General Chemistry Reviewers: 2nd Quarter

- Developed by Niels Bohr

LESSON #1: QUANTUM NUMBERS - Electrons orbit the nucleus at
AND ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
fixed energy levels
MODELS OF AN ATOM: - Electrons can gain more energy

Quantum Model
- Developed by Erwin Schrödinger
- The possibility of placing
electrons within an atom by
describing the principal energy
level, energy level, orbital
Solid Sphere Model
(arbitrary level), and spin of.
- Developed by John Dalton
- Wave Mechanical Model
- First atomic model
- Electrons can act as a wave
- An atom is a solid sphere that
(Electron clouds)
could not be divided into smaller
particles.
QUANTUM NUMBERS:
Principal Quantum Number
Plum Pudding Model - Electron Cloud Size (n)
- Developed by J.J. Thomson - Main energy level occupied by
- Also known as Thomson’s Plum the electron
Pudding Model - Integer values n = 1, 2, 3,….
- Historical scientific model of atom - bigger n value = higher energy
- Defined by electrons surrounded - All electrons in an atom with the
by a volume of positive charge, same value of n belong to the
like negatively-charged “plums” same shell/level
embedded in a positively-charged
n Shell n Shell
“pudding” Name Name
- Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons 1 K 5 O
2 L 6 P
Planetary Model 3 M 7 Q
- Developed by Ernest Rutherford 4 N
- Electrons are arranged in
concentric circular orbits around Angular Momentum Quantum Number
the nucleus - Shape of Electron Cloud (I)
- Gold-foil experiment - Also known as sublevel or subshell
- Nucleus (atom) - Shape of the orbital within a shell
- electrons (-) are in orbits - Only integer values between 0
- protons (+) and neutrons are and n-1 are allowed
inside the nucleus - bigger l = higher energy
- Energy enters the nucleus - All electrons in an atom with the
same value of l are said to belong
Bohr Model to the same subshell
 General Chemistry Reviewers: 2nd Quarter

-orbital azimuthal quantum Spin Quantum Number

number - Direction of spin (s)
Spectroscopists use the following notation - Spin makes the electron behave
for subshells like tiny magnets
l Subshell Name
- Opposite spin attracts e-
0 s (sharp)
to each other & helps
1 p (principal) overcome the negative
2 d (diffuse) repulsion they have for
3 f (fundamental) each other
- Allows them to exist in the
It is possible for an atomic orbital to exist
beyond s, p, d, f orbital. Like g, h, i … same orbitals
orbital. - Spin can be clockwise or
counterclockwise
Magnetic Quantum Number
- Orientation in space of orbitals - Can have values of +½ or -½
EXAMPLE:
(ml)
- Orientation of orbitals within a
subshell
- Does not affect orbital energy
(except in magnetic fields)
- Only integer values between –l
and +l are allowed 4p5
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
l Possible Values # Orbitals n = l = ml = ms =
of ml 4 1 0 -½
0
(s) 0 1=2 -1 0 +1

n= energy level (4)

1 (p) -1, 0, +1 3=6
l = p(l) which means p(1)
2
(d) -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5 = 10 ml = between -l and +l (0)
ms = when the last arrow is facing down
3 (f) -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, 7 = 14 automatically the answer should be -½
+2, +3

Atomic Orbitals Orbital Diagram

- Shows the spin of electrons
- Region in space where there is a
- Arrow up is +½
high probability of finding an - Arrow down is -½
electron
Ground State
- Shapes
- Lowest energy state of an atom
- s – spherical
- p – dumbbell-shaped Excited State
- d & f – complex shapes - An atom has a higher potential
energy

