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Mathematics for Astronomy

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DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16774.91209

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 Toshio Fukushima
(Nat’l Astron Obs. Japan)
ResearchGate Fukushima Click
or
 Sushi
Knife

Samurai Sword

2014/11/14 CeleMechSymp@Chiba
Sushi in the Universe
 Old Samurai
Swords
 A Course of Modern Analysis
 Whittaker and Watson (1902)
 Classic Collection of
Mathematical Tools for
Physics
 Following Tradition of
Cambridge Mathematical
Physics from Days of Newton
 New Samurai
Swords
 NIST Handbook of Math.
Functions
 Olver et al. (2010)
 Great Succesor of
Abramowitz & Stegun (1964)
 Freely accessible
 http://dlmf.nist.gov/
 I. Newton (1642-1727)
 Classic Mechanics
 Mathematics for Physics
 Differential Calculus
 Shell Integral Theorem

 Finite Difference Method

 Newton’s Method to

Solve Nonlinear Eq.

Newton’s Cannonball
 My Contributions
 1. Kepler Eq., Latitude Eq., Lambert W Function
 2. Elliptic Integrals, Elliptic Functions
 3. Assoc. Legendre Function, Wigner d-Function
 4. Accurate Computation of Gravitational Field
 5. Fermi-Dirac/Bose-Einstein Integrals
 6. Method of Manifold Correction
 7. Parallel Extrapolation Method of Integration
 8. Picard-Chebyshev Integration Method
 Orbit vs Rotation
Item Orbit Rotation
Position X Euler Angles, (ψθφ)
Velocity V Angular Velocity, ω
Mass M Moment of Inertia, I
Momentum P=MV L=Iω
Kin. Energy MV2/2 ω・Iω /2
Eq. of Motion dP/dt=F dL/dt=N
Basic Motion Kepler Motion Torque-Free Rotation
 1A: Kepler Equation
 Fukushima (96b, 97abd, 98, 99b)
 Elliptic: First Transcendental Equation

E  e sin E  M
 Hyperbolic, Universal, etc.
 No Analytical Solution
 Discretized Newton Method
 Discretization of
Newton’s Method
En  e sin En  M
 Newton’s Method X  En 
1  e cos En
 Grids En   / N
 Pre-Computed Values 
sin En , cos En 

 Upper Bound as Stable Starter EN  

 Discretized Search n  m   X / E 
Gauss

 Sufficiently Close -> Using Taylor Series

 Fastest Procedure: ekep2 (F97a)
 1B: Latitude Equation
 Fukushima (99c, 06)
 Core of Geodetic Transf. p
p z ae2 f j
  E
cos  sin  1  e 2 sin 2  O H

 Variable Transformation t  cot 

 Using Halley’s Method
 Fastest Procedure: geod2 (F06)
 Halley’s Method
 Best Cost Performance
fn
f  t   0 tn 1  tn 
f n f n
f n 
2 f n
 Cubic Convergence
 2 f n f n 3  f n2 
tn 1  t     tn  t 
3

 12  f n 
2

 1C: Lambert W-Function
 Fukushima (13d)
 Solutions of Equation, W(z)
W exp W  Z
 Many Applications
 Logarithmic Discretization
 Bisection+Newton’s Method
 Fastest Procedures
 Orbit vs Rotation
Item Orbit Rotation
Position X Euler Angles, (ψθφ)
Velocity V Angular Velocity, ω
Mass M Moment of Inertia, I
Momentum P=MV L=Iω
Kin. Energy MV2/2 ω・Iω /2
Eq. of Motion dP/dt=F dL/dt=N
Basic Motion Kepler Motion Torque-Free Rotation
 2A: Elliptic Integrals
 Fukushima (09ab, 10ab, 11ab, 12ab, 13cd, 15a)
 Legendre’s 3 Basic Integrals
 d
F  | m   

E  | m    1  m sin 2  d
0
1  m sin  2
0

 d
  , n | m   
0
1  n sin  
2
1  m sin 2 

 Astronomical Applications
 Angles of Torque-Free Rotation
 Gravitational Potential of Ring/Disc/Ellipsoid
 2B: Elliptic Functions
 Fukushima (09ab, 13a)
 Jacobian Amplitude Function
  am(u | m)  u  F  | m 
 Jacobian Elliptic Functions
sn  u | m   sin  , cn  u | m   cos  , dn  u | m   1  m sin 2 
 Astronomical Applications
 Angular Velocity of Torque-Free Rotation
 Kepler Equation Solution as Arc Length Function
Existing Authorities:
Bulirsch, Carlson, & Cody
 Half/Double Argument
Transformation Method
 Lagrange’s Double Arg. Rule
2 scd c2  s2d 2
sn  2u | m   , cn  2u | m   ,
1  ms 4
1  ms 4

d 2  ms 2 c 2
dn  2u | m  
1  ms 4
s  sn  u | m  , c  cn  u | m  , d  dn  u | m 
 Inversion: Half Argument Transformation
y'
y y  sn 2
 2u | m 
1  1  y 1  1  my  y '  sn 2 u | m 
 Maclaulin Series
 Jacobian Elliptic Functions
1  m 33 1 m
su u   , c  1  u 22   , d  1  u 22  
6 2 2
 Elliptic Integral of 1st Kind
1 m 3
F  | m   u  s  s 
6
 Associate Elliptic Integrals
1 1  m  3n 5
J  , n | m   u 3  u  D  | m   J  , 0 | m 
3 15
 Elliptic Integrals of 2 nd and 3 Kind rd
E  | m   F  | m   mD  | m  ,   , n | m   F  | m   nJ  , n | m 
 CPU Time Comparison
 nanosec @ PC with Intel Core i7-2675QM
Elliptic Integral/Function Bulirsch Carlson Cody new
K(m) 93 330 62 24
K(m), E(m) 186 922 29
K(m), E(m), Pi(n|m) 383 1871 159
F(phi|m) 178 313 173
F(phi|m), E(phi|m) 712 213
F(phi|m), E(phi|m), Pi(phi,n|m) 1426 464
sn(u|m), cn(u|m), dn(u|m)
2015/02/18 165
Univ. Tokyo Numer. Anal. Seminar 116
26
 3A: Associated
Legendre Function
 Fukushima (12cdef, 13b, 14ad, 16ef)
 Core of Spherical Harmonic Expansion: Pnm(t)
Yn  ,    Pnm  cos   exp  im 
m

 Base of Spheroidal/Toroidal Harmonics

 Standard Algorithm: Recursive Computation
 Catastrophic Information Loss <- Underflow
 Degree Barrier ~ 2700 (Double Precision)
 Catastrophic Loss of
Precision
 M=3000, 1’ Interval Integral
 3B: Wigner d-Function
 Fukushima (17a, 18ad)
 Tool of Quantum Mechanics
 Related to Clebsch-Gordan Series
 Rotation of Spherical Harmonics
 Euler Angles  ,  ,  
Ynm  ,   eim d mk
n
 cos   Yn  ,  
e ik  k

 = Generalization of Assoc. Legendre Function

 Similar Recursion: More Difficult Computation
 X-number Formulation
X-number: (x, ix)
X  xB iX

 B=2960, x: real*8, ix: int
 Drastically Enlarged Range of Exponent
 Basic Subroutine/Function
 xmultf: Y=fX, xlsum2: Z=fX+gY, x2f: f=X, xnorm
 Sample Result: Pnm
 n=4194304, m=2097152, Lat.=30 deg
 10-Digit Accuracy: +1.433082667990817
 4A: Regularization of
Newton Kernel
 Fukushima (16abcd, 17bc, 18b)
 Poisson’s Integral Form
G   x '
V  x   dx '
x  x'
G   x '  x ' x 
g  x   3
dx '
x  x'
 Non-Integrable Singularities
 Regularization by Variable Transformation
 Integration Variable
Transformation
 Fukushima (16d)
 Topocentric Spherical Polar Coordinates
x ' x  r  rn dx '  r 2
sin  drd d
n   sin  cos  ,sin  sin  , cos  
 Rewritten Expressions are Regular
V  x    G   x  r  r sin  drd d
g  x    G   x  r  n sin  drd d
 M74 Gravitational Field
 Mosaic Tile Method (Fukushima, 16b)
 3D Spiral Arm
 3D Model Spiral Arm (Fukushima, 16d)
 Asteroid 433 Eros
 Spherical Harmonics of Topography
N n
R  ,     Pnm  sin   Cnm cos m  S nm sin m 
n0 m0

 Zuber et al. (2000, Science) 24x24 Hamonics

 Gravitational
Potential of Eros
 Fukushima (17c)
 4B: Analytic Comp. of
Gravitational Field
 Fukushima (18c, 20ab)
 Bessel’s Solution for Prism
 Triple Differenced Formula
Z c
X a Y b
V   X 2 A  Y 2 B  Z 2C  / 2  YZD  ZXE  XYF 
X  a Y b
Z c

 YZ  1  ZX  1  XY 
A  tan 1   , B  tan   , C  tan  
 XR   YR   ZR 

D  ln  X  R  , E  ln Y  R  , F  ln  Z  R 

 Cancellation Problem
 Taylor Series + Finite Difference Rewriting
 Boolean Formalism of
Finite Difference
 G. Boole (1815-1864)
 Difference Operator
f  f  x0  x   f  x0 

 Basic Rules
  af  bg   af  bg

  fg   f g   f  g 0

  g / f    f 0 g   f  g 0  /  ff 0 
 Useful Formulae
x  x0  x
 Fukushima (12d)
    
n 1 n 1
  x n   x  x j x0n 1 j
j n 1 j
 n
x  x /  n
x n x0
j 0 j 0

  exp x   expm1 x  exp  x0    ln x   log1p  x / x0 

x  x  sin x
  sin x   2sin cos  x0     tan x  
2  2  cos x cos x0
x  x   x 
  cos x   2sin sin  x0     tan x   tan 
1 -1

2  2   1  xx0 
 5A: Fermi-Dirac
Integrals
 Fukushima (14bc, 15bcd)
 Core of Quantum Statistics
 x k dx
Fk    
0 exp  x     1
 Generalized Fermi-Dirac Integral
 Stellar Structure, Semi-Conductor
 x k 1   x / 2dx
Fk  ,    
0 exp  x     1
 Fermion 
k BT
 , 
Eq. of State k BT mc 2

 Number Density, Pressure, & Energy

 Generalized Fermi-Dirac Integral Fk  ,  
 Implicit Relations
N  N 0   3/ 2
F1/ 2  ,     5/ 2
F3/ 2  ,   
P  P0   5/ 2
F3/ 2  ,     7/2
F5/ 2  ,   / 2 
E  E0   5/ 2
F3/ 2  ,     7/2
F5/ 2  ,   
 Extended Sommerfeld
Approximation
Fukushima (14b)


f  x  dx 

 exp( x   )  1   f  x  dx
0 0

 f  z  dz 
f  z    dz
 
0
exp( z )  1  exp( z )  1

 f  z   f   z   f   z 
 Additional Terms are
Rapidly Convergent
 CPU Time Comparison
of General FD Integral
 Double Precision, Intel Fortran 12.1
 μs @ Intel Core i7-4600U
Order, k Numerical New
Quadrature
1/2 21.7 0.170
1/2, 3/2 40.3 0.174
1/2, 3/2, 5/2 60.5 0.176
 Parameter Coverage
of New Method
Lepton Baryon Device
Sun 9.75E-7 5.31E-10 Ge 0.0156
White Dwarf 4.4E-6 2.4E-9 Si 0.0362
Sun (Core) 2.65E-3 1.44E-6 GaAs 0.0452
He Flush 0.034 1.8E-5 InAs 0.143
Ne Fusion 0.2 1E-4 InSb* 0.299
Fe Disintegr. 8 4E-3 *: 6 Digits
Super Novae 160 0.08
 5B: Bose-Einstein
Integrals
 Another Core of Quantum Stat.
 x k dx
Bk    
0 exp  x     1
 Many Applications
 Photon Statistics
 Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC)
 Phonon/Magnon Mechanics
 Information Retrieval
 6: Manifold Correction
 Fukushima (03abc, 04abc)
 Consistency of Numerically Integrated Solution
(p,q)

H(p,q)=E

 Fatal Defects: Existence of Conserved Integrals

 Modified by Integrating Quasi-Conservatives
 Quasi-Conservatives
 Eq. of Motion dv     V 
  3 r     a
dt  r   r 
 Quasi-Conservatives & Time Evolution
v2    dE  V 
E     V  r, t 
  va
 
2 r dt  t 

LZ   L  Z L  r  v dL   V  
 r      a 
dt   r  
 Kepler Energy Scaling
 0. Kepler Energy v 2
K 
as Quasi-Conservative 2 r
 1. Integrate (x, v) plus K r  x
 2. Correct (x, v) to Satisfy Defining
Relation of K at Every Step
 3. Single Scaling  x, v    x,  v 
 4. Solve Cubic Eq. by Newton’s Method
 7: Parallel Extrapolation
Method of Integration
 Fukushima (89, 99a, 12f),
Ito & Fukushima (97)
 Richardson’s Extrapolation to
0 Stepsize Integration of ODE
 Gragg (1965)
 Bulirsch & Stoer (1966)
 Parallel by Do-Loop Folding
 Suitable for Small-Size Parallel Computers
 Do-Loop Folding
 Ito and Fukushima (1997, Astron. J.)
 Pairing Tasks of Indices J and N+1-J
 Before Folding
do J=1, N { task(J) }
 After Folding
do J=1, (N+1)/2 { task(J);
if(N+1-J != J) task(N+1-J) }
8: Picard-Chebyshev
Integration
 Fukushima (97c, 12f)
 Time-Global Integration of
Ordinary Diff. Eqs (ODE)
 Combining Two Techniques
 Picard’s Successive Approximation
 Chebyshev Approximation of
Arbitrary Functions
 Also Suitable for Boundary
Value Problems of ODEs
 9A: Lesson
 FFT (Cooley & Tukey, 1965)
 One of 10 Algorithms of 20c
 However, …

 Gauss (~1805, 1866)

 Orbit Determination Needs
 Pallas (1802), Juno (1804)
 Coefficient Computation of General
Trigonometric Series of Orbital Elements
 9B: Memoir on FFT
(Cooley 1987)
 This story of the FFT can be used to give one
incentive to investigate not only new and novel
approaches, but to occasionally look over old
papers and see the variety of tricks and clever
ideas which were used when computing was, by
itself, a laborious chore which gave clever people
great incentive to develop efficient methods.
Perhaps among the ideas discarded before the
days of electronic computers, we may find more
seeds of new algorithms.
10A: References (Part 1)
 T. Fukushima (1989) Tests of the Extrapolation Method for the Numerical Integration of the Keplerian
Motion, Celest. Mech., 45: 73-76
 E. Brumberg & T. Fukushima (1994) Expansions of Elliptic Motion based on Elliptic Function Theory, Celst.
Mech. Dyn. Astron. (CMDA), 60: 69-89
 T. Fukushima (1996a) Reduction of Round-off Errors in the Extrapolation Methods and its Application to
the Integration of Orbital Motion, Astron. J. (AJ), 112: 1298-1301
 T. Fukushima (1996b) A Fast Procedure Solving Kepler's Equation for Elliptic Case, AJ, 112: 2858-2861
 T. Fukushima (1997a) A Method Solving Kepler's Equation without Transcendental Function Evaluations,
CMDA, 66: 309-319
 T. Fukushima (1997b) A Method Solving Kepler's Equation for Hyperbolic Case, CMDA, 68: 121-137
 T. Fukushima (1997c) Picard Iteration Method, Chebyshev Polynomial Approximation, and Global
Numerical Integration of Dynamical Motions, AJ, 113: 1909-1914
 T. Fukushima (1997d) A Procedure Solving the Extended Kepler's Equation for the Hyperbolic Case, AJ,
113: 1920-1924
 T. Fukushima (1997e) Vector Integration of Dynamical Motions by the Picard-Chebyshev Method, AJ, 113:
2325-2328
 T. Ito & T. Fukushima (1997) Parallelized Extrapolation Method and its Application to the Orbital
Dynamics, AJ, 114: 1260-1267
 T. Fukushima (1998) A Fast Procedure Solving Gauss' Form of Kepler's Equation, CMDA, 70: 115-130
 T. Fukushima (1999a) Parallel/Vector Integration Methods for Dynamical Astronomy, CMDA, 73: 231-241
 T. Fukushima (1999b) Fast Procedures Solving Universal Kepler's Equation, CMDA, 75: 201-226
 T. Fukushima (1999c) Fast Transform from Geocentric to Geodetic Coordinates, J. Geodesy (JG), 73: 603-
610
10B: References (Part 2)
 T. Fukushima (2003a) Efficient Orbit Integration by Scaling for Kepler Energy Consistency, AJ, 126: 1097-
1111
 T. Fukushima (2003b) Efficient Orbit Integration by Dual Scaling for Consistency of Kepler Energy and
Laplace Integral, AJ, 126: 2567-2573
 T. Fukushima (2003c) Efficient Orbit Integration by Scaling and Rotation for Consistency of Kepler Energy,
Laplace Integral, and Angular Momentum Direction, AJ, 126: 3138-3142
 T. Fukushima (2004a) Efficient Orbit Integration by Linear Transformation for Consistency of Kepler
Energy, Laplace Integral, and Angular Momentum Vector, AJ, 127: 3638-3641
 T. Fukushima (2004b) Simplification of a Manifold Correction Method for Orbit Integration, AJ, 128: 920-
922
 T. Fukushima (2004c) Further Simplification of a Manifold Correction Method for Orbit Integration, AJ, 128:
1446-1454
 T. Fukushima (2004d) Efficient Orbit Integration by Orbital Longitude Method Using Anti-Focal Anomaly,
AJ, 128: 1455-1464
 T. Fukushima (2004e) Efficient Integration of Highly Eccentric Orbits by Quadruple Scaling Method for
Kustaanheimo-Stiefel Regularization, AJ, 128: 3108-3113
 T. Fukushima (2004f) Efficient Integration of Highly Eccentric Orbits by Single Scaling Method Applied to
Kustaanheimo-Stiefel Regularization, AJ, 128: 3114-3122
 T. Fukushima (2005a) Efficient Orbit Integration by Orbital Longitude Methods with Sundmann
Transformation on Time Variable, AJ, 129: 1171-1177
 T. Fukushima (2005b) Efficient Orbit Integration by Kustaanheimo-Stiefel Regularization using Time
Element, AJ, 129: 1746-1754
 T. Fukushima (2005c) Efficient Orbit Integration by Linear Transformation for Kustaanheimo-Stiefel
Regularization, AJ, 129: 2496-2503

10C: References (Part 3)
T. Fukushima (2005d) Efficient Orbit Integration by Manifold Correction Methods, Ann. New York Acad.
Sci., 1065: 37-43
 T. Fukushima (2006) Transformation from Cartesian to Geodetic Coordinates Accelerated by Halley’s
Method, JG, 79: 689-693
 T. Fukushima (2009) Fast Computation of Complete Elliptic Integrals and Jacobian Elliptic Functions,
CMDA, 105: 305-328
 T. Fukushima (2010a) Precise Computation of Acceleration due to Uniform Ring or Disk, CMDA, 108: 339-
356
 T. Fukushima (2010b) Fast Computation of Incomplete Elliptic Integral of First Kind by Half Argument
Transformation, Numer. Math. (NM), 116: 687-719
 T. Fukushima (2011a) Precise and Fast Computation of General Complete Elliptic Integral of Second Kind,
Math. Comp. (MC), 80: 1725-1743
 T. Fukushima (2011b) Precise and Fast Computation of General Incomplete Elliptic Integral of Second
Kind by Half and Double Argument Transformations, J. Comp. Appl. Math. (JCAM), 235: 4140-4148
 T. Fukushima (2011c) Efficient Parallel Computation of All-Pairs N-body Acceleration by Do Loop Folding,
AJ, 142: 18-22
 T. Fukushima (2012a) Precise and Fast Computation of a General Incomplete Elliptic Integral of Third
Kind by Half and Double Argument Transformations, JCAM, 236: 1961-1975
 T. Fukushima (2012b) Series Expansion of Symmetric Elliptic Integrals, MC, 81: 1961-1975
 T. Fukushima (2012c) Numerical Computation of Spherical Harmonics of Arbitrary Degree and Order by
Extending Exponent of Floating Point Numbers, JG, 86: 271-285
 T. Fukushima (2012d) Recursive Computation of Finite Difference of Associated Legendre Functions, JG,
86: 745-754

10D: References (Part 4)
T. Fukushima (2012e) Numerical Computation of Spherical Harmonics of Arbitrary Degree and Order by
Extending Exponent of Floating Point Numbers: II First-, Second-, and Third-Order Derivatives, JG, 86:
1019-1028
 T. Fukushima (2012f) Parallel Computation of Satellite Orbit Acceleration, Comp. Geoscience (CG), 49: 1-9
 T. Fukushima (2013a) Precise and Fast Computation of Jacobian Elliptic Functions by Conditional
Duplication, NM, 123: 585-605
 T. Fukushima (2013b) Recursive Computation of Oblate Spheroidal Harmonics of the Second Kind and
Their First-, Second-, and Third-Order Derivatives, JG, 87: 303-309
 T. Fukushima (2013c) Numerical Inversion of General Incomplete Elliptic Integral, JCAM, 237: 43-61
 T. Fukushima (2013d) Precise and Fast Computation of Lambert W-Functions without Transcendental
Function Evaluations, JCAM, 244: 77-89
 T. Fukushima (2013e) Numerical Computation of Inverse Complete Elliptic Integrals of First and Second
Kind, JCAM, 249: 37-50
 T. Fukushima (2013f) Fast Computation of a General Complete Elliptic Integral of Third Kind by Half and
Double Argument Transformations, JCAM, 253: 142-157
 T. Fukushima (2013g) Recursive Computation of Derivatives of Elliptic Functions and of Incomplete Elliptic
Integrals, Appl. Math. Comp. (AMC), 221: 21-31
 H. Okumura, S.G. Itoh, A.M. Ito, H. Nakamura, & T. Fukushima (2014) Manifold Correction Method for the
Nosé–Hoover and Nosé–Poincaré Molecular Dynamics Simulations, J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 83: 0240003
 T. Fukushima (2014a) Numerical Computation of Spherical Harmonics of Arbitrary Degree and Order by
Extending Exponent of Floating Point Numbers: III Integral, CG, 63: 17-21
 T. Fukushima (2014b) Analytical Computation of Generalized Fermi-Dirac Integrals by Truncated
Sommerfeld Expansions, AMC, 234: 417-433
 10E: References (Part 5)
 T. Fukushima (2014c) Computation of a General Integral of Fermi-Dirac Distribution by McDougall-Stoner
Method, AMC, 238: 485-510
 T. Fukushima (2014d) Prolate Spheroidal Harmonic Expansion of Gravitational Field, AJ, 147: 152-160
 T. Fukushima (2015a) Precise and Fast Computation of Complete Elliptic Integrals by Piecewise Minimax
Rational Function Approximation, JCAM, 282: 71-76
 T. Fukushima (2015b) Precise and Fast Computation of Inverse Fermi-Dirac Integral of Order 1/2 by
Minimax Rational Function Approximation, AMC, 259: 698-707
 T. Fukushima (2015c) Precise and Fast Computation of Fermi-Dirac Integral of Integer and Half Integer
Order by Piecewise Minimax Rational Approximation, AMC, 259: 708-729
 T. Fukushima (2015d) Precise and Fast Computation of Generalized Fermi-Dirac Integral by Parameter
Polynomial Approximation, AMC, 270: 802-807
 T. Fukushima (2016a) Numerical Computation of Gravitational Field of Infinitely Thin Axisymmetric Disc
with Arbitrary Surface Mass Density Profile and Its Application to Preliminary Study of Rotation Curve of
M33, Monthly Not. Royal Astron. Soc. (MNRAS), 456: 3702-3714
 T. Fukushima (2016b) Mosaic Tile Model to Compute Gravitational Field for Infinitely Thin Non
Axisymmetric Objects and Its Application to Preliminary Analysis of Gravitational Field of M74, MNRAS,
459: 3825-3860
 T. Fukushima (2016c) Numerical Computation of Gravitational Field for General Axisymmetric Objects,
MNRAS, 462: 2138-2176
 T. Fukushima (2016d) Numerical Integration of Gravitational Field for General Three-Dimensional Objects
and Its Application to Gravitational Study of Grand Design Spiral Arm Structure, MNRAS, 463: 1500-1517
 10F: References (Part 6)
 T. Fukushima (2016e) Numerical Computation of Point Values, Derivatives, and Integrals of Associated
Legendre Function of the First Kind and Point Values and Derivatives of Oblate Spheroidal Harmonics of
the Second Kind of High Degree and Order, Proc. IAG Symp., 143: 192-197
 T. Fukushima (2016f) Zonal Toroidal Harmonic Expansions of External Gravitational Fields for Ring-Like
Objects, AJ, 152: 35
 T. Fukushima (2017a) Rectangular Rotation of Spherical Harmonic Expansion of Arbitrary High Degree and
Order, JG, 91: 995-1011
 T. Fukushima (2017b) Numerical Computation of Electromagnetic Field for General Static and
Axisymmetric Current Distribution, Comp. Phys. Comm., 221: 109-117
 T. Fukushima (2017c) Precise and Fast Computation of Gravitational Field of General Finite Body and Its
Application to Gravitational Study of Asteroid Eros, AJ, 154: 145
 T. Fukushima (2018a) Transformation between Surface Spherical Harmonic Expansion of Arbitrary High
Degree and Order and Double Fourier Series on Sphere, JG, 92: 123-130
 T. Fukushima (2018b) