TITLE
Rakesh GR Prathvin R Shetty
Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Communication Engineering
Ramaiah Institute of Technology Ramaiah Institute of Technology
Bangalore, India Bangalore, India
1ms20ec076@gmail.com 1ms20ec067@gmail.com
S Rohit
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Ramaiah Institute of Technology
Bangalore, India
1ms20ec084@gmail.com
Abstract— Fish diseases are the ones that thwart the
production of small- and large-scale fish farming
industries. Although there are many physical
methodologies based on manual observation involved in
finding a solution, they are not 100 percent accurate. As
technologies advance in the current scenario, it is the
only solution for early detection of diseases with high
accuracy, which is necessary and may prevent loss. Since
fish are sensitive creatures, early detection and diagnosis
is essential. This paper is a survey on diseases in fish and
different techniques that are involved in the early
detection of diseases in fish. It also includes a comparison
between the different techniques involved. The final
approach is to identify and detect diseases efficiently,
which will be a boon to small and large aquaculture
industries in the future.
Keywords—Aquaculture, Machine learning, Convolutional
Neural network, Fish Disease Identification.
I. INTRODUCTION
The word aquaculture is related to farming, including
breeding, raising, and harvesting fishes, aquatic plants,
crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic organisms. It involves the
cultivation of both freshwater and saltwater creatures under a
controlled condition and is used to produce food and
commercial products. There are mainly two types of
aquacultures, the first one is Mariculture, which is farming of
marine species such as mollusks, shrimps, seaweeds, sea
horses and sea cucumbers etc. for the purpose of
pharmaceuticals, food additives, cosmetics, jewelry, and
nutraceuticals. This is carried on either in natural marine
environment or cage ponds and raceways etc. The second
one is fish farming which is carried on in artificial man-made
environments like tanks and other enclosures. They are used
mainly to farm fishes like rohu, tilapia, carp, trout, salmon,
catfish and many more [9].
Figure1: Mariculture Figure 2: Fish Farming(artificial)
C.G. Raghavendra
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Ramaiah Institute of Technology
Bangalore, India
cgraagu@msrit.edu
. Shreeshma G P Hegede
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Ramaiah Institute of Technology
Bangalore, India
1ms20ec101@gmail.com
The world needs aquaculture or fish farming to help meet
the ever-growing demand for seafood and provide people in
developing countries with healthy protein while reducing the
pressure on wild fish. The phases of aquaculture include
bloodstock holding, hatchery production of seed, nursing
systems, grow-out systems, and quarantining. In fact,
aquaculture accounts for nearly 68 percent of India's total
fish production, making it the third largest fish producer in
the world. 1.07 percent of the nation's GDP is made up of
the aquaculture industry. India is expected to need 1.6 crore
tonnes of fisheries by 2025. However, aquatic productivity
has recently decreased as a result of dramatic regional
climate circumstances. The second, measurement, aims at
non-invasively estimating the dimensions and weight of fish.
The third, tracking, aims at following individuals or shoals
over time, which is usually done to either aid in the counting
process or to determine the behavior of the fish as a
response to the environment or to some source of stress. The
fourth, classification, aims to identify the species or other
factors in order to obtain a better characterization of a given
area [10]. Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and
parasites are a primary concern in aquaculture. Indeed,
effective control of these diseases is one of the most critical
elements in successful aquaculture. There are mainly four
types of fish diseases. The first is bacterial diseases like fish
tuberculosis, columnaris etc. The second is fungal diseases
such as branchyomocosis and dermatomycosis, followed by
parasitic diseases such as velvet, flukes etc. The final one is
protozoan diseases like Ichthyophthiriusis and coastiasis etc.
Various types of fish diseases have been shown in figure 3.
Early identification of diseased fish is vital to prevent
spreading of diseases. One method of doing this is by
observing the anomalous behavior of fishes through there
trajectories. Traditional artificial sampling and hand testing
of aquatic life are not only challenging, laborious, and time-
consuming, but they also create stress on the fish because it
is a disruptive contact method that negatively affects fish
well-being and health. To do this thing physically is a
difficult task and needs expertise. Then also it does not
provide us as much the required accuracy [3]. As a solution
for this there are many technical applications in present day
scenario that help us in early detection and identification of
these diseases with high accuracy. There are a number of
researches done on machine learning especially on neural
networks, deep learning, computer vision, image processing
and many more scientific techniques for this purpose which
works efficiently. The given paper is a survey on such
methodologies.
II. RELEVANT THEORIES
The current publication, which covers 10 studies,
discusses how machine learning techniques have been used
in intelligent disease detection systems over the last five
years. To be clear, one of these is from 2017, one is from
2019, one is from 2021, and seven are from 2022. The
method[6] uses image processing techniques and machine
learning, notably neural network and machine learning, to
determine whether a fish is infected or not with epizootic
ulcerative syndrome (EUS). It has a maximum accuracy of
86%. In approach[3], convolutional neural networks and
computer vision have been used to detect diseases including
