ler Bridge Design Preliminary dimensions Center to center of support = 16.6 m Clear bridge w 32m Number of girders = 3 ‘Number of lanes = 2 Girder depth = 0.07 * span = 0.07 * 16.6 =1.162m > The design depth ofa normal girder bridge may vary between 7-10% of the span length depending on the number of beams used. If possible, a high stem of beam is preferred to a certain extent, both technically and economically. SPEC ..u.PAGEL Girder depth provided = 1.3 m Web width =0.38m Clear span between the girders = Top slab thickness =0.22m COverhang slab thickness atthe exterior girder support = 0.22 m Overhang slab thickness at the end of edge beam = = 0.18m Edge beam depth from side = 0.4m ‘Average depth of edge beam beneath bottom of slab level = 0.214 m Width of edge beam=0.4 m Total width of super structure = 8.12 m Total number of diaphragm = 3 Center to center distance between diaphragm = 8.3m Diaphragm depth Diaphragm width 22 m 25m Face of railing/curb to end of slab = 0.4 m ir + I Baopron=1,000 prone aaMaterials "Type of concrete > £c=20MPa; > Unit weight of concrete =25 KNim? > Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 4800VFe = 4800 v20 = 21,466.25MPa Modulus of rupture of concrete = 0.63VPe = 0.63 420 2.82MPa Type of steel: » For bars greater than 20 mm diameter, f, = 400MPa > For bars less than or equal to 20 mm diat meter, f, = 3S0MPa Modulus of elasticity of steel = 200,000MPa A. Design of overhang slab * Distance between post and curb end 0.05 m Distance between back of railing and end of curb = 0.15 m + Width of post = 0.30.25 m; Height of post = 0.8 m; Center to center of post = 1. Width of railing = 0.25 m; + Depth of railing = 3m; Loading Take unit weight of concrete = 25 KN/m’ Take unit weight of bitumen wearing surface 22.5 KN/m* 1,270- ‘The overhang slab ranges between 0.18m to 0.22m Assume thickness of we: Overhang Slab surface Sem Railing _——— 66 CamScanner 2 Ls a 5uaallDead load Nem ‘Weight(KNimp Moment arm(m) Moment(KN.m/m) Top slab {@2240.18)2) 1.27 [1.2772 = 0.635 4.032 * 25KNim? = 6.35 Bottom part of edge | 0.4 * (0.4—0.18)* | 1.27-02= 1.07 2354 beam 25KNim* = 2.2 Railing 0.3 * 025 * 25= 1.875 [1270.15 0.125 = 0995 | 1.868 Post (15) * 03 *025* 1.27=0.05-0,125= 1.095] 1.095 0.8 * 28) = 10 Total (DC) 11,425 KN/m_ 9.346 KN.m/m_ Wearing Surface | (1.27—0.4)* 0.05°22.5 | (127-04)/2=0.435 [0.26 (ww) kim? = 0.979 Truck load ‘The wheel load is kept at 300 mm from the face of the railing. For the design of the deck overhang - 300 mm from the face of the curb or railing, Chapter 3 Effective length of dispersion perpendicular to the span of cantilever Equivalent strip width for overhang part of Girder Bridge: E= 1140 +0.833x ‘Where X = distance from load to point of support (mmm) E= 1140 + 0.833 (X) 27-0.4-03 = 0.57 m= 570mm E= 1140 + 0.833 (570) = 1614.8 mm Maximum whee! load = 260/2 = 130 KN Chapter 3 ———+ pho j Load dispersed per ‘m’ width inthe transverse direction to the span of cantilever = 130 1.6148 = 8SKNim ‘Moment caused by this load = 80.50 * 0,57 = 45.89 KN.m/m ‘Moment due to truck load including dynamic load allowance = MLL+IM = 45.89 * 1.33%4.2= 73.24KN.m/m CamScanner 2 152 a 5aallLane load Lane load = 20KN/m spread over 3 m width Lane load per ‘m’ width =20'3 = 6.7KNim? of span Lane load moment = 6.7 * (1.27 - 0.4/2 = 254KN.nv/m Truck lond + Lane load = 73.24 +2.54= 75,78KN.nim ‘Total design moment Q=EniviQis Here, nD= 1.00 R=1.00 n= 1.00 Design moment. = 1.00(1.25 DC + 1.5 DW+ 1.75 (LL#IM) = 1.00(1.25 * 9.346 41.5 * 0.416 + 1.75 * 75.78) = 144.92 KN.mn/m (negative moment) Design of reinforcement Stee ratio= p 2M, ghd fe) fy Here, d = 220 cover ~ diameter/2 = 220—50~18/2= 161 mm =| 2x14492x10° | 28 _ 49) PEVT J'° 09 x 1000 x 161% 28)350 Pan = 0.03 28/350 = 0.0024 < 0.02 ‘y= 0.02* 1000 * 161 = 3220 mm? Spacing of g18 bars =x (1824 *1000/ 3220 = 78.99 mm Provide g18 bars cfe 80 mm (top reinforcement) Hence Ok. CamScanner 2 Ls a 5uaall| Ddiopran=I,000 Dgirtief =}.300 2 600- 2,410 80! Dead load: DC = 0.22 * 25 KN/m’= 5.5 KNim DW = 0.05 * 22.5 KN/m’= 1.125 KN/m Since the interior slab is a continuous fixed ended slab, Mogan = WL?/24 Mapp = WL2/12 Dead load moments: Span: MDC = 5.5 * 2.6" w MDW = 1.125 * 2. ‘Support: MDC = 5.5 * 2.67/12 =3.1 KN.m MDW = 1.125 * 2.67/12 = 0.64 KNm. I 28 = i 6 2.6m Live load moments: Maximum span moment Effective length E=66040.555 S=2.6m=2600mm =6604+0.55x2600=2030mm=2.03m Due to truck load > 260 KN/2 = 130 KN positioned at center of single span 130/2.03=64.04KN M=53.15 KNm ‘Maximum support moment: Effective length 22040.258 ‘S=2.6m=2600mm_ E=1220+0.25x2600=1870mm=I.87m CamScanner 2 Ls a 5uaallDue to truck load > 260 KN/2 = 1 Siti saa 30 KN positioned on both spans at 0.8m from the Factored Design moments: At supports: M= ni [1.25 (MDC) + 1.5 (MDW) + L7S(MLL)] 1.0 [1.25 (3.1) + 1.5 (0.64) + 1.75 (57,7) = 10581 KNm ¥ (1.25 (MDC) + 1.5 (MDW) + 1.75(MLL)} = 1.0 [1.25 (1.55) + 1.5 (0.32) + 1.75 (53.15) = 9543 KNim Reinforeement Slab top reinforcement Mu = 105.81 KN.nvm; d = 220-25 - 18/2 = 186 mm - Prin = 0.03 * 28/350= 0.0024 < 0.01 .01 * 1000 * 186 = 1860 mm? Spacing of $18 bars = x*18°/4 * 1000/1860 = 136.74 mm Provide 618 bars cle 140 mm Slab bottom reinforcement Mu = 95.43 KN.m/m; d = 220-25 - 18/2 = 186 mm 2x9543x10° | 28 SE 1 a ae = 0.009297 v | 1 0.9 x 1000 x 1867 x 28|350 Pain= 0.03 * 28/350= 0.0024 < 0.009297 Hence Ok. As = 0.009297 * 1000 * 186 = 1729.26 mm? Spacing of §18 bars = n*187/4 * 1000/ 1729. Provide 418 bars cle 150 mm ‘bution or secondary reinforcement At spans: M _ —2x105.81x 108 =00 0.9 x 1000 x 186 x 28] 350 ~ °° Hence Ok. = 147.08 mm. Dis Percentage of main reinforcement for distribution bars for main bars running perpendicular to traffic is; > 3840 75.305 2600 ‘Take 67% of main bars as distributor reinforcements Area of distribution steel = 67/100 * 1729.3 = 1158.6 mm? Spacing of 618 bars = 1*187/4 * 1000/1158.6 = 219.52 mm Provide $18 bars cle 220 mm as Distributors CamScanner 2 Ls a 5uaallC. Design of Girders: Exterior girder Dead load 1. DC from overhang portion (part 1) = 11.425 KNim (taken from overhang design) 2. DW from overhang slab = 0.979 KN/m 3. Weight of slab (part 2) = (2.22/2) * 0.22 * 25 = 6,105 KN/im 4, Wearing surface (part 2) 1 = (0.05*22.5) * (2.22/2) = 1.248 KN/m_ 2 5. Weight of girder a 3 * 0.38 * 25 = 12.35 KN/m 6. Wearing surface (part 3) .05*22.5) * (0.38) = 0.427 KNim + Total DC = 29.88 KN/m = Total DW = 2.654 KN/m * Dead load from the diaphragm at the center ofthe span = (1.00~0.22) * (2.22/2) * 025 * 25 = S411 KN Dead load shear and moment Shear due to DC = WL22 = 29,88 *16.6/2 = 248.0 KN + BM due to DC = WL7/8 = 29.88 *16.67/8 = 1029.22 KN.m "Shear due to DW = 2,654 * 16.6/2= 22.03 KN * BM dueto DW = 2.654 * 16.678 = 91.42 KN. Shear due to the mid-way diaphragm alone = 5411 /2=2.71 KN * BM due to the mid-way diaphragm alone =PLI4=5.411 * 16.6/4= 22.45 KN.m Live loads on the exterior girder Lane load Design lane load = KINim spread aver 3 rr-ehdtemenseS S ETES Lane load per ‘m' width= 3= . KNiq?_———- * Lane load transferred on girder= . * 2.61241.27 + 0.392 = Reaction at the support =. * 16.6 _DD—_—_—_[_—_—$—_—_—_—_—$—$$$ Mx Mdeokebd= .11668- . Design truck load: Concept: The wheel loads are placed on the deck slab as per the spacing requirements. The reaction of the wheel loads on the girders is determined either by lever rule or by the equations tiven in ables 13.3 and 13.4(Chapter 3 Specification). This reaction isin the form of coefficient CamScanner 2 Ls a 5uaall‘hich will have to be multiplied with the actual moment that would be determined for the load position longitudinally. Distribution coefficient (Reaction Coefficient) for Moment in exterior girder: For one design lane loaded, lever rule method is applied. Refer to Chapter 3 specifications 06m pp o16n oa Ga imm P2 reed TI € | | girder \ Interior htm dk 2m girder Taking moment about I, Reaction at E +3.06)P/2_1.662xP (1.26 3.060P/2 _ 1662 %P _ ogarp Therefore, the coefficient for one design lane loaded including multiple presence factor Table 3.2 chapter 3, = 0.831 * 1.2=0.99 For two design lanes loaded, the reaction coefficient is calculated from formulation given in Table 13-4 Exterior girder reaction coefficient de Bex = (0.77 + 55) Here, de = distance between the face of the railing/ end beam to the exterior face of the exterior girder in mm =1.27-04=087m in Interior girder reaction coefficient which is taken from table 13.3, (For two design lanes loaded) 5 ps 27K, JO j_S_}°* 157" [Ky 07s + foal i al $= center to center spacing between girders; L= Span of bridge Sine = Here, £5 may be taken as 1; CamScanner 2 Ls a 5uaall(1) = 0.721 ane 02 Im = 0075 +[ | en 2900) 176600) Reaction coefficient ™ 0.7 + 2)0721 = 0.78 “Therefore, the reaction coefFicient for exterior girder fortwo lane loaded is less than that for one lane loaded, Hence. the reaction coefficient is taken as 0.99 Ore Distribution coefficient (Reaction Coefficient) for shear in exterior girder: For one lane loaded, by applying lever rule the coefficient = 0.99 4, Bra = (06+ 35 55)8e" to 2600) _/ 