CHAPTER I 

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF VOLLEYBALL   VOLLEYBALL AS A GAME:  

             Volleyball game is a team game played by two (2) teams of six players each who volley
the ball over the net hanged above the centerline, which divides the court into two. An inflated
ball is hit over the net by a team three (3) times trying to make the ball touch the opponent’s
court. The other team attempts to prevent this by hitting the ball up and by volleying it back over
the net (except on a block) and without entering the opponent’s court. Points are scored when the
team receiving the service failed to return the ball in the manner allowed by the rules. The team
scoring 25 points or with two-points advantage wins the game. Winning two sets out of three (3)
sets or three (3) sets out of five (5) sets wins the match. 
 

  HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL AND ITS DEVELOPMENT  

             William O. Morgan originated volleyball game, Physical director of Y.M.C.A. in

Holyoke City , Massachusetts , U.S.A. in the year before the first Modern Olympics Games held
in Athens . At that time, this game was called “MINTONETTE”, from badminton. Based on the
idea that the ball is played in volley across the net, Dr. A.T. Halstead, Professor at Springfield
College , suggested calling it volleyball. Two 5-man teams performed the first Open Game. At
that time, there was no restriction on the number of players composing a team. The number of
players was to decided through agreement between the two teams before the game was started. 

The variation of development from the early primitive stage up to the present is presented as
follows:

1900 Point system was adopted. (21 points per game) - Dr. Gray, 
                        Physical Director of Y.M.C.A initially introduced Volleyball  
                        in India 
1912 Rotation system was adopted. 
1917 15-points system was adopted.
1918 Number of players was fixed to six (6) per team.
                        The height of the net was set to eight (8) feet about 2.43 meters.
1921 Center line was set.
1922 Each team was allowed to play the ball three times successively at  
                         maximum in its own court.
1923 The size of the court was set to 30 inches or x 60 inches or 9 meters x 
                        18 meters with a boundary line 0.05 meters limiting the court.
1928 The United States Volleyball Association was established.
1957 Volleyball was formally accepted as an event in the World Olympics. 1960
Volleyball was demonstrated in Rome Olympics. 
1964 Volleyball became an official sport in the Tokyo Olympics
  INTODUCTION OF VOLLEYBALL IN ASIA

1900 Volleyball was introduced in India . 

1910 Volleyball was introduced in the Philippines by E.S. Brown, Physical 
                        Director of Y.M.C.A., Manila 
1913 First Far East Olympics was held in Manila where Volleyball was 
                        adopted as a regular game.
1924 Nine-man system started in Japan .
1927 Nine-man system was adopted in the Far East Olympics. 
1953 Masoda University of Japan participated in All American Volleyball 
                        Championship, which motivated the onset of six-man system in Japan . 1954
Asian Volleyball Federation ( A.V.B.F.) was organized in Manila 
                        during the Asian Games.
1958 Volleyball (only for men) was officially adopted as a regular event in 
                         the 3rd Asian Games in Tokyo .
1959 Southeast Asian Volleyball Games was organized by Thailand NOC 
                        and first Volleyball Games Championship Meet was held in Bangkok 
                        in the same year.
1961 Fourth Asian Games was held in Jakarta , Indonesia .
1964 Asian Youth Volleyball Games was organized and held in Seoul ,        
                        Korea . Tokyo Olympics was held in Japan . 
1965 5th Asian Games was held in Bangkok , Thailand first demonstrated in 
                        the 1960 Rome Olympics and formally became an official Olympics 
                        event in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. 
 1969                3rd Asian Youth Games was held in Seoul , Korea . 
1970 6th Asian Games was held in Bangkok , Thailand .
1973 Asian Zonal Championship was held in Manila , Philippines . 
1974 7th Asian Games was held in Tehran , Iran . 
1977 SEA Games was held in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia .
1978 8th Asian Games was held in Bangkok , Thailand . 
1979 SEA Games was held in Jakarta , Indonesia . 
1980 SEA games was held in Manila , Philippines .  

INTRODUCTION OF VOLLEYBALL IN EUROPE   

1914 Volleyball was introduced in England . 

1917 Volleyball was introduced in France .
1919 Volleyball was introduced in Czechoslovakia . 
1949 First International Games was organized and held in Czech.