columnaris, ichthyophthirius, and epizootic ulcerative
syndrome with an accuracy of about 98%. In a different
method [5], image processing and machine learning with an
SVM classifier were used to categorise unhealthy salmon
fish using data sets with and without augmentation, and the
accuracy reached was 94% and 91%, respectively. In a
recent publication [11], work was done utilising IOT and
image processing to detect diseases such fin root and fungal
bacteria using CNN algorithm. The work also included
diagnosing diseased fish using an automatic feeding system.
it also has a system that helps manage the pH, temperature,
and turbidity of the water, whereas there accuracy with
respect to training and validation wasn’t up to mark. Another
paper [12] employs deep hybrid CNN together with image
processing to identify diseases in rohu fish, such as tail and
fin rot, wound, red dot, and gill rot, with a 99.8% accuracy
rate as of 2022. While in Paper [13], an Android app was
created to identify fish sickness at an early stage utilising
strong machine learning methods linked to Extreme Artificial
Neural Networks (EANN). This study examines disease
detection in six different fish species, including the rohu
silver carp, mori, and others, and reports a 98% accuracy
rate. In a recent study [14], efforts were made to identify
protozoan white spot disease in mariculture using a variety of
image enhancement techniques, including CLAHE, auto
level, and a combination of both. The study's authors
ultimately came to the conclusion that the combination of
both techniques provides the greatest accuracy. Another
method [4] focuses on utilising computer vision and deep
convolutional neural network (DCNN) to identify
widespread diseases like white spots and ulcers. Finally, they
came up with a result that had a MAP of 0.518, or mean
average precision. The last one [2] employed a system for
disease identification, however it isn't specified the disease,
fish, or algorithm they used, let alone its accuracy. Therefore,
the majority of current research is from 2022, and the
majority of it uses CNN and image processing to diagnose
the sickness. However, there are a number of other kinds of
applications. The main subject of many of these works is
disease detection, including EUS, ulcers, white spots, tail and
fin rot, etc. The next section provides a detailed explanation
of each of these strategies.
III. METHODOLOGY
The detection and identification of fish diseases has been
proposed using a variety of techniques. Since physical
methods don't offer sufficient accuracy, several of these
approaches have technological applications. This section
presents various techniques that are used followed by the
comparison table
A. Machine Learning Based or Computer Vision:
To detect and identify fish infections, many approaches [6],
[15] and [16] used computer vision techniques. To
categorize fish that have the epizootic ulcerative syndrome
(EUS), a few methods [6] [16] were put forth. On fish
photos, color segmentation technology is frequently used to
extract skin with signs of ageing [15]. Another strategy
involved extracting affected areas and alerting fish growers.
Disease diagnosis and prescribed course of therapy are
included in the notification.
Histogram equalization was used in Approach [6], which
was followed by edge detection for segmentation. In
comparison to other edge detectors, Canny's edge detector
produced the best results.
When applied to EUS-infected photos, features from the
Accelerated Segment Test (FAST) outperformed others,
such as the Histogram of Gradient (HOG) features.
After FAST features, Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
[16] was used to minimize feature vector dimensions. When
used as a classifier, neural networks [17] outperformed K-
Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) in terms of recognition outcomes.
B. Deep Convolutional Neural Network Based (DCNN)
This approach starts with data preparation and ends with
data pre-processing. Using the Inception Resnet-V2
technique, the processed data picture will be fed into the
DCNN. The results of the DCNN training and testing will be
utilised to identify fish disease. Prior to entering the DCNN,
data collecting, labelling, and pre-processing are
implemented and discussed in computer vision. Resizing
and image rotation are data augmentation techniques used in
image pre-processing to enhance the number of sample
pictures and the many variations required to improve
assessment performance and decrease overfitting concerns.
[6] The initial stage of this approach, called the feature
extractor, uses an Inception Resnet-V2 feature extractor to
extract useable feature maps. A convolutional feature map is
produced by the feature extractor and used by the region
proposal and detection networks. The region proposal
network, a convolutional network that is slid across the
feature map with anchor boxes at each position, is included
in the second stage. Using two siblings fully connected
layers, the bounding box and its likelihood to belong to a
particular class or background are determined. Finally, the
feature map is cropped using the Detection Network and the
suggested regions to create a region of interest (ROI)
collection.[4] Subsequently, these ROIs are processed by a
pooling layer and fully connected layers to estimate the
probability and refine the bounding box coordinates.
C. Neural Network Based
In the NN type of model the following steps are followed:
Step1: Image Acquisition: -The collection or acquiring of
the images from some source. The Experimentations have
been applied on real images of EUS infected fish.
Step 2: -Image Pre-Processing: - The removal of the noise,
applied the filter, normalization of the intensity image and
various morphological operations applied on the EUS
image.
Step-3: -Image Segmentation: - Various edge detection
techniques have been applied on fish images to enhance the
image and to preserve the useful information and remove the
useless information of the data or image. Before applied the
