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Gr 10-12 Advanced Programme Maths IEB
BOOK 1 (COMPULSORY MODULES)
The Answer Series AP Maths books follow the latest IEB AP Maths curriculum for Grade 10 to 12. They are extremely comprehensive and accessible and will
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Key Features:
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The Answer Series AP Maths books will afford learners the opportunity to reinforce concepts and accelerate their progress with some
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 Advanced Programme
Mathematics IEB
GRADE

10-12 IEB
Book 1: Compulsory Modules
CALCULUS & ALGEBRA
3-in-1
Marilyn Buchanan, Anne Eadie, Carl Fourie,
Noleen Jakins & Ingrid Zlobinsky-Roux

THIS CLASS TEXT & STUDY GUIDE INCLUDES

1 Notes, Worked Examples, Exercises & Exam Questions

2 Full Solutions in separate booklet

E-book
available

2019 publication | ISBN: 978-1-928404-25-5 20092021 | TAS

 CONTENTS of Book 1: Compulsory Modules
Pg. no.
GRADE 12
Summary of Algebra ................................................................................................ i
Chapter Module Title Pg. no.
Summary of Calculus ............................................................................................... ii
13 Algebra Mathematical Induction .......................................... 138

GRADE 10 14 Algebra e & ln................................................................................ 147

15 Calculus Further Derivatives................................................... 161

Chapter Module Title Pg. no.
16 Calculus Continuity & Differentiability ............................... 178
1 Algebra Products, Factors & Compound Fractions ...... 1
2 Algebra Absolute Values .......................................................... 8 17 Calculus Derivative Applications........................................... 185
3 Algebra Complex Numbers..................................................... 26 18 Calculus Integration .................................................................... 218
4 Calculus Area Under Curves .................................................... 45
Calculator Instructions ....................................................................... Appendix 1

GRADE 11 Information & Formula Sheet .......................................................... Appendix 2

Chapter Module Title Pg. no.
5 Algebra Partial Fractions......................................................... 53
6 Algebra Equations & Inequalities ........................................ 58 IMPORTANT TO NOTE
Advanced Programme Mathematics is not an independent subject.
7 Calculus Functions ...................................................................... 67
8 Algebra Absolute Value Equations, Graphs & Knowledge and understanding of the core mathematics curriculum is a
Inequalities .................................................................. 79 prerequisite as each module of the Advanced Mathematics Programme
is introduced. In TAS AP study guides, we have not wanted to duplicate
9 Calculus Limits & Continuity .................................................. 95
the development and mastering of core maths concepts where these are
10 Calculus Derivatives ................................................................... 105 dealt with timeously in the core curriculum, as noted in the standard
11 Calculus Trigonometry .............................................................. 110 pace setters. Learners and teachers should therefore incorporate their
core maths resources as part of their work for AP Maths.
12 Calculus Integrals & Integration............................................ 127
 Worked Example 9

Notes & Exercises

TYPE  : y = a|x| + q
Draw the following parabolas:
Observe the effects of
Worked Example 8 both a and q in each case. (a) y = 3x 2 – 6 (b) y = –2x 2 + 4
Draw the following graphs: Solutions
Determine for each graph:
(a) y = 3|x| – 6 (b) y = –2|x| + 4
 The y-intercept (by substituting x = 0)