ESTABLISHMENT OF DIFFERENT VOLLEYBALL ORGANIZATIONS 

1.      European Cups was organized by the International Volleyball federation 
         (I.V.B.F.) and its sports committee known as European Club Championship.
 2.     International Technical Committee ( ITC) was established in the International 
         Handball Federation (IHBF) 
3.      International Volleyball Federation (I.V.B.F.)-was set up in August 26,1964 
         with U.S.A. , U.S.S.R., France , Czechoslovakia , Poland , and Yugoslavia .

 4.      World Championship Meet was organized and held in September 1949 in Praha 
          with 11 countries: Belgium , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , France , Netherlands , 
          Hungary , Italy , Israel , Poland , Romania , and U.S.S.R. 
5.       World Cup- was organized in Warsaw ,  Poland 1965 with the assistance of 
          I.V.B.F. with 11 countries participating: USSR , Poland , Czechoslovakia , 
          Japan , East Germany , Romania , Hungary , Bulgaria , Yugoslavia , Holland 
          and France . 
6.      World Olympics- it was in the 53rd International Olympics Committee (I.O.C.) 
         Congress held in Sofia , Bulgaria in September 1957 the Volleyball was 
         formally made an event of the Olympics. Volleyball Olympics was first 
         demonstrated in the 1960 Rome Olympics and formally became an official 
         Olympics event in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics.

 CHAPTER II

 FUNDAMENTAL TERMINOLOGIES IN VOLLEYBALL

A.     PLAYING AREA:

 1.         Attack area- the area in the court marked in between the center line and 
                                 restricted line where the spiking or smashing is executed. This is  
                                 also known as restricted area.
 2.         Attack line- a line 3 meters away from the center line, which limits the play of 
                                 spiking.
 3.         Back Area- known also as backcourt.
 4.         Back Court- the area measured 6 meters away from the restricted area back to 
                                  end line. This is also known as back area.
 5.         Boundary lines-is sides and end lines limiting the court into 9 x 18 meters.    
 6.         Center line- the 5cm line located directly under the net, which divides the 
                                 court into two (2) equal areas.
 7.         Court- the playing area, 9m x 18m, within which the game of volleyball is to 
                         be played.
 8.         End lines- lines limiting the length of the playing court, 9m in width. 
 9.         Front court- the area measured 3 meters away from the center line also known 
                                  as attack area or restricted area. 
10.         Restricted line- a line drawn 3 meters away from the center line, which 
                                       prohibits back players to participate in spiking or blocking. 
11.         Service area- an area at the right back corner outside of each court from  
                                   which the service must be made.
12.         Service lines- limiting the service area where stepping on them during   
                                     service is prohibited.
13.         Side lines- limiting the width of the playing area, 18m. in length.   

B.     PLAYING EQUIPMENTS  

1. Antenna- are sticks one centimeter in diameter and 180 cm long placed 
                            at both ends of the net at 20 cm from the outer edge of the side        
                            vertical markers.

 2. Ball- is a spherical material made of leather case with a bladder made of 
                     rubber, uniform in color with a circumference from 65 cm to 67 cm and   
                     a weight between 270 to 280 grams.
 3. Net- 1.00 meter x 9.50 meters of 10 cm. sq. mesh with white canvass 
                      sewn along the full strength 5 cm wide, which divides the court where 
                      the ball is played over it.
 4. Score sheet- scoring material where the records of the match are 
                      entered, line-ups, points earned, serving order, substitutions, charged 
                      time-outs, time/place/title of the match, and signature of the officiating 
                      officials.
 5. Side vertical markers- are canvass tape 5 cm wide attached at the end of 
                      the net just above the side lines.

C.     THE OFFICIALS OF THE GAME:  

 1. Linesmen-officials positioned at the end corner of the court who are 
                      responsible for indicating whether the ball hitting the floor is in or out of 
                      bounds.
 2. Referee- the head or chief official positioned with a view across the top                          
                      of the net who controls and conducts the game. He is the over-all 
                      authority in the conduction of the match. 
 3. Scorer or scorekeeper- an official charged with accurately recording the 
                     scores and information of the game.
 4. Umpire (second referee)- the official who assists the referee and its 
                      positioned on the floor opposite the referee.