edge detection techniques first equalize the image through
histogram equalization
Step 4: -Feature Extraction: - Various feature Extraction
methods have been applied using ROI (Region of Interest)
e.g., HOG (Histogram of Gradient), FAST (Features from
Accelerated Segment Test).
Step 5: -Image Classification: - Classify the Non-EUS and
EUS infected fish. Various classification method has been
applied after extracting the feature extraction.
Step 6: -Image Evaluation & Accuracy: Evaluate the
methods and techniques. Appropriate evaluation strategy for
segmentation and classification of image is determined.
Various classification algorithms have been applied to
calculate classification accuracy.
Proposed method Edge detection has been applied for
enhancing the fish images, Extract the Features from FAST
(Features from Accelerated Segment Test) as it is a better
feature extractor.[6] After Feature Extractor applied the PCA
(Principle Component Analysis) followed by Machine
Learning Algorithm has been applied (Neural Network) to
get the better accuracy.
D. Extreme Artificial Neural Networks (EANN)
The four steps of the fish disease classification and
identification technique include pre-processing,
segmentation, feature selection, and classification. The first
stage is preprocessing,[6] in which the fish photos are
created and utilized in conjunction with the filtering strategy
(median filtering). Before increasing the contrast using
histogram equalization, the filtering technique is typically
employed to eliminate undesirable noise from the input
image. Following the completion of the pre-processing, the
plant pictures are segmented using the enhanced canny
algorithm. When the image segmentation process is
completed, the result of the segmentation process is
delivered to the feature selection process. A hybrid
technique termed a Fish Optimization Algorithm (FOA) was
developed as a unique addition to feature selection to solve
the challenges involved with obtaining the global minimum.
Once the feature selection procedure is complete, the entire
feature set is utilised for classification to identify fish
illnesses at an early stage using EANN, which combines
traditional ANN with FOA.[13] The approach described
aims to extract an automated collection of characteristics for
categorizing and identifying fish illnesses. The proposed
strategy is quite effective in increasing classification
accuracy.
E. Image Enhancement Techniques
Before evaluating performance, the original picture was
upgraded with CLAHE (Contrast-limited Adaptive
Histogram Equalization) and Auto-level procedures. The
combination of both strategies has also been explored to
determine whether the combination algorithm can
outperform the original algorithm. This study's collection of
underwater fish photos was gathered using an underwater
camera. Auto level can fix the brightness and color levels
while adjusting the Luminance, Hue, and Saturation to their
correct values. Luminance is a measure of brightness. An
image's color information is supplied in its Chrominance.
CLAHE operates with tiles rather than the entire image. [14]
Each tile's contrast is enhanced so that the histogram of the
output region nearly matches the histogram given by the
'Distribution' option. Both of the above strategies have been
coupled to demonstrate the potential of integrated picture
enhancing techniques in addressing underwater image
limitations. Statistical criteria such as Mean Squared Error
(MSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Entropy, and
Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) were employed to assess
the quality of underwater photographs.
F. Video based Diagnosis
Expert management module, user management module, and
video transmission management module are all part of the
system function.[18]
i) Expert Management Module
This module implements expert resource management.
Administrators can log in and add, delete, or alter expert
data in the expert database. Because of their expertise, the
specialists are segregated into distinct consulting rooms. At
the same time, the solution enables experts to operate across
many consulting rooms. This module's SMS function might
be configured to notify the expert that a waiting information
has arrived when the expert is offline. As soon as feasible,
the expert can also operate with the system via a smartphone
or tablet connected to the internet.
ii) User Management Module
The administrator has access to the user's personal
information and may manage, record, and adjust it. This
module allows users to sign up. It also allows the
administrator to audit the user's information. Instead of
entering an account, a USB key is used to login to the
system. This method is both convenient and secure for the
user. The database stores past consultation and diagnosis
data that users and experts may access. The database
employs DBMS technology based on MySQL. The web
service technology and platform internal agreement are used
to handle user authentication, switching operations, and
appropriate permission management. The diagnosis
historical data analysis tool will assist in providing warning
and diagnosis references for both the user and the expert.
Every user's authorization and action will be coordinated by
the module. It is also the foundation for ensuring the
platform's overall unity of effort.
iii) Video Transmission Management Module
The FLV (FLASH VIDEO) technology is used to increase
system load and boost performance. The video and audio
data will be pre-processed by the FLASH plug-in application
installed on the user's browser. FLV data files are minimal in
size and have strong compatibility. This feature facilitates
 information exchange between the user and the expert.
Through Internet Explorer and a remote service centre, users
may engage with experts using XML technology. The fish
sickness scene, dissecting picture, and microscopic image
SL. Paper Names Disease Comparison Methods and Result and Accuracy obtained
NO. worked ON Algorithm used