Solutions y = 3(0)2 – 6 = 0 – 6 = –6 y = –2(0)2 + 4 = 0 + 4 = 4

 (0; –6)  (0; 4)
Determine for each graph:
 The x-intercept(s) (by substituting y = 0)
 The y-intercept (by substituting x = 0)
3x 2 – 6 = 0 –2x 2 + 4 = 0
y = 3|0| – 6 = 0 – 6 = –6 y = –2|0| + 4 = 0 + 4 = 4
 3x 2 = 6  –2x 2 = –4
 (0; –6)  (0; 4)
 x2 = 2  x2 = 2
 The x-intercept(s) (by substituting y = 0)  x = ± 2  x = ± 2
3| x | – 6 = 0 –2| x | + 4 = 0   2; 0  &  2; 0
 3| x | = 6  –2| x | = –4
 |x| = 2  |x| = 2  The critical point
 x = ±2  x = ±2 The minimum y-value The maximum y-value
 (–2; 0) & (2; 0) 2 2
= 3(0) – 6 . . . Min. of x = 0 = –2(0)2 + 4 . . . Max. of x 2 = 0
= –6 = 4
 The critical point  (0; –6)  (0; 4)
The minimum y-value The maximum y-value y y
= 3|0| – 6 . . . Min. of | x | = 0 = –2|0| + 4 . . . Max. of | x | = 0 4
= –6 = 4 x
 (0; –6)  (0; 4)  2 2
x
y y  2 2
–6
4
x y = 2x + 4 y = – 2x + 4 TYPE  parabolas: y = ax2 + q
–2 2
Observe the similarities of the features and of the effects of a and q
x to those of the absolute value graphs in (a) and (b) in Worked Example 8.
y = – 3x – 6 y = 3x – 6 –2 2
–6
Graphs Shape Range
(a) y  –6
Note the equations of the left & right arms. (b) y4
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 Grade 10 Complex Numbers Exam Questions
Notes & Exercises

9. (a) Factorise x2 + 8x + 25 with complex numbers.

(Solutions on p. 19 in the Answer book)
(b) Find a quadratic equation that has a solution of 2 + 3i.
1. Factorise x3 – 1, and hence solve x3 – 1 = 0 for x Î C. (IEB 2008)
10. Consider the following equation: x2 – 4x – 8 = 0
a + 3i
2. Calculate the values of a and b so that . bi = –11 – 13i (IEB 2013) (a) Calculate the value of the discriminant.
2 – 5i
(b) Comment on the nature of the roots.
3. Given the complex numbers z = 5 – 2i and w = 6i – 1.
Determine in simplest form: 2z – iw. (IEB 2014) (c) What constant must be added to the left hand side of the
equation, so that the equation has one double real root?
4. Determine, in terms of a and b, the real part of the complex (Remember that 1 double root is the same as 2 equal roots.)
a + bi
expression . (IEB 2015)
a – bi 11. Write the complex number w = –6 + 2i with polar coordinates.
Now sketch the number in the Argand Plane.
5. The quadratic equation x2 – 2x + p = 0 has a root x = q + 3i.
Find the rational values of p and q. (IEB 2016) 12. Given that z = –1 + 4 i, calculate the value of the following expressions.
Show how these values are obtained and represented on the Argand
6. (a) It is given that px2 + px + 1 = 0. plane.
Determine real values of p such that the solutions of the equation (a) z.i 3 (b) z+1
are of the form a + bi where a and b are rational and b  0.
(c) 2z + z * (d) z.z*
(b) Evaluate: i + i 2 + i 3 + ... + i 2017 (IEB 2017)

13. Solve for p and q if (3 + i)(p + qi) = –4 + 2i.

7. Thabo is practising division of complex numbers of the form a + bi,
where a, b Î . He notices that:
14. If a + bi is a root of the quadratic equation x2 + kx + t = 0,
3 + 2i
= – i , 5 – 7i = – i and 4 + 5i = – i . use Vieta’s Formulae to show that a2 + b2 = t and 2a + k = 0.
– 2 + 3i 7 + 5i – 5 + 4i
a + bi
Prove that = – i for all a, b Î . (IEB 2018)
– b + ai

8. Given that m = 4 + 2i and n = –2 – i.

Simplify the following expressions; show all calculations:
m
(a) m – 2n* (b)
n
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Worked Example 5 Exercise 5.3

Notes & Exercises

(Solutions on p. 27 in the Answer book)
3x 2 – x + 4 1. Decompose/resolve the following into their partial fractions.
Decompose into partial fractions.
(x + 1)(x – 1)2 3x + 4 2
(a) (b) x – 7x + 212
(x + 3)2 x(x – 2)
Solution
8x – 12 2x 2 – 9x + 16
3x 2 – x + 4 A B C (c) (d)
= + + (x + 3)(x 2 – 6x + 9) x(x – 2)2 + 1(x – 2)2
(x + 1)(x – 1)2 (x + 1) (x – 1) (x – 1)2