2600)? om = 02+ [Fema)~ Eran] = °° 870 eu = (066+ 373) 0863 = 0.768 ‘The maximum among the above two is taken for the design = 0.99 ‘Maximum Truck load moment: 260KN -260KN SOKN tetet Taking momen 260KN 260KN 0KN o A 8 co b 7.655 R aah - 8.945 = Todas For the load position shown above, the absolute maximum BM occurs at section D CamScanner 2 Lis a 5uaall{b for Max, BM at D 412 18 2.14 4645 —- 43 Max. Ordinate at D Mh Ordinate at 1=4. *(4.12/ = 21 Ordinate at =3. *(4.12/7. Max. BM at D =Q4+4 yh +08" = Max. Truck load BM including dynamic load allowance + Lane load BM, reduced by reaction factor: TT a = (13+ Maximum Shear due to truck load ——————_—$—_ 260 260 80 pepe 1660 Ra Rp [———— 0.8 IL for Max. Reaction at support The ordinates at salient section are marked in the figure above Max. Support shear=(1+0.741)* + (0.482)* ‘Max shear due to (ruck load + IM) and lane load reduced by reduction factor =[. th Design Tandem load: Max moment due to tandem load, 250 250 10 CamScanner 2 Ls a 5uaallMax. BM at D = (4.144 + 3,566)*250 = 1927.5 KN.m i ‘Tandem load BM including dynamic load allowance + Lane load BM, reduced by reaction factor: (1.33(1927.1) + 475:3}*0,99 =3007.96 KN.m Max shear force due to tandem load: 250 |, 250 ‘Max. Shear at support A =(10+0922) = __— Design Truck load governs. Total Design moment for Exterior Girder: Design moment: M = nj [1.25 (MDC) + 1.5 (MDW) + 1.75(MLL#IM)] = 1.0 [1.25 (1029.22 + 22.45) + 1.5 (91.42)+1.75( ——————— = 3 KNm a Design shear: V = ni (1.25 (VDC) + 1.5 (VDW) + 1.75(VLL*IM)] = 1.0 [1.25 (248.0 + 2.71) + 1.5 (22.03)+ 1.75( 1) — =1. KN u CamScanner 2 Ls a 5uaall‘D. Design of Girders: Interior girder Dead load 1. DC from slab =0.22°2.6* 25= 14.3 KNim ' ' 2. DW fiom slab I = 0.05" 22,5 *2.6=2.93 Ki '— 0.05* 22.5 #2.6=2.93 KNim r vpn 3. Weight of girder # =(1.3- 0.22) * 0.38 * 25= 10.26 KN/im — LO422-058 | 1 21 © Total DC = 24.56 KN/im +H oe * Total DW = 2.93 KN/m tot ™ Dead load from the diaphragm at the center of the span os = (1.0-0.22) * (2.6-0.38) * 0.25 # 25 = 10.82 KN Dead load shear and moment * Shear due to DC =win + BM dueto DC = WLP = 24.56 *16.6/8 = 845.97 KN.m * Shear due to DW 93 * 16.612 14.56 *16.6/2 = 203.85 KN 432 KN + BM dueto DW = 2.93 * 16.67/8 = 100.92 KNam * Shear due to the mid-way diaphragm alone = 1082/2=5.41 KN = BM due to the mid-way diaphragm alone 1/4 = 10,82 * 16.6/4 = 44.9 KN.m Live loads on the interior girder Lane load + Design lane load = 20KN/m spread over 3 m width Lane load per ‘mn’ width = 20'3 = 6. 7KNim? © Lane Joad transferred on gitder = 6.7 * 2.6 = 17.32KNim * Reaction atthe support = 17.32* 16.6/2 = 143.72 KN © Max. BM due to lane load = 17.32 *16.67/8= 596.6 KN.m Design truck load: Concept: The whee! loads are placed on the deck slab as per the spacing requirements, The reaction of the wheel loads onthe girders is determined either by lever rule or by the equations given in tables 13.3 and 13.4. This reaction is in the form of coefficient which will have to be ‘ultplied with the actual moment that would be determined for the load position longitudinally. For one design lane loaded, lever rule method is applied. Refer to Chapter 3 specifications 2 CamScanner 2 Ls a 5uaallPR 1. 14m r tt 125m «| Exterior j | siaer | Interior fr a tm girder ‘Taking moment about E, Reaction at] (1.34-0.46)P/2 _ 0.34 xP “2 = 0.169P 3 0.16 ‘Therefore, the coefficient for one design lane loaded including multiple presence factor Table 3.2 chapter 3, 1.169 * 1.2 = 0.203, (For two design lanes loaded) including multiple presence factor Table 3.2 chapter 3, 0.169°2"1-0.34 Distribution coefficient for moment using equation from table 13-3, (For one design lanes loaded) " 03 py yO 006+ gal el [al ‘$= center to center spacing between girders; L= Span of bridge Here, f may be taken as 1; soo \°* | 2600 ne 1pte a 16600! mene one + Bt (For two design lanes loaded) -ows+feal El lg] may be taken as 15 ter to center spacing between girders; pan of bridge (1]™ = 0.721 fra srl 007s Fama|. reco B CamScanner 2 Ls a 5uaalleae coefficient of moment would be the one greater than al the computed vals herefore, the reaction coefficient for interior girder for two lane Joaded is greater than that for one lane loaded. Hence, the reation coefficient for moment is tken as 0.721 Distribution coefficient (Reaction Coefficient) for shear using lever rule is taken as’ 0.34 Maximum Truck and Tandem fading isthe same as considered fr the exterior grt. The tuck lod povems, Max. Truck load BM including dynamic load allowance + Lane load BM, reduced by reaction factor: = (1.33(1771.6) + 596.6)*0.721 =2128.99 KN.m Max shear due to (truck load + IM) and lane load reduced by reduction factor = [491.2201.33 + 14372] * 0.34 = 27099 KN Total Design moment for Interior Girder: Design moment: M =n (1.25 (MDC) + 1.5 (MDW) + 1.75(MLLAIN)] = 1.01.25 (845.97 + 44,9) + 1.5 (10092) + 1.75 2128.99) 4990.7 KN. Design shear: V=ni1.25 (VDC) + 1.5 (VDW) + 1.75(VLLHIND] = 10 [1.25 (203.85 + 5.41) + 1.5 (24.32) + 1.75 270.99) =71229KN 4 CamScanner 2 Lis a 5uaallDesign for My= 6357.32 KN.m; Concrete cover 40mm Reinforcement bar 636 and stirrups 14 Number of row 5 Number of bar in a single row 4 Spacing between bars:- For Parallel reinforcements 4mm and ‘36for vertical layers, Effective depth, d= 1300 — 40 ~2"36~ 2°36— 36/2 = 1098mm 7 2(635732 x10) 2B. 0.0477 0.9 x 380 x 1098° x 28 | 400 phd = 0.048 x 380 x 1098 = 19,902.35 mm? nn = 0.03 * 281400" 0,0021< 0.0477 Hence Ok. No of $36 =19902.35( (36°)/4) = 19.56 Provide 20436 as a tension reinforcement V,= 1676.15 KN Vis Ve Where : Va= nominal shear resistance (N) 4 = resistance factor from Table 9-7 6-09 r= Vul0.9 = 1676.7510.9 = 1848.05 KN “The nominal shear resistance shall be taken as; Vaz Ve + Vs =0.166 bedwfe + (Av fids)/S Ve = 0,1 66°380"1158*V28"10" = 386.53 KN Vs= Vn~Ve= 1863-38653 = 1476.53 KN Take 14mm stirup, Av= 2427 = 307.72 mm ‘Av fy ds YNs = (307.728400* 1 158)/(1476.5*10") 96 S4mm Provide diameter 14mm stirrup at 100mm clespacing Use two sttirups 0 14mm @ 100mm as CamScanner 2 Lis a 5uaall