D.     CONTACT OF THE BALL 

  
1. Contacted ball - an act of touching or delivering the ball with whatever 
                              part of the body above the waist.
2. Dig - the recovery of a hard driven ball by the defensive player or team.
3. Dig pass - an underhand pass using the forearm to bump the ball.
4. Double hit - an act of contacting the ball more than once with any part of   
                               the body.
5. Dribbling - an act of contacting the ball more than once with any part of 
                               the body, or ball rolling on the forearm or any part of the body   
                               while in contact. 
6. Held Ball - an act when the ball comes to rest momentarily in the hands 
                               or any part of the body  above the waist other than 1/10th of a    
                               second.
7. Holding - an act of contacting the ball with a momentary rest other than 
                               1/10th of a second on any part of the player’s body above the   
                                waist. It may be scooping, lifting, pushing, carrying or throwing. 
8. Lifting - an act of contacting the ball when it rests momentarily in the 
                                hands or arms of a player in a lifting position. 
9. Pass - an act of delivering the ball to a team mate or delivery of the ball 
                                from the opponent’s court.
10. Pushing - an act of contacting the ball when it is pushed where the hand or 
                                arms goes with the ball momentarily. 
11. Scooping - an act of contacting the ball when it rolls in a playing arms.

12. Service - an act of putting the ball in play by a player who delivers the 
                                  ball from the service area sending it over the net into the   
                                  opponent’s court.
13. Set - an act of delivering the ball and above nears the net in 
                                  preparation to be hit by a spiker. 
14. Set pass - to pass the ball in air for a teammate to kill that it will descend  
                                  near the net usually the second pass of the series.
15. Shoot set - a set-up pass on low trajectory from the center of the court at the  
                                  net to a point at the extreme marker of the net (usually used for a  
                                  Chinese kill ).
16.  Short or low set- set made very low in the height and directly in front of the 
                                  set-up man; also used for Chinese kill.
17. Simultaneous hit- an act of contacting the ball by two or more opponent’s 
           above the net at the same time.
18. Tip pass - a ball, which is tapped with the fingertips in order to direct it  
                                    around the block or to an uncovered area of the opponent’s 
                                    court. 

E.      SPIKING AND BLOCKING 

1. Area block - a block that covers a specified area against all attacks.
2. Attacks - the hard driven ball hit above the net by an offensive player.
3. Attack block - a block that attempts to attack the ball and is not limited to  
                                     cutting off specified area.
4. Block - an act of attempting to stop or intercept the ball above the net 
                                     whose aim is to prevent it from entering owns court. 5. Checked ball -
a ball defected from the blocker’s hands usually a last touched. 6. Fake spike - an act of
approaching the net and executing a spiking motion  
                                       to confuse the defensive team
7. Fielding the ball - retrieving or recovering the ball on volley or spike from the  
                                      opponent, frequently after it has been blocked.
8. Follow through - an act of completing the motion of spike, pass or serve after   
                                     contact with the ball. 
9. Hard block - an attempt on the part of the defensive team to stop the ball 
                                       forcibly back to their opponent’s court.
10. Reach over or over reach - an act of crossing the arms above and across the net 
                                               before an opponent touches the ball within his court. 
11. Soft block - a block whose purpose is to deflect the ball up in the air to a 
                                       team mate.
12. Spike or kill - an act of delivering the ball into the opponent’s court over 
                                        the net with a tremendous force or smash. 
13. Spike ball - a ball that is hit by force over the net.
14. Stuff - a ball that rebound from the block forcefully to the floor on 
                                         the opponent’s court.
15. Touch ball - an act of touching or contacting the ball from a block. 

 F.      TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGIES:  

1. Ball in play - the ball is in play the instant it is contacted from the   
                                  service until a fault has been committed by any of the 
                                  players.
2. Change court - a term used to direct both teams to change their playing  
                                     court to play for the next game/set.
3. Charge time out - a term used when a coach or team captain request for rest 
                                         or for instructions. 
4. Coed game - a game that in both men and women participate in pay. 
5. Courtesy hand shake - an act of sportsmanship asked on players of both team 
                                             done at the center of the court before and after the match. 6. Cross
court - the diagonal direction of the ball being hit into the 
                                 opponent’s court.
7. Crossing (the center line) - an act of crossing and touching the opponent’s 
                                                        court either by mistake.
8. Deal ball - the ball is dead every after the whistle of an officiating 
                              official to indicate any violation. 
9. Defaulted game/match - a term used when a team did not appear on the 
                                                    scheduled time (15 minute grace period).
10. Defense - a term used when does not in possession with the ball or 
                             a team not serving the ball.
11. Double fault - an act of committing simultaneous error by two or more 
                                                opposing players. 
12. Down the line - a hit by an offensive team directly down the sideline on 
                                      that side of the court.
13 Fault - a term used to indicate an error or a foul committed by 
                        any player, which is an encroachment of the rule.
14. Five-minute rest - a  period used to direct the player to rest after the 
                                         fourth game/set is completed and a fifth set is needed.
15. Foot fault - a foul committed by a server touching the side or end 
                                lines during the service. 
16. Forfeited game/match - a term used when a team failed to play or refuses to 
                                                 continue playing after being told by the referee to do 
                                                 so due appearing of a team of less than ix(6) players to 
                                                 start the game or refusal to admit the referee’s decision. 17.
Formation - an arrangement or alignment of player either on 
                                offenses or defense.
18. Game (or set) - a term to indicate that the team points is earned to                 
                                     terminate the play. 
19. Game over - a term used to indicate that the match is terminated 
                                 either by 2 out of 3 out of sets.
20. Game point - a set point; a point gained by the team terminating the 
                                  set or game. 
21. Good ball - a ball landing within the boundaries limiting the court 
                                of the opponent’s also known a good shot.
22. Line ball - a good ball, one hitting or landing on the boundary 
                              lines of the opponent’s court.
23. Match - the number of games or sets completed in a contest 
                          usually 2 0r 3 out of 5 sets. 

24. Offense - a term used when in a possession of the ball or a 

                            serving team who makes the point. 
25. Out of bounds - the ball is out of bounds when it hits or touches any 
                                      surface or objects of the floor outside the court; 
                                       touches the ceiling during indoor game; touches the 
                                       antennae; or does not pass over the net limited by 
                                       the antennae.
26. Play - an action of the player or players contacting the ball including   
                      preliminary action and following movements to regain equilibrium 
                      spiking and blocking constitute a single play. 
27. Players- a term used to call the athletes playing inside the playing court. 
28. Plat over- an act of putting the ball into a play again by the last server without 
                             awarding or penalizing a side-out nor point. 
29. Point-is called when the server team successfully played the ball or when the 
                      receiving team failed to return the ball to the serving team. 
30. Ready position- the position in the court assumed by all players as quickly as 
                                       possible after the ball crosses into the opponent’s court. 
31. Red card flash - a disqualification act by the referee to any member of a team 
                                       terminating the player right to continue to play. 
32. Referee’s time out- a term used when a referee or any official stops the play 
                                           for valid reason (usually not charge to ant team). 
33. Rotation- the shifting of players in a clockwise, manner, done when every 
                            service is received. 
34. Screening- an attempt by players of the serving team to hide or screen or 
                              conceal the server. 
35. Serving order - the arrangement of service to be done by the player according 
                                     to the one entered in the score sheet and to the position 
                                     indicated in the court.
36. Side out - a term used when loss of the ball by the serving team occurs due a 
                             fault committed. 
37. Substitution - a term used to call members of the team seated at the bench. 
38. Switch - an act changing positions immediately after a service is made i.e., a 
                          front line players going to the back line area or vice-versa. 
39. Three-minutes (rest)-grace period- a period used by the referee to determine 
                          whether an injured players can still play and continue the game.
40. Toss coin- an act of choosing the right to serve or choose the court usually  
                             done every beginning of the first and fifth game/set.
41. Touch the net - an act of touching the net or its ropes supporting it either by 
                         mistake by any part of the body or the clothes. 
42. Two-minutes rest - a period used to direct players to rest after a set completed. 43.Weak
area - an area on the court, which is either conceded, or a retrieve will 
                                be difficult.
44.       Yellow card flash- first warning given to a player/coach/manager by the                 
                                     referee reminding them of the technical fault committed.