1 Image Enhancement on White spot - CLAHE and Auto - CLAHE Auto Level CLAHE Auto Level +Clahe
Underwater Images for level -Auto-level
Protozoan White Spot Fish - Clahe + Auto level - MSE, Peak PSNR, MSE 0.0065094 0.0071003 0.0062489
Disease Detection SSIM PSNR 21.8646 21.4872 22.0419
[14] Entropy 7.3062 7.5346 7.4326
SSIM 0.99748 0.98447 0.99152

2 AI Based Farm Fish Disease
Detection System to Help
Micro and Small Fish
Farmers
[2]
Farm fish Image based detection, AI based fish Better accuracy compared to traditional method and
diseases video-based detection disease detection low cost affordable by farmers
and Integrating motion
detection along with
image processing.

3 Image Processing technique EUS HOG-PCA-K-NN, HOG HOG-PCA-K-NN: 56.32%

for identification of fish FAST-PCA-K-NN, FAST FAST-PCA-K-NN: 63.32%
disease [6] HOG-PCA-NN, NN HOG-PCA-NN: 65.8%
FAST-PCA-NN K-NN FAST-PCA-NN: 86%

4 Automatic Recognition of EUS ResNet18, ResNet50, CNN ResNet18: 95.8599%

Fish Diseases in Fish Farms ICH ResNet101 and Alex- ResNet50: 96.4968%
[3] Columnaris Net CNN ResNet101: 97.4522%
Alex-Net: 99%

5 Feasibility Study of Fish Ulcers and VGG19, ResNet152, DCNN [R-CNN] VGG19: (mAP)0.193, (AR)0.157
Disease Detection using White Spots ResNet V2 ResNet152: 0.201, 0.161
Computer Vision and Deep ResNet V2: 0.237, 0.187
Convolutional Neural
Network (DCNN) Algorithm
[4]

