©

Outline
✓ Basic measurement
✓ Aeronautical engineering concepts
Propulsion and power generation
Aerodynamic structure analysis
Stability and controls
Material and structure
✓ Astronautical engineering concepts
Propulsion and power generation
Aerodynamics structure analysis
Stability and controls
Material and structure
✓ Facts and world records
Copyright © Ethiopian space science society
 DESIGN PROCESS
✓ Propulsion
✓ Aerodynamics
✓ Stability and Control
✓ Materials and Structures

1 Mac = 1234.8 km/h = 343 m/s

✓ Subsonic M < 0.8
✓ Transonic 0.8 < M < 1.3
✓ Sonic M = 1
MACH-NUMBER REGIMES
✓ Supersonic 1.3 < M < 5
✓ Hypersonic 5 < M < 10
✓ Hypervelocity M > 10
 AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
Aeronautics is a science dealing with the operation of aircraft.

Astronautics is a science dealing with traveling into space beyond the earth's atmosphere.

Copyright © Ethiopian space science society

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
 PROPULSION
Design Process
is the study of how to design an engine that will provide the thrust that is needed for a plane to take off and fly
through the air. The engine provides the power for the airplane. The study of propulsion is what leads the engineers
determine the right kind of engine and the right amount of power that a plane will need
Engine
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (IC ENGINE)
It is a heat engine in which the combustion
of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually
air) in a combustion chamber that is an
integral part of the working fluid flow
circuit.
4 basic processes
✓ Intake
✓ Compression
✓ combustion (power stroke)
✓ exhaust

Diesel engines is the pressure is so great 16:1 or 1613 kpa 16*atmospheric pressure that the temperature becomes
high enough to ignite the fuel without a spark plug
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (IC ENGINE)
It is a heat engine in which the combustion
of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually
air) in a combustion chamber that is an
integral part of the working fluid flow
circuit.
4 basic processes
✓ Intake
✓ Compression
✓ combustion (power stroke)
✓ exhaust

Diesel engines is the pressure is so great 16:1 or 1613 kpa 16*atmospheric pressure that the temperature becomes
high enough to ignite the fuel without a spark plug
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (IC ENGINE)
What are the main parts of an engine?
✓ Engine block
✓ Pistons
✓ Cylinder head
✓ Crankshaft
✓ Camshaft
✓ Valves
✓ Oil pan

1 Electrical system, 2 Fuel system, 3 Ignition system, 4 Cooling and Lubrication system, 5 Other
, transmission, electrical system, cooling and lubrication system
 COOLING SYSTEM
The major components of
the cooling system are
✓ Water pump
✓ Freeze plugs
✓ Thermostat
✓ Radiator
✓ Cooling fans
✓ Heater core
✓ Pressure cap
✓ Overflow tank
✓ Hoses

is used to control the temperature of internal combustion engine parts to prevent overheating and to maintain all
operating dimensions, clearances, and alignment by circulating coolant, oil and a fan.
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
The Three main parts of any
vehicle's electrical system;
✓ Battery
✓ Alternator
✓ Starter

Battery to start a car and keep it running

The starter and the alternator specifically draw power from the battery to start the engine.
 LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Components of Engine
Lubrication System:
✓ Oil Sump
✓ Engine oil filter
✓ Piston cooling nozzles
✓ Oil Pump
✓ Oil Galleries
✓ Oil Cooler
✓ The Oil pressure
indicator/light

is used to control the temperature of internal combustion engine parts to prevent overheating and to maintain all
operating dimensions, clearances, and alignment by circulating coolant, oil and a fan.
 FUEL SYSTEM
The fuel system is made
up of the
✓ Fuel tank
✓ Pump
✓ Filter
✓ Injectors or
Carburetor

It is responsible for delivering fuel to the engine as needed. Each component must perform flawlessly to achieve
expected vehicle performance and reliability.
 IGNITION SYSTEM
The Four main parts of any SI vehicle’s ignition system;
✓ Battery
✓ Ignition coil
✓ Distributer
✓ Spark plug

Compression ignition CI Diesel engines ignite the fuel-air

mixture by the heat of compression and do not need a
spark. They usually have glowplugs that preheat the
combustion chamber to allow starting in cold weather