 CHAPTER III 
  

COACHES, MANAGERS, PLAYERS AND OFFICIALS     TEAM COACHES, MANAGERS

AND CAPTAINS 

 Article 1 The coaches, managers and captain are responsible for the discipline of    
                             the teams.                                                                                    Article
2          The coach or the captain has the right to request time-outs for rest or  
                        substitutions. When the game is interrupted for rest, he has the right to   
                        speak to players, but may not enter the court. Coaches and managers 
                        shall not, during the play, contest the decision of the referee. 
Article 3          The captain is the only player on the court who may address the   
                        officials.        
THE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS, SUBSTITUTIONS, COACHES AND MANAGERS: 

  A.     Numbers of players, substitutes in a team:

 1.      6 players, one of whom shall be the team captain 

 2.      6 substitutes     
 3.      All shall bear numbers from 1 to 12 at the back of the playing uniform.  

B.     Coach- a regular member of the team who makes substitution, request (for  
                     charge) time-outs and whose primary duty or responsibility is to   
                     discipline of the team.  
 
C.     Manager- a regular member of the team who promotes the team and helps the 
                         coach disciplines the team.   

THE OFFICIALS OF THE VOLLEYBALL MATCH:   

A.     Referee (Head or Chief referee)- the over-all official in full control in the 
                            conduction of the match where his decisions are final. He can   
                            change the decisions of his assisting officials. 
B.     Umpire (Second referee)-assistant to the referee.
C.     Score keeper (Scorer)-keeps all the records and scores of the match. 
D.     Linesmen (two or four per match)-officials who are positioned diagonally  
                         opposite corners of the playing court away from the service line ball 
                         or outside of court.   

CHAPTER IV  

 VOLLEYBALL VIOLATIONS (FAULTS) AND PENALTIES: VIOLATIONS OR FAULTS

A. SERVICE:    PENALTIES

1.  Delaying the game Point to opponent 

2.  Stepping the service line                                 Point to opponent 
3.  Catching the ball after toss and whistle          Point to opponent 
4.  Dropping the ball after the whistle                 Play-outs 
5.  Ball touching the net before entering 
     opponent’s court                                            Point to opponent 
6.  Ball passing the net                                         Point to opponent 
7.  Ball touching the vertical side                        Point to opponent 
8.  Ball touching the vertical side                       Point to opponent 
9.  Ball passing the outside the antennae            Point to opponent 
10.Ball touching any player of the serving 
     team or any object before entering 
     opponent’s court.                                          Point to opponent
11. Ball landing outside the opponent’s court. Point to opponent
12. The player that serve out of order Point to opponent 
13. Screening the server Point to opponent 
14. The serving team is out of position Point to opponent 
15. Server not releasing the ball before a hit Point to opponent 
16. Server releasing the ball before the
       whistle of the referee. Play-over 
17.  Server is not in the service area
        when the ball is released. Point to opponent
18. Receiving team is out of position. Point to opponent 
20. Ball touches the ceiling of the gym. Point to opponent     

B. CONTACT OF THE BALL

1. Scooping the ball Point to opponent 

2. Lifting the ball Point to opponent 
3. Pushing the ball Point to opponent 
4. Holding the ball Point to opponent 
5. Throwing the ball Point to opponent 
6. Dribbling Point to opponent 
7. Double hit Point to opponent 
8. Double fault Point to opponent 
9. Twisting the ball Point to opponent 
10.Ball touching any part of the
     body below the waist Point to opponent 
11. Touching the ball by a team more than 3 times Point to opponent 
12. Ball rolling on arms Point to opponent   

D.     SPIKING AND BLOCKING   

1. Spiking and the ball with the attack area

    other than the front-line players. Point to opponent 
2. Spiker-blocker touching the net Point to opponent 
3. Sipker-blocker touching opponent’s 
    court or crossing the center line Point to opponent 
4. Blocker touching the net Point to opponent 
5. Back line player participating in block Point to opponent 
6. Reaching over before a spike is done 
    by the opponent’s Point to opponent 
7. Disrupting spiker’s or blocker’s course of 
     action in unethical manner Point to opponent 
8. Checked ball (player last touched the ball) Point to opponent   

D. MISCELLANEOUS FAULTS;   

1. Illegal time-out Point to opponent 

2. Illegal substitution p.t.p warning 
3. Coaching from the side lines Same/warning 
4. Leaving the court without referee’s permission 
   during time-outs and substitutions Same/warning 
5. “ Misconduct” of players, coaches, manager,
      and substitutes in an unsportsman like manner Disqualification