2x 2 + 1 2
We can go straight to the step where we equate (e) (f) – x + 9x –327
numerators if we are able to do this. x 2(x 2 – 2x + 1) x(x – 3)

 3x2 – x + 4 º A(x – 1)2 + B(x + 1)(x – 1) + C(x + 1) x 6 + 26x – x 2

(g) (h)
(x – 3)2 (2x – 1)(x + 2)2
Now substitute suitable values for x.
Let x = –1: 3 + 1 + 4 = A(4)
2. Note that in each of the following rational functions, the degree of the
 A = 2
numerator is higher than (or equal to) the degree of the denominator.
Let x = 1: 3 – 1 + 4 = C(2) g(x )
First rewrite each function as f (x) + where the degree of
 C = 3 Denominator
g(x) is lower than that of the denominator, then decompose the second
The value of B must now be found. We can choose any value for x and term into Partial fractions.
substitute all other values found.
We will revisit this skill in Chapter 17: Derivative Applications,
Let x = 0: 4 = A – B + C when sketching rational functions.
 4 = 2–B+3
3
 B = 1 (a) x –2 x + 2
x –1
3x 2 – x + 4 2 1 3 2
 = + +
(x + 1)(x – 1) 2 ( x + 1) ( x – 1) ( x – 1)2 (b) 4x – 214x + 2
4x – 1

10x 3 – 15x 2 – 35x

(c)
x2 – x – 6

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Worked Example 9 1

Notes & Exercises

4. Given f (x) = 2x – 6 and g(x) = x + 3.
2
Find possible functions for f and g such that F = f  g given:
Is f  g = g  f ? Explain your observation.
2
(a) F(x) = (x2 – 4)3 (b) F(x) = x3 – 1 (c) F(x) =
2x – 2 Note: We noticed that in Question 4 there are
two equal composite functions.
Solutions
In general f  g ≠ g  f
(a) f (x) = x3 and g(x) = x2 – 4 or f (x) = (x – 4)3 and g(x) = x2 So when is f  g = g  f ?
(b) f (x) = x and g(x) = x3 – 1 or f (x ) = x – 1 and g(x) = x3 This will occur when the function g = f –1.
NB : These are inverse functions and will be
2
(c) f (x) = and g(x) = 2x – 2 introduced after this exercise.
x
And then f  g = g  f = x

Exercise 7.3 (Solutions on p. 37 in the Answer book)

5. If f (x) = x2 – 1 and g(x) = x + 1, is f  g = g  f ?
1. If f (x) = x2 and g(x) = x – 3, find:
Explain.
(a) f (g(5)) (b) g(f (5)) (c) f (g(x))
(d) g(f (x)) (e) f (f (x)) (f) g(g(x)) 6. If F (x) = f  g, find f (x) and g(x) in each of the following.
From (a) to (e) there is more than one possible solution , but only give
x if x  0 one solution.
2. Given that f (x) =  and g(x) = x – 1.
– x if x  0 (a) F (x) = 2(x + 3)2 – 5(x + 3) (b) F (x) = 1
5–x
Find the following, if possible.
(c) F (x) = 5(sin x)3 (d) F (x) = 1 – 3x
(a) f (g(9)) (b) g(f (9)) (c) f (g(0))
(e) F (x) = tan 3x
(d) g(f (0)) (e) f (g(–4)) (f) g(f (–4)
In the following, give two possible options.
(g) f (g(x)) (h) g(f (x))
 x + 2 +
2
(f) F (x) = (x2 – 1)2 (g) F (x) = x +2
1
3. In each of the following, find f  g and g  f, and state the domains. (h) F (x) = x2 – 9 (i) F (x) = 3x – 1 +
3x – 1
(a) f (x) = 3x – 2 and g(x) = 2 – x (b) f (x) = x2 and g(x) = x + 2
1
7. If f (x) = x + 1, g(x) = and h(x) = x + 1, find:
(c) f (x) = x2 – 4 and g(x) = x (d) f (x) = x + 2 and g(x) = x 2 x
(a) h  g  f (3) (b) f  g  h(3) (c) g  h  f (3)
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 And, one other Absolute Value graph . . . Exercise 8.4
Notes & Exercises

(Solutions on p. 47 in the Answer book)

Worked Example 5 1. Sketch the following graphs, indicating any intercepts with the axes,
turning points, critical points and asymptotes. Determine the domain and
y = –x + 3|x + 1| – 2 range of each function.