Ignition system generates a spark or heats an electrode to a high temperature to ignite a fuel-air mixture in spark
ignition
 OTHER SYSTEMS
Other types of system
on a vehicle
✓ Power train system
✓ Lighting system
✓ Steering system
✓ Electronic control
system
Air Craft
Engine
Reciprocating Engine
 RECIPROCATING ENGINE COMBUSTION
An aircraft piston engine, also
commonly referred to as a
reciprocating engine or "recip",
is an internal combustion
engine that uses one or more
reciprocating pistons to
convert pressure into a
rotational motion. The aircraft
piston engine operates on the
same principles as the engines
found in most automobiles.
 RECIPROCATING ENGINE CONTROL
Piston airplanes have one or
more piston-powered engines
connected a propeller to
provide thrust to move the
aircraft on the ground and
through the air. Piston-
powered aircraft most
commonly use 100 octane
low-leaded fuel and fly at
altitudes below 4.57km.
 RECIPROCATING PROPELLER
converts rotary motion from
an engine or other power
source into a swirling
slipstream which pushes the
propeller forwards or
backwards.
Air Craft Turbo jet Engine

Engine
COMBUSTION
 AERODYNAMICS

is the study of how air flows around the airplane. By studying the way air flows around the plane the engineers can
define the shape of the plane. The wings, the tail, and the main body or fuselage of the plane all affect the way the air
will move around the plane.
 AUTOMOTIVE AERODYNAMICS
is the study of the aerodynamics of road vehicles. Its main
goals are reducing drag and wind noise, minimizing noise
emission, and preventing undesired lift forces and other
causes of aerodynamic instability at high speeds. Air is
also considered a fluid in this case. For some classes of
racing vehicles, it may also be important to produce
downforce to improve traction and thus cornering abilities.
 FUNDAMENTAL FORCE OF FLIGHT
The Four Forces of Flight
Thrust is a force that moves an aircraft
in the direction of the motion. It is
created with a propeller, jet engine, or
rocket. Air is pulled in and then
pushed out in an opposite direction.
One example is a household fan.
Drag is the force that acts opposite to
the direction of motion. It tends to
slow an object. Drag is caused by
friction and differences in air pressure.
An example is putting your hand out
of a moving car window and feeling it
pull back.
Weight is the force caused by gravity.
Lift is the force that holds an airplane
in the air. The wings create most of
the lift used by airplanes.
 FUNDAMENTAL FORCE OF FLIGHT
Thin airfoil theory is a
straightforward hypothesis of
airfoils that relates angle of
attack to lift for an
incompressible and inviscid flow
past an airfoil. Thin airfoil
theory is a straightforward
hypothesis of airfoils that relates
angle of attack to lift for an
incompressible and inviscid flow
past an airfoil.
 FUNDAMENTAL FORCE OF FLIGHT
Thin airfoil theory is a
straightforward hypothesis of
airfoils that relates angle of
attack to lift for an
incompressible and inviscid flow
past an airfoil. Thin airfoil
theory is a straightforward
hypothesis of airfoils that relates
angle of attack to lift for an
incompressible and inviscid flow
past an airfoil.
 LIFT EQUATION
𝑳
Lift =
𝟏 𝟐
𝝆𝒗 𝒔𝑪𝑳 𝑪𝑳 =
𝟐 𝒒𝒙𝑨
• 𝝆= Density
• 𝒗= speed
• 𝒔= Surface area
• 𝑪𝑳 = Coefficient of lift
• A= wing area
• q= dynamic pressure
 SUPERSONIC TRAVEL

Sonic boom MiG-25 3.3M Blackbird

The boom is not deadly but it can cause some severe damage to the body and hearing if you happen to be at the exact
spot of the boom. The boom can and has caused a lot if damage to homes in the past, thus the restriction for such
flights over populated areas.
 STABILITY AND CONTROL

is the study of how to control the speed, direction, altitude and other conditions that affect how a plane flies. The
engineers� design the controls that are needed in order to fly and instruments are provided for the pilot in the cockpit
of the plane. The pilot uses these instruments to control the stability of the plane during flight.
 YAW, ROLL AND PITCH MOTION
WHAT ARE ROLL, PITCH, AND YAW?
Imagine three lines running through an airplane and intersecting at right angles at the airplane’s center of gravity.
✓ Rotation around the front-to-back axis is called roll.
✓ Rotation around the side-to-side axis is called pitch.
✓ Rotation around the vertical axis is called yaw.
 FUNDAMENTAL VEHICLE AERODYNAMICS
Factors affecting air flow. Four properties
of air affect the way in which it flows past
an object:
viscosity, density, compressibility, and
temperature. ...
✓ Laminar and turbulent flow. ...
✓ Skin friction and pressure drag. ...
✓ Airfoil. ...
✓ Induced drag. ...
✓ Stability and control. ...
✓ Supersonic flight.
 MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

