load carrying capacity with
respect to  and  .
*
It is clearly seen that the pressure increases by:

 *  1  1  1  1 
  Z  sin   Z     Z  sin   Z 
2  2  2  2  2 
181
carrying capacity in the sense that the load

carrying capacity increases sharply.

respect to  and e .
*
respect to m and  .

respect to  and  .
* *

respect to m and  .

respect to  and e .
*

The effect of aspect ratio on the load carrying Fig. 6. Variation of load carrying capacity with
capacity is presented in Figs. 4‐8. It is observed respect to m and  .
that the aspect ratio causes increased load
182

Fig. 7. Variation of load carrying capacity with Fig. 10. Variation of load carrying capacity with
respect to m and  . respect to  and  .


respect to m and e .

The effect of variance presented in the Figs. 9‐12 respect to  and  .
makes it clear that the load carrying capacity
decreases with respect to positive variance
while the negative variance induces an increase
in the load carrying capacity. Interestingly the
effect of standard deviation and e are negligible
up to the value of 0.05 as can be seen from Figs.
9 and 12 and 0.15 respectively.

respect to  and e .

The fact that the standard deviation as
considerable adverse effect on the performance
of the bearing system can be observed from Figs.
Fig. 9. Variation of load carrying capacity with 13‐15 where in the load carrying capacity
respect to  and  . decreases heavily.
183

respect to  and  . respect to  and  .

respect to  and  . respect to  and e .

From Fig. 18 it is noticed that load carrying
capacity decreases with increasing values of  .
Further the rate of decrease in load carrying
capacity with respect to  gets increased with
increasing values of porosity parameter.

respect to  and e .

The effect of skewness on the load carrying capacity
follows the trends of the variance (Figs. 16‐17).
Therefore the increased load carrying capacity due
to variance (negative) gets further increased Fig. 18. Variation of load carrying capacity with
owing to the negatively skewed roughness. respect to  and e .
184
Figures 19 and 20 bear the testimony of the

effect of the ratio l * on the load carrying
capacity. It is clear that the load carrying
capacity decreases when l * increases. The rate
of decrease in load carrying capacity due to l *
gets increased with the increasing values of
porosity parameter e .

respect to m and  .

respect to l and  .
* *

respect to m and  .

*
respect to l and e .

The effect of aspect ratio on the load carrying
capacity is presented in Figs. 23‐27 for Irmay’s
model. It is clearly observed that the effect of
standard deviation on the distribution of load
carrying capacity with respect to m is almost Fig. 25. Variation of load carrying capacity with
negligible. Likewise, the effect of skewness also respect to m and  .
remains insignificant for a considerable range.

185

respect to m and  . respect to  and  .
*

respect to m and e . Fig. 30. Variation of load carrying capacity with

respect to  and  .
*
The effect of variance on the load carrying capacity
in this case follows the path of the effect of
variance on the load carrying capacity in the
Kozeny‐Carman’s case (Figs. 28‐31). However, the
effect of standard deviation on the distribution of
load carrying capacity with respect to variance
remains negligible up to the value 0.09.

respect to  and e .

The effect of standard deviation on the variation
of load carrying capacity is just nominal except
Fig. 28. Variation of load carrying capacity with in the case of skewness which can be seen from
respect to  and  . Figs. 32‐34.
186

respect to  and  .
*
respect to  and  .

Fig. 33. Variation of load carrying capacity with respect to  and e .
respect to  and  .
*

Lastly, one can easily see from Fig. 37 that the
combined effect of  and e is considerably
*
adverse because the load carrying capacity gets

decreased significantly.

respect to  and e .

The effect of skewness in Figs. 35‐36 is not that
sharp as compared to the first model, although, it Fig. 37. Variation of load carrying capacity with
respect to  and e .
*
goes along the trends of skewness in the first model.
187
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189
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Vol.

35, No. 3 (2013) 177‐189

while  0 is the magnetic susceptibility,  is Dc2e3

lubricant viscosity and  is permeability of

The load carrying capacity of the bearing system

The Kozeny‐Carman equation is a well‐known W    px, z dxdz (5)

carrying capacity in the sense that the load

Figures 19 and 20 bear the testimony of the

adverse because the load carrying capacity gets

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