Degenerate Orbitals
- Two or more orbitals that have the
same energy
Electron arrangement determines the
chemical behavior of atoms
- Subatomic parts are the electrons
General Chemistry Reviewers: 2nd Quarter
- Can receive or gain
Orbital Notation
- Orbital is represented by aline,
with the orbital’s name written
under the line and the electrons
are represented by arrows
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION (RULES)
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
- Wolfgang Pauli
- No two electrons can have the
same set of quantum numbers
- An atomic orbital contains a
maximum of two electrons with
opposite spin
○ Last quantum number will
be different
○ Must have one up arrow
and one down arrow
○ Arrows should be up and
down
Aufbau Principle
- Niels Bohr
- When predicting an atoms ground
state electron configuration,
electrons will occupy the lowest
energy orbital available first
- Diagonal Diagram
- “Building Up”
- Lowest to highest energy
- Order of energies: s < p < d < f
Hund’s Rule
- Friedrich Hund
- “The most stable arrangement of
electrons in the subshells is the
one with the most number of
parallel spins”
- “Empty bus seat rule”
● Paramagnetic Materials
- Contain unpaired electrons or spins and
are attracted by a magnet
● Diamagnetic Materials
- Contain paired spins are repelled by a
magnet
Representing Electron Configuration
- Electron configuration notation
- Highest occupied level
○ Electron-containing main
energy level with the
highest principal quantum
number
○ Similar chemical properties
come from similar valence
electrons
- Inner shell electrons
○ Electrons that are not in
the highest occupied
energy level
Electron configurations can be written
in terms of noble gases
I. Instead of writing out the long
configurations that some of the
larger elements would have, you
can abbreviate by using the
closest smaller noble gas to the
element in question to replace
most of the electron configuration.
II. Only noble gases can be used.
Exceptions to Rules
a. A full level is the next stable thing
to a full level
b. Some atoms will violate our
predictions in order to achieve
stability. This can occur in the
transition metals when the
predicted configuration ends in a
d4 or d9
c. It will steal a single electron from
the ful s shell that came before it
General Chemistry Reviewers: 2nd Quarter

to obtain 2 half full shells or one - Electron Dot Structure

half and one full shell. - is a quick and easy diagram that
d. s2 d4 becomes s1 d5 and s2 d9 shows the valence electrons in an
becomes s1 d10 element.
- the nucleus of the element is
IMPORTANT DATA THAT COULD BE represented by its symbol.
GATHERED FROM THE SHORTENED E
CONFIG: - The valence electrons are
represented by dots placed
Valence Configuration around the symbol in pairs.
- Electronic configuration
HOW TO DRAW A LEWIS STRUCTURE:
representing the outermost
1. Look at the element you want to
subshells
draw the structure dot and see
what group it is in
Valence Electrons
2. Draw dots around the symbol
- Number of electrons in the
according to how many valence
outermost subshells
electrons it has
- Group number = valence electrons
Rule#1: No side can have more than two
dots because each orbital can only hold
two electrons.

Rule#2: When filling the sides of the

element symbol each side gets one dot
before doubling up. Exceptions are
hydrogen and helium.

ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAMS OF IONS:

LESSON #2: LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE

- Gilbert Lewis
○ noticed something
interesting about elements
that were very stable.
- Complete period of orbitals
- 8 valence electrons ● Dots are less for cations & more
- Nobles gases for anions than the corresponding
- Core electrons atom.
EXAMPLE:
○ Electrons not in the
outermost shell

Noble Gas Stability

- Atoms want to gain stability
- Atoms will try to gain or lose
electrons to have a full valence
shell
- Metals try to lose electrons
- Non-metals try to gain electrons
Lewis Theory
-
- G.N. Lewis (1875-1946) recognized
Oxidation number
atoms tend to acquire a noble-gas
- Represents the number of
electronic configurations and
electrons an atom will typically
valence (outmost) electrons is
gain or lose to achieve the octet
fundamental for bonding:
Lewis Dot Structure
General Chemistry Reviewers: 2nd Quarter

- electron transfer resulting ● Two atoms held together by

in ionic bonds sharing a pair of electrons are
- sharing electrons resulting joined by a single covalent bond.
in covalent bonds
Octet Rule
- says that atoms like to have full
outer shells of only eight electrons.
- Atoms will lose or gain valence
electrons to make their outer
shells full with eight electrons, and
they do this by bonding with other
atoms.

Non-bonding/ Unshared/ Lone pairs

- Some electrons are already paired
up within a single atom and are DRAWING LEWIS STRUCTURES:
not shared. 1. Add valence e–’s of all atoms.
(Number of valence electrons are
ADDING OR REMOVING ELECTRONS: found on the Periodic Table)
- You always want to do the least
amount of effort. Choose to add
or remove electrons based on how
many electrons you would need to
move to get to 8.

2. Surround Central Atom with

Outer Atoms.

Central atom is the least electronegative

atom. (The element furthest to the left on
the Periodic Table; except Hydrogen… H
can never be the central atom)
Covalent Bonding
- the Sharing of Electrons between
Nonmetals.

3. Connect all atoms to the central

atom with single bonds.

Ionic Bonding
- the Transfer of Electrons between
a Metal and a Nonmetal.

4. Fill the octets of the outer

atoms.
General Chemistry Reviewers: 2nd Quarter
5. Place the remaining electrons
on the central atom to fill its
octet.
6. If you run out of e–’s before the
central atom has an octet…
…form multiple bonds until
it does.
Multiple bonds are formed
by moving unshared electrons into
a sharing position.
A CARBON DIOXIDE MOLECULE HAS TWO
CARBON-OXYGEN DOUBLE BONDS:
Double Covalent Bond
- Is a bond that involves two
shared pairs of electrons.
Triple Covalent Bond
- Is a bond formed by sharing three
pairs of electrons.
Co-ordinate / Dative Covalent Bond
- special type of covalent bond in
which both the shared electrons
are contributed by one atom only.
- The covalent bond is
represented by an arrow (→)
pointing towards the acceptor
atom.
- The atom which contributes the
electron pair is called the donor,
while the atom which accepts it is
called the acceptor.
● The nitrogen atom in ammonia
has a full outer shell, with a lone
pair which it can donate.
● The boron atom in boron
trifluoride is short of two electrons
which it accepts to attain a full
outer shell.
EXAMPLES OF DATIVE COVALENT BOND:
FORMATION OF AMMONIUM ION
● The hydrogen ion, H+, has no
electrons and accepts a lone pair
donated by nitrogen.
● After accepting the lone pair,
hydrogen has a full outer shell.
EXCEPTIONS TO THE OCTET RULE:
1. Incomplete octet
- Rare
- Usually with B and Be
- Molecules have only 6 electrons
around central atom
2. Odd numbered electrons
- Relatively rare
- Quite unstable
- Reactive
- E.g. NO = 11 VE
- NO2 = 17 VE
3. Expanded Octets
- Elements in period 3 and beyond
(P, As, S, Se, Te, Cl, Br, I, At)
General Chemistry Reviewers: 2nd Quarter
LEWIS STRUCTURES OF POLYATOMIC IONS:
RULES FOR WRITING LEWIS DOT
STRUCTURES:
Rule 1: Count the valence electrons.
Rule 2: Place the least electronegative
element at the center except for H, which
is always an outer atom.
Rule 3: Add covalent bonds between the
center atom and the outer atoms.
Rule 4: Add the lone pairs to the outer
atoms.
Rule 5: Add lone pairs to the center
atom.
Rule 6: Make sure that each atom has
eight electrons using double and triple
bonds, if necessary. Exceptions to the
Octet Rule are that hydrogen has only 2
electrons, boron sometimes has only 6
electrons, and phosphorus sometimes has
10 electrons.
LESSON #3: MOLECULAR POLARITY
& GEOMETRY
Molecular Geometry
- 3D arrangement of atoms in a
molecule
- Affects physical and chemical
properties of molecules, and so is
their reactivity
- It can be determined by
experiment (x-ray diffraction)
- Simple molecules can be predicted
without experimentation, however
it is only qualitative
- Scientist use the VSEPR Theory to
predict the shape of molecules
Molecular Shape
VSEPR Theory assumes that the shape
of molecule is determined by the
repulsion of electron pairs
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Theory
1. Shared and unshared pairs repel.
2. Lone pairs repel stronger than
shared pairs.
3. Double and triple bonds are
viewed as single; for structure only.
4. The resultant shape of the
molecule is a result of shared and
lone pairs being as far apart as
possible.
“The best arrangement of a given number
of things is the one that minimizes the
repulsions among them.”
LONE PAIRS AND BOND PAIRS
Lone Pairs
- Physical larger than bonded pairs
- Therefore, their repulsion are
greater, this tends to decrease
bond angles in a molecule
General Chemistry Reviewers: 2nd Quarter

the electronegativities of the two

atoms

Electronegativity Type of Bond

Difference

≤ 0.4 Non-polar
covalent

Between 0.5 - 1.8 Polar covalent

≥ 1.8 Ionic

- If there is symmetry with the

charge, then the compound is
nonpolar.

- If the charges are asymmetrical

and there are dipoles, the
compound is polar.
TYPES OF BONDS:
Metallic
- sharing free electrons among
positively charged ions (bet.
metals)
Ionic
- transfer of electron from one
atom to another (between metal
& non-metal) Fluorine has a stronger attraction for the
Covalent electrons. They are still shared, but spend
- sharing of electrons between more time around the fluorine giving
atoms (between nonmetals) partial opposite charges to opposite ends
a. non-polar covalent – equal of the bond (a dipole)
sharing of e-
b. polar covalent – unequal sharing NONPOLAR BOND (NO DIPOLE) VS. POLAR
of e- BOND (DIPOLE)

DETERMINING POLARITY OF MOLECULES:

Bond Polarity
- Depends on EN difference

Molecular Polarity
- Depends on geometry (shape) of
a molecule

Electronegativity
- is the ability of an atom to attract
electrons in a chemical bond
- Polar bonds result when a highly The greater the EN difference, the
electronegative atom bonds to a stronger the bond
less electronegative atom

Determining Polarity
POLARITY BASED ON SHAPE:
- A covalent bond is polar if there is
After determining the bond type,
a significant difference between
it is necessary to draw the Lewis
General Chemistry Reviewers: 2nd Quarter

Structure to determine the shape of the SATURATED HYDROCARBONS:

molecule.
● If there is symmetry with the
charge, then the compound is
nonpolar.
● If the charges are asymmetrical
and there are dipoles, the
compound is polar.
Alkanes
- Carbon - carbon
- Paraffins = Parum Affinis
- “Slight” affinity
- Every carbon atoms participates
in 4 single bonds
- GENERAL FORMULA: CnH2n+2

LESSON #4: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Is the chemistry of compounds
containing carbons

3 FORMS OF PURE CARBON:

1. Diamond
2. Graphite Constitutes a Homologous Series,
3. Buckminsterfullerene “BuckyBalls” in which one compound differs from a
preceding one by a fixed group of atoms.
[These 3 are most often referred to as
Allotropes, which are other known
variations of carbon]

WHAT MAKES CARBON BONDINGS UNIQUE:

● The bonding capabilities
“It can bond with other carbon atoms and
form chains and rings at various lengths”
Ex: Asphalt, Polyethylene.

Hydrocarbons
- Simplest organic compound
containing only carbon and
hydrogen

3 MAIN GROUPS OF HYDROCARBONS:

● Saturated Hydrocarbons
● Unsaturated Hydrocarbons*
Alkanes in which carbons are
● Aromatic Hydrocarbons
connected in a straight chain are called
Normal Alkanes.
*ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS - ARE DEFINED AS
ANY CARBON ATOMS JOINED BY A BOND
WITHOUT BENZENE*

Alkanes that are branched are called

branched chain alkanes.
General Chemistry Reviewers: 2nd Quarter

Constitutional (Structural) Isomers Geometric Isomer

- When two or more molecules - Isomers in which the atoms are
share the same molecular formula, joined to one another in the same
but have different atomic way but differ because some
connections (structural formula). atoms occupy different relative
positions in space.
Conformational Isomer - Identified either as Cis or Trans
- 3 dimensional models for n-butane
EXAMPLES: DETERMINING THE POSSIBILITY
OF CIS-TRANS ISOMERS
- Rotating the central
carbon-carbon bond a. CH3CH2CH = C(CH3)2

- All share the same structural

formula.

b. CH3CH = CHCH2CH3

Switching from one conformation

to another does not require the breaking
and making of covalent bonds. c. CH3CH = CHCH2CH2CH3

Cycloalkanes
- GENERAL FORMULA: CnH2n
- Closed structures

d. CH3CH2CH = CH2

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS:
Alkenes
- Hydrocarbons that contain
carbon-carbon double bonds.