is the study of what materials are to be used on the plane and in the engine and how those materials make the plane
strong enough to fly effectively. The choice of materials that are used to make the fuselage wings, tail and engine will
affect the strength and stability of the plane. Many airplane materials are now made out of composites, materials that
are stronger than most metals and are lightweight.
• Compression, decrease in volume of any object or substance resulting from applied stress.
• Tension the actual force applied the actual amount of elongation at some tension.
• The load that imparts the turning moment or the torque.
• Bending load rating is the stiffness of the conductor casing….
 Carbon fibers
are fibers about 5 to 10 micrometers in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms.[citation needed] Carbon
fibers have several advantages including high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight to strength ratio, high
chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion.[1] These properties have made carbon
fiber very popular in aerospace, civil engineering, military, and motorsports, along with other competition sports.
However, they are relatively expensive when compared with similar fibers, such as glass fiber, basalt fibers, or plastic
fibers
 SPEED 1 km/h= 0.000809848 mac
1 mac = 1234.8 km/h = 343 m/s
By type of vehicle By type of Aircraft
Category Speed (km/h) Category Speed (km/h)

Land speed record 1,227.985 Unmanned aerial vehicle 21,245

Wheel-driven 737.794 rocket-powered aircraft 7,270

Piston-driven 722.204 Manned air-breathing craft 3,530

Motorcycle 605.698 Propeller-driven aircraft 870

Diesel-powered 563.998 Helicopter2 400.87

Electric-powered 550.627 By type of Watercraft

By type of Rail vehicles Category Speed (km/h)
Category Speed (km/h) Water speed record 275.98

Rocket sled 10,326 Propeller-driven watercraft 226.78

Maglev rocket sled 1,019 Wind-powered watercraft 65.45

 GRAVITY AND ESCAPE VELOCITY

𝐺𝑀 2𝐺𝑀
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 2 𝐸𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑟 𝑟
𝑮 6.67x10
=
-11 Nm2/kg2

Mass= 5.9722x1024 kg Mean Radius= 6.371x106 m

Gravity = 9.81 m/s2 Escape speed= 11.2 km/s
Earth
ASTRONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
 PROPULSION
Design Process
is the study of how to design an engine that will provide the thrust that is needed for a plane to take off and fly
through the air. The engine provides the power for the airplane. The study of propulsion is what leads the engineers
determine the right kind of engine and the right amount of power that a plane will need
Solid Propellant
Engine
Booster
 SOLID-PROPELLANT ROCKET
• A solid fuel-oxidizer mixture (propellant) is packed into
the rocket, with a cylindrical hole in the middle.
• An igniter combusts the surface of the propellant.
• The cylindrical hole in the propellant acts as a combustion
chamber.

Fuels used in solid propellants include asphalts, waxes, oils, plastics, metals, rubbers, resins, salt and sugar.
Oxidizers for solid propellants come from two general sources: the organic (the source of nitrocellulose and
nitroglycerin) and the inorganic (the source of chemicals such as sodium nitrate and potassium perchlorate).
 SOLID-PROPELLANT ROCKET

Boosters for the space shuttle system

Submarine-launched ballistic missiles
Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missiles
First three stages of the MX missile
Simple
less costly
very reliable
Uncontrollable

All rockets used some form of solid or powdered propellant up until the 20th century, when liquid-propellant rockets
offered more efficient and controllable alternatives. Solid rockets are still used today in military armaments
worldwide, model rockets, solid rocket boosters and on larger applications for their simplicity and reliability
Liquid Propellant
Engine
Cryogenic
 LIQUID-PROPELLANT ROCKET
A simplified parts of a liquid-propellant Fuel and a source of oxygen, called an
rocket. oxidizer, are mixed and exploded in a
• Liquid rocket fuel. combustion chamber.
• Oxidizer. The combustion produces hot exhaust
• Pumps carry the fuel and oxidizer. which is passed through a nozzle to
accelerate the flow and produce thrust.
• The combustion chamber mixes and
burns the two liquids.
• The gas put off by the reaction passes
through the “throat”, which aligns all the
gases produced in the right direction.
• Exhaust exits the rocket.

In a liquid rocket, stored fuel and stored oxidizer are pumped into a combustion chamber where they are mixed and
burned. The combustion produces great amounts of exhaust gas at high temperature and pressure. The hot exhaust is
passed through a nozzle which accelerates the flow.
 LIQUID-PROPELLANT ROCKET CYCLES
A simplified parts of a liquid-propellant
rocket.
1. Liquid rocket fuel.
2. Oxidizer.
3. Pumps carry the fuel and oxidizer.
4. The combustion chamber mixes and
burns the two liquids.
5. The gas put off by the reaction passes
through the “throat”, which aligns all
the gases produced in the right
direction.
6. Exhaust exits the rocket.

In a liquid rocket, stored fuel and stored oxidizer are pumped into a combustion chamber where they are mixed and
burned. The combustion produces great amounts of exhaust gas at high temperature and pressure. The hot exhaust is
passed through a nozzle which accelerates the flow.
 CRYOGENIC
ROCKET ENGINE
 STAGING
Stages of a Rocket Launch
1. Primary Stage. The primary stage of
a rocket is the first rocket engine to
engage, providing the initial thrust to
send the rocket skyward. ...
2. Secondary Stage. After the primary
stage has fallen away, the next rocket
engine engages to continue the
rocket on its trajectory. ...
3. Payload.

Most modern rockets rotate, or gimbal, the nozzle to produce the control torque. In a gimbaled thrust system, the
exhaust nozzle of the rocket can be swiveled from side to side. As the nozzle is moved, the direction of the thrust is
changed relative to the center of gravity of the rocket.
 AERODYNAMICS

is the study of how air flows around the airplane. By studying the way air flows around the plane the engineers can
define the shape of the plane. The wings, the tail, and the main body or fuselage of the plane all affect the way the air
will move around the plane.
 STABILITY AND CONTROL

is the study of how to control the speed, direction, altitude and other conditions that affect how a plane flies. The
engineers� design the controls that are needed in order to fly and instruments are provided for the pilot in the cockpit
of the plane. The pilot uses these instruments to control the stability of the plane during flight.
 MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

is the study of what materials are to be used on the plane and in the engine and how those materials make the plane
strong enough to fly effectively. The choice of materials that are used to make the fuselage wings, tail and engine will
affect the strength and stability of the plane. Many airplane materials are now made out of composites, materials that
are stronger than most metals and are lightweight.
SPACECRAFT Vitz 1 km/h= 0.000809848 mac
1 mac = 1234.8 km/h = 343 m/s
130km/h = 0.1061186 mac
Category Speed (km/h) lunch to
• Mars atmospheric 27,000 Mars Pathfinder (unmanned)
• Reentry 39,897 Apollo 10 CSM Charlie Brown (manned)
• Reentry 46,100 Stardust (unmanned)
• Escape 58,536 New Horizons (unmanned)
• Closed orbit of Saturn 122,000 Cassini (unmanned)
• Jupiter atmospheric entry 173,736 Galileo (unmanned)
• Jupiter orbit insertion 209,000 Juno (unmanned)
• Perihelion 252,792 To the Sun (unmanned) 204.7 mac
• Parker solar probe 692,000 To the Sun (unmanned) 564.8 mac

Speed of light 1,080,000,000 km/h (300,000 km/s)

874,636 mac
 ESCAPE SPEED ON DIFFERENT PLANET
✓Mercury = 15,480 km/h
Fastest speed
✓Venus = 37,080 km/h = 30 Mach
✓ Sun periapsis = 532,000km/h (parker solar probe)
✓Earth = 40,680 km/h = 33 Mach ✓ Earth escape = 58,536 km/h (new horizon)
✓Moon = 8,280 km/h = 8.2 Mach ✓ Earth entry = 46,100 km/h (stardust)

✓Mars = 18,000 km/h = 14.7 Mach ✓ Earth entry (crewed) = 39,897 km/h (apollo 10 CSM)

✓Jupiter = 216,000 km/h =176.4 Mach ✓ Mars entry = 27,000 km/h (mars pathfinder)
✓ Jupiter (orbit insertion) = 209,000km/h (Juno)
✓Saturn = 129,600 km/h = 105.8 Mach
✓ Jupiter entry = 173,736km/h (Galileo)
✓Uranus = 79,200 km/h = 64.7 Mach
✓ Saturn periapsis = 122,000 km/h (Cassini)
✓Neptune = 86,400 km/h =70.6 Mach

1 mac = 1234.8 km/h = 343 m/s

Copyright © Ethiopian space science society Copyright © Ethiocosmos