6 Fish Disease Detection Using Salmon Fish With Augmentation SVM Without Augmentation: 91%
Image Based Machine Disease and without Augmentation: 94%
Learning Technique in Augmentation
Aquaculture [5]

7 Fish diseases Identification EUS - PNN combination of CWT-GLCM-PNN gave better

and Classification Using Farm fish accuracy when compared to traditional method
Machine Learning [7] Disease

8 Image Processing and IoT- Fin Rot and - CNN + Sensors Implementing AquaScanner for detecting fish
based Fish Diseases Fungi bacteria diseases, automatic feeding system, and water quality
Identification and Fish Tank monitoring system
Monitoring System [11]
9 A Novel Fish Optimization Contiguous fish FFNN with BPA and EANN, FFNN, Accuracy of EANN: 98.83%
Algorithm for Offshore diseases FFNN with FOA BPA, FCO, PSO Rate of Recall of EANN: 97%
Disease Detection in Fishes (EANN)
using a Smartphone App [13]
10 Hybrid-CNN: For Rohu Fish VGG16, CNN, Deep Accuracy of Hybrid – CNN: 99.82%
Identification of Rohu Fish Disease DenseNet201, and Learning, Hybrid -
Disease [12] Hybrid CNN

may all be swapped in real time depending on the diagnostic

need.
TABLE I. COMPARISION OF DISEASES WITH RESULTS
IV. RESULTS
Machine learning algorithms help overcome and produce
improved accuracy when compared to the conventional way
because traditional artificial sampling and manual testing is a
labour-intensive, time-consuming process that stresses fish.
Many Machine Learning algorithms were utilised in various
Papers which resulted in very good accuracy. The focus of
the paper was on the detection of white spot disease, and it
employed CLAHE and Auto-level methods to determine the
performance metrics. It was found that the combination of
the two methods produced an SSIM with 99% and an MSE
of the least amount possible which made this the better
method [14]. The combination of FAST-PCA-NN produced
a greater accuracy of roughly 86% compared to other
approaches for detecting the EUS disease [6]. In order to
extract features and classify them, many CNN architectures
were recorded, each design was examined after being trained
on 314 samples out of a total of 2160. The experiment was
carried out in a different colour space, and Alexnet CNN in
the XYZ colour space outperformed every other architecture
with 99% accuracy [3]. The paper focused on ulcers and
white spots and compared various DCNN architectures to
their suggested theory, where the proposed architecture
(ResNet V2) was preferred because of better mAP and AR
values of 0.237 and 0.187, respectively [4]. There aren't
many studies that deal with Salmon fish disease, but one of
them focused on the SVM approach for with and without
augmentation, yielding results of 94% and 91%, respectively,
hence SVM classifier produced better results in both cases
[5]. This study evaluated FFNN with BPA and FFNN with
FOA (EANN) approaches for contagious fish diseases.
FFNN with FOA had a higher accuracy of 98.83% and a
higher rate of recall of 97% [13]. The author employed CNN
and deep learning to test his suggested theory with VGG16
and DenseNet201 to find out rohu fish disease, and found
that Hybrid-CNN (the proposed theory) provided a greater
accuracy of 99.82% [12]. With all the techniques utilized in
various papers, the best result was obtained with neural
networks specifically CNN.
V. CONCLUSION
One of India's most crucial industries is aquaculture,
which is critical in meeting the world's demand for seafood.
As a result, diagnosing and controlling disease begins with
early disease identification. Many publications have
concentrated on EUS, white spot, Ich, and columnaris.
However, there are a number of other disorders that must be
addressed and identified. Several machine learning
algorithms have been proposed in various research.
Researchers used the SVM technique some years ago, and it
generated high accuracy. However, in recent years, the
attention has switched to neural networks, specifically CNN,
DCNN, and others, with CNN producing the best results with
an accuracy of around 97%. So far, CNN has shown to be the
most accurate approach for detecting fish sickness. Because
there are few datasets on fish infections and most research
has only utilised extremely tiny datasets, working on big and
real-time datasets is problematic. As a result, the emphasis
must be on illness detection utilising massive datasets to
identify various sorts of diseases.
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