- Olefins (greek word for oil /

usually forms oily substances.) Alkynes
- Contains at least 1 carbon-carbon
- GENERAL FORMULA: CnH2n
triple bond.
- Linear Geometry
Aromatic Compounds
- Unsaturated
- Looks like Alkenes
- Alternating pattern within a ring
General Chemistry Reviewers: 2nd Quarter

- Benzene 5. When there are two or more different

NAMING HYDROCARBONS:
Organic chemists use a systematic
set of rules, called the IUPAC rules, to
name organic molecules based on their
structural formulas instead of their
chemical formulas.
1. Determine the longest continuous
(not necessarily straight) chain of
carbon atoms in the molecule.
- The base name of the
branched-chain alkane is that of
the straight-chain alkane.
alkyl branches, the name of each branch,
with its position number, precedes the
base name. Branch names are placed in
alphabetical order.
FOR CYCLOALKANES:
(cis/trans + position no. + alkyl groups +
cyclo-parent chain)
FOR ALKENES:
Position no. + Alkyl group + double bond
position no. + parent
name (-ene)
FOR ALKYNES:
Position no. + Alkyl group + triple bond
position no. + base name (-yne)
FOR AROMATIC COMPOUNDS:
1. Name of the group as prefix + benzene
as the suffix.

Number of Atoms Prefix

1 Meth-
2 Eth-
3 Prop-
4 But-
5 Pent-
6 Hex-
7 Hept-
8 Oct-
9 Non-
10 Dec-
2. When two groups are on a benzene
ring. Isomers are distinguished by prefixes
ortho (o-), meta (m-), para (p-).
3. When two or more groups are present
on the benzene ring.
HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES:
● Alcohol
- R-OH

2. Any chain branching off the longest ● Ether

chain is named as an alkyl group. An - ROR’
alkyl group is an alkane less than one
hydrogen atom. ● Aldehyde
(e.g. Methane group becomes methyl - R-CHO
group, Ethane becomes ethyl group)
● Ketone
3. The complete name of a branch - R-CO-R’
requires a number that locates the
branch on the longest chain. For this ● Carboxylic Acid
purpose, you number each carbon atom - R-COOH or R-CO₂H
on the longest chain in the direction that
gives the smaller numbers for the ● Ester
locations of all branches - R-COO-R’
4. When there are more than one alkyl
branch of the same kind (say, two methyl ● Amine
groups), this number is indicated by a - R-NH₂
prefix, such as di-, tri-, or tetra-, used
with the name of the alkyl group. ● Amide
- R-CO-NH
General Chemistry Reviewers: 2nd Quarter
● Propionic Acid
- Naturally occurring
carboxylic acid with the
chemical formula:
CH₃CH₂CO₂H
- C₃H₆O₂
LESSON #5: BIOLOGICAL
MACROMOLECULES
- 3 out of 4 macromolecules can be
found in foods (fat, protein,
carbohydrates)
- The 4th macromolecule is the
nucleic acid.
- DNA / RNA
1. Carbohydrates
- C,H,O
a. Simple Carbohydrates
- Main source of energy
- Simple sugar → monosaccharide
- Short Chain → oligosaccharide
- two to ten monosaccharides
- short chain of monosaccharides
- Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
- Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
- Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
- Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
b. Complex Carbohydrates
- long term energy storage
- insoluble in water due to large
molecular size
- Polysaccharides → straight/branched
chain of sugars
EXAMPLES:
- Starch → storage of energy in
plants
- Glycogen → stored glucose in
animals
- Glycogen → located at the liver
and skeletal muscles; more highly
branched than starch.
- Glycosidic Bond → bonding of
monomers
- Cellulose → structural
component of cell walls; dietary
timer in humans to maintain
regular elimination.
- Chitin → strong and flexible
surgical thread found in
exoskeletons of arthropods.
2. Proteins
- C,H,O and N (and some sulfur)
- Amino Acids → the basic building
block of protein
- Formed by formation of amino acids to
polypeptides
- Peptide bond
- There are 20 amino acids (9 essentials;
11 non essentials.)
CONDITIONAL AMINO ACIDS:
There are times wherein they
become essential when certain conditions
are not met by your body. (you may get
them from foods)
Complete Protein
- Contains all 9 essential amino
acids
- Meat, Egg, Tofu
Incomplete Protein
- Does not contain all 9 essential
amino acids
- Grains, Legumes, Veggies
STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS:
- Primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary
Primary Protein Structure
- Chain of amino acid
- 1 chain
- Peptide bond
Secondary Protein Structure
- Local folding of the polypeptide
chain into sheets
Tertiary Protein Structure
- 3D folding pattern of protein due
to side chain interaction
Quaternary Protein Structure
- Consisting of more than one
amino acid chain
*different shapes = different jobs*
Globular
- Rounded or irregular 3D
General Chemistry Reviewers: 2nd Quarter
Fibrous
- Like collagen and keratin
- Adapt a rod like structure
FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
For thousands of possible shapes,
proteins create a lot of functions with
relation to the amino acid structures.
a. Support (keratin and collagen)
b. Metabolism (enzymes
chemical reaction)
c. Defense (antibodies or the
immune system)
d. Transport (carriers and protein
channels in plasma)
e. Regulation (hormones, regulatory
proteins, glycogen, and insulin)
f. Motion (muscle contractions)
Enzymes
- Speed up the rate of a chemical
reaction (a catalyst) by lowering
the energy needed to begin the
reaction
- Re-usable
- Lock and Key model → a shape
must fit with the one breaking and
enzyme.
- Induced fit model → the shape
does not adjust rather the one
breaking it will.
- Lactose → breaks down lactose
sugar
- Pepsin → breaks down proteins
- Amylase → breaks down amylose.
- Thyroid Hormone →
3. Lipids
- C,H,O (some phosphorus and nitrogen)
- A monomer that contains the subunit
molecules, glycerol and fatty acids
- Glycerol (hydrophilic) and fatty acid
(hydrophobic)
- Ester bond
- Fatty acid
- Saturated Fatty Acid → single bonded,
no double bond between carbon atoms
(ex: butter, animal fats)
- Unsaturated Fatty Acid → double
bond between the carbon atoms (plant
oil; except palm and coconut)
- Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid → more
than one double bond between the
carbon atoms (corn oil, olive oil, fish oil,
canola oil)
Trans Fat
- Fatty acid that has been partially
hydrogenated making it more
saturated and solid.
MAIN TYPES OF LIPIDS:
Triglycerides
- Three fatty acids connected to the
for glycerol
- Most common type of body fat in
humans and other vertebrates
- Body’s primary long term energy
storage molecules
Prostaglandins
- Group of 20 lipis
- Local chemical messenger
Phospholipids
- One of the most important
molecules
- Bilayer or cell membrane
- Micelle (when formed in circular
shape)
- Semi permeable
Steroids
- Possesses a unique skeleton of 4
fluid rings
- They are also insoluble in water
- Steroid Cholesterol → maintain
the fluiding of plasma membrane
- Sex Hormones → testosterone
and progesterone.
Waxes
- Esther and alcohol fatty acids
chain
- Cutin → many plants have
wax-covered leaves to prevent
water loss.
- Protection
Terpenes
- Unique type
- Don’t contain fatty acids
- Unit of isoprene
- Have distinct aroma in plants
- Natural function at attracting
pollinators and protectors against
herbivores and insects.
Prostaglandins
- Group of 20 lipis
General Chemistry Reviewers: 2nd Quarter

- Local chemical messenger

4. Nucleic Acid
- 4th type
- Types: DNA and RNA
- Made up of nucleotides
- Composed of 5 carbon
sugar, phosphate group
and organic nitrogen

NITROGEN BASES:
Pyrimidines
- Cytosine
- Uracil
- Thymine

Purines
- Guanine
- Adenine

Pentose Sugar
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
- Material of inheritance
- Found in nucleus
- Segment of DNA is known
as gene
- RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
- Translation of genetic
information stored in DNA
into protein structure
- Phosphodiester Bond
- One nuclei to another
- Thymine pairs with Uracil, and
Adenine
- two hydrogen bond
- Double bond
- Cytosine pair with Guanine
- three hydrogen bond
- triple bond
-
3 CLASSES OF RNA:
Messenger RNA (MRNA)
- Template to make protein

Ribosomal RNA (RNA)

- Makes up ribosomes

Transfer RNA (TRNA)

- Matches AA to mRNA to help
make protein

History Transcription
- Central dogma of life
- Replication, Transcription,
Translation