5
Solution (a) y = –|x|2 + 2|x| + 15 (b) y = –2
|x | + 1
For x + 1  0, i.e. x  –1: For x + 1 < 0, i.e. x < –1:
y = –x + 3(x + 1) – 2 y = –x + 3(–x – 1) – 2 (c) y = 2(|x| – 1)2 + 1 (d) y = 3.2 | x | – 1 – 2
 y = 2x + 1  y = –4x – 5
y y
y = 2x + 1 y = – 4x – 5 (e) y = |x – 3| + x + 1 (f) y = 2|x + 1| – x + 5
(for x  –1) (for x < –1)
1
x 2 – 25
x (g) y = x|x – 3| + 2 (h) y =
x 5 O – | x + 5|
4

1 O
2

–6
(i) y = +1 (j) y = 9 – 3 |x + 1|
| x – 1| + 2
x = –1 –5
x = –1
So, the required graph: y = –x + 3|x + 1| – 2
y 2. Given the following diagrams of y = f (x), draw the diagrams of y = f (|x |):

(a) y (b) y
y = – 4x – 5 y = 2x + 1
(for x < –1) (for x  –1) 15

2
1 y=1 x
x –5 3
1O x
5 
4 2
–1

The grey bits are not Domain: xÎ |x |

3. Sketch the graph of y =
part of this graph. x
They indicate the Range: y  –1
invalid sections of –5
the graphs.
x = –1
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RULES FOR DERIVATIVES Solutions

Notes & Exercises

(a) f '(x) = 6x (b) f '(x) = –6x2 + 5
1. The Constant rule
1
f (x) = k where k is a constant, then f '(x) = 0.
(c) f (x) = 5x –1 + x 2 ,
2. The Power rule 1 –2
1

f (x) = x where n Î, then f '(x) = nx

n n–1
.  f '(x) = –5x–2 + x = –5 + 1
2 x 2 2 x
3. The Constant-Power rule
Dx [k . f (x)] = k . f '(x) (d) f (x) = 3x– 3 + x– 2 – 3x–1 + 1
The derivative of a constant multiplied by a function is equal  f '(x) = –9x– 4 – 2x– 3 + 3x – 2 = – 9
4
– 23 + 32
to the constant multiplied by the derivative of the function. x x x

Thus we have: Exercise 10.3 (Solutions on p. 63 in the Answer book)

f (x) = x = x1  f '(x) = 1x0 = 1
1. Determine the derivatives of the following functions:
f (x) = x2  f '(x) = 2x1 = 2x
(a) f (x) = x2 + 3 (b) f (x) = 5x2 + 2x
f (x) = x3  f '(x) = 3x2
(c) f (x) = 4x2 – x + 7 (d) f (x) = x +4
1
f (x) = = x–1  f '(x) = –1x – 2 = –12
x x 1
(e) f (x) = 3x – (f) f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 9x – 4
1 1
1 –2 x
f (x) = x = x2  f '(x) = x = 1 3 2
2 2 x (g) f (x) = x + x2 – 5x + 1 (h) f (x) = x  4x
3 x
f (x) = x π  f '(x) = π x π – 1 2
(i) f (x) = 3x + x  1
x
4. The Sum (Difference) rule
Dx [f (x)  g(x)] = f '(x)  g'(x) dy
2. (a) Find given y = 3x 3 + 5x 2 – 4x – 3
The derivative of a sum (difference) of functions is equal dx
2
(b) Find g'(x) given g(x) = 4x  1
to the sum (difference) of the derivatives of the functions.
2x + 1
Worked Example 4
3. Find the following derivatives. Leave answers with positive exponents:
Find the derivatives of the following functions: 3 

(a) f (x) = 3x2 (b) f (x) = –2x3 + 5x – 3  2 1 d  1 + x2   t – 3t 
(a) Dx  x – 3  (b)   (c) Dt  
dx  x  t 
(c) f (x) = 5 + x (NB: first change the expression to powers of x)  x  
x
3 + x – 3x 2 + x 3 d  2s – s2 + 3s3  2x 3 – x 2 – 8x + 4
(d) (e) f '(x) if f (x) =
(d) f (x) = ds  s2
 x –2
x3 
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 Exercise 11.4
Notes & Exercises

(b) cos x – π  = sin(2x) (Solutions on p. 67 in the Answer book)

 6
Solve for x giving the general solution to the following equations.
 cos x – π  = cos  π – 2 x Give answers in terms of  or correct to 3 decimal places, where necessary.
 6 2 
 π π 
2 tan  x –
 x –  =   – 2 x + 2k, kÎ π
 6 2  1.  = 1,45
 12 
π π π π
x– = – 2x + 2k or x– = – + 2x + 2k
6 2 6 2
(a) 3 sin  2x +  = 1,5
π
2π π 2. (b) Hence solve for x if xÎ [– ; 2]
 3x = + 2k  – x = – + 2k  6
3 3
2π 2π k π
cos  3x –
 x = +  x = + 2 k π   π 
3.  = –cos  x + 
9 3 3  36   36 
NOTE
(a) sin  2x +  = sin x
π
Dividing through the equation by –1, gives us – 2 k for the last term, 4. (b) Hence solve for x if xÎ [– ; ]
but since k can be any integer, we write +2 k.  6

tan  +  = –tan x
x π
5.
More equations 2 4

Worked Example 13 6. (a) cos 2x = sin(x) (b) Hence solve for x if xÎ [–2; ]
Find the general solutions of the following equations.
7. 2 cos 2x = 1,3
(a) 3 cos 3x = sin 3x (b) 2 sin2 x + 3 sin x – 2 = 0

sin  3x –
π
Solutions 8.  = –sin 4x
NOTE  12 
3 cos 3x sin 3x Divide by cos 3x to simplify
(a) =
cos 3x cos 3x equation to tan 3x = Ratio 9. (a) cos 3x = –sin  x + π  (b) Hence solve for x if xÎ – π ; π
 tan 3x = 3  18   3 

 3x = 1,249045. . . + k, kÎ 10. 3 tan 2x – 1,34 = 2

2
πk
 x ≈ 0,416 +
3 11. 3 sin 2x = 2 cos 2x
(b) 2 sin2 x + 3 sin x – 2 = 0
12. 2 sin x .cos x – sin x = 0
(2 sin x – 1)(sin x + 2) = 0 Factorise the trinomial
 sin x =
1
or sin x = –2 n/a Range is [–1; 1] 13. 2 sin2 x – sin x = 1
2
π 5π 14. sin2 x + cos x = 1
 x = + 2  k or x = + 2  k, kÎ
6 6
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Worked Example 7 Exercise 13.2

Notes & Exercises

(Solutions on p. 78 in the Answer book)
Prove that a n – b n is divisible by a – b for nÎ Use Mathematical Induction to prove each of the following statements for all
natural numbers.
Solution
1. n2 + n is an even number.
RTP: an – bn is divisible by a – b for nÎ  A
2. n3 + 2n is divisible by 3.
Proof:
For n = 1: 3. 6n2 + 2n is divisible by 4.

an – bn = a1 – b1 = a – b, which is divisible by a – b.
4. 9 n – 4 n is divisible by 5.
 A is true for n = 1.
5. 17n – 7n is divisible by 10.
Assume A is true for n = k , kÎ
6. 32n – 1 is divisible by 8.
i.e. ak – bk = p(a – b), pÎ.

7. 7n – 1 is divisible by 6.
For n = k + 1:
an – bn = ak + 1 – bk + 1 8. 32n + 4 – 22n is divisible by 5.
= ak . a – bk . b
9. 53n – 25n is divisible by 31.
= ak . a – a . bk + a.bk – bk . b Subtract and add a. b k

Common factors of a in first 2 terms

= a (ak – bk) + b k (a – b) 10. 32n + 7 is divisible by 8.
and (a – b) in the second 2 terms.
= a.p(a – b) + b k (a – b) using the assumption
11. 11n + 1 + 122n – 1 is divisible by 133.
= (a – b)(ap + b k ) which is divisible by (a – b).
12. a2n – b2n is divisible by (a + b).
 If A is true for n = k, then it is also true for n = k + 1.
13. 8n – 7n + 6 is divisible by 7. (IEB Exemplar 2008)
A is true for n = 1.

 By Mathematical Induction A is true for nÎ. 14. 3n + 3n + 1 + 3n + 2 is divisible by 13. (IEB 2009)

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 Worked Example 9
Notes & Exercises

Domain: x Î (1; ) Range: y Î 

Find the equation of the inverse of f (x) = 2ln(x – 1) + 2 and draw sketch f –1(x) = e x – 2 + 1
graphs of f (x) and f –1(x) on the same set of axes.
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1

Solution y-intercept = 1,4

x = 2ln(y – 1) + 2 Create point: (3,1; e)
 x – 2 = 2ln(y – 1)
Domain: x Î  Range: y Î(1; )
 x – 2 = ln(y – 1)
2
x –2
 y–1 = e 2 Exercise 14.7 (Solutions on p. 89 in the Answer book)
x –2 y
2 For each of the given functions:
 y = e +1
x –2
1. f (x) = –ln(x – 3) – 1 2. f (x) = – e x + 1 – 1
f –1(x) = e 2 +1 (e; 3.1)
(3.1; e)
f (x) = 2ln(x – 1) + 2 3. f (x) = 2e x – 2 4. f (x) = 2ln(x + 2) – 1
f –1 1,4
Vertical asymptote: 5. f (x) = ln(x + 4) – 2
x=1 1,4
O x
(a) Find the equation of f –1(x).
y-intercept (let x = 0) :
f (b) Find the domain and range of f and f –1.
f (x) = 2ln(0 – 1) + 2 y=x
None (c) Draw sketch graphs of f and f –1 on the same set of axes.

x-intercept (let y = 0) :
0 = 2ln(x – 1) + 2
 x = 1,4

Create a point (let x = e) :

y = 2ln(e – 1) + 2
= 3,1 (e; 3,1)

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 Exercise 15.13 Grade 12 Exam Questions
Notes & Exercises

(Solutions on p. 103 in the Answer book) (Solutions on p. 104 in the Answer book)
1. The diagram shows a part of the curve y 1. (a) Given f (x) = 1
, determine f '(x) from first principles.
y = 1 + 4x and point P(6; 5) lying on 1 – 2x
(IEB 2010)
the curve. P(6; 5)
1
The line PQ intersects the x-axis at Q(8; 0). (b) Given f (x) = , determine f '(x) from first principles.
2x + 1
(IEB 2013 Adapted)
(a) Show that PQ is a normal to the curve. Q(8; 0)
x
(b) Determine the equation of the line PQ. 2. Differentiate the following:
2
(a) f (x) = (3x – 2)(2x – 5)5 (b) g(x) = 3x – 2x + 1
2. Determine the equation of the normal to the curve 5x – 1
3y4 + 4x – x2 sin y – 4 = 0 at the point (1; 0).
3. Given that d (2x + 3)3(x – 4) = (2x + 3)2 (ax + b), find the values of
dx
3. Consider the curve defined by x3 + y3 – xy2 = 5. a and b.
(a) Show that (1; 2) lies on the curve.
 3
dy 4. (a) Determine Dx (x 3 + 1)2  .
(b) Determine an expression for .
dx 3
dy
(c) Hence, determine the equation of the normal to the curve at the (b) Hence: given that y = e3x . (x 3 + 1)2 , find the value of when x = 0.
dx
point (1; 2). (IEB 2014 Adapted)

4. Consider the curve given by the equation sin y = x where y Î 0;  .

π 5. Given that f (x) = ln(x3 + 2)(x2 + 3), find an expression for f '(x).
 2
dy
(a) Find an expression for . 6. Given that f (x) = ln(sin 3x)
dx
(b) Hence, determine the equation of the normal to the curve where (a) Find an expression for the first derivative and simplify it.
x = 0,5. (IEB 2015)
(b) Hence, find an expression for the second derivative.
2
5. Determine the equation of the normal to the curve of f (x) = e 4x
1 7. Given that f (x) = tan x
at x = . (To two decimals)
4
(a) Determine f ''(x)
6. Show that the curves y = e x and y = e– x are orthogonal (curves
intersect each other perpendicularly) at the point (0; 1). (b) Hence prove that f ''(x) – 2y = 2y3 (IEB 2010)
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Exercise 17.9

Notes & Exercises

(Solutions on p. 116 in the Answer book) 3
Cubic expression in numerator and
1. Draw neat sketch graphs of the following functions, showing all quadratic expression in the denominator
asymptotes, intercepts with axes and stationary points. (ax + b)(cx + d )(ex + f )
3.1 In the form y =
(ex + f )(px + q )
(a) f (x) = 3x – 1 (b) f (x) = 1  2x
x +2 x –3 Try to simplify first. If it can simplify, then same as quadratic
f
over linear, but with a removable discontinuity at x = – .
x2  4 x 2 + 2x + 1 e
(c) f (x) = (d) f (x) =
x +1 2x  1

2
2. Given: f (x) = – x + x – 1 Worked Example 25
x 3 2
(a) Express f (x) in asymptotic form i.e. f (x) = q (x) +
r (x )
. Draw a sketch graph of f (x) = x2 – 2x .
g(x ) x –x –2
(b) Calculate all turning points and asymptotes of f.
Solution
3 2
(c) Sketch the curve of f. Rational form: f (x) = x2 – 2x y-intercept: (0; 0)
x –x –2
2
3. Given: f (x) = x – x – 6 x 2(x – 2)
x +1 Factorised form: f (x) =
(x – 2)(x + 1)
(a) Determine the x-intercepts of f.
x2
= ; x 2
(b) Determine the y-intercept of f. (x + 1)

(c) Write down the equation of the vertical asymptote of f. x-intercepts: (0; 0). Two equal roots.
(d) Determine the equation of the oblique asymptote of f.
 
There is a removable discontinuity at 2 ; 4  .
(e) Show that f '(x) > 0 for all values of x within the domain.  3 

(f) Hence sketch the graph of y = f (x). x (x + 1) – x

Asymptotic form: f (x) =
x +1
x (x + 1) – 1(x + 1) + 1 1
= = (x – 1) +
x +1 x +1

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 Notes & Exercises
CASE 8: Integration of rational functions with degree of Worked Example 29
numerator equal or one higher than degree of x2 – 2
Given: 
 dx
denominator.  x +1
In Chapter 17: Further Derivatives, we manipulated rational functions when Now the degree of the numerator is one more than that of the denominator.
considering asymptotes for graphs. This process can also be used in integration.
x2 – 2 x(x + 1) – x – 2
= We may prefer to
x +1 x +1
Worked Example 27 do Long Division.
x(x + 1) – (x + 1) + 1 – 2
=
 x2 + x + 1 x +1
Given:  dx
 x2 + 1 1
=x–1–
x +1
We first manipulate the expression:
  x – 1 – 1  dx
x2 + x + 1 x2 + 1 + x   
= This can also be done using   x +1
x2 + 1 x2 + 1 Long Division.
x x2
= 1+ 2 = – x – ln|x + 1| + c
2
x +1

  x    x 2x 1
 1 + 2  dx =  1dx +  2
dx = x + 
 . 2 dx Exercise 18.12 (Solutions on p. 131 in the Answer book)
  x +1   x +1  2 x +1
In each of the following questions, first manipulate the expression before
ln( x 2 + 1) determining the integral.
x2 + 1 ≥ 1 > 0 = x+ +c
2
 x – 1 dx
1.  2. 

x +3
dx
 x +1  x –5
Worked Example 28
x 2 – 2x + 3  x3
2
 x +x –6 3. 
 dx 4.  2 dx
Given:  2 dx  x  x –4
 x – 5x + 6
x2 x 2 – 5x + 3
2
x +x –6 (x + 3)(x – 2) x +3 5. 
 dx 6. 
 dx
= = , x2  x–2  x +2
2 (x – 3)(x – 2) x –3
x – 5x + 6
= x –3+6 = 1+
6  x3
7.  2 dx
x –3 x –3  x +1
  1 + 6  dx = x + 6 ln|x – 3| + c
  
  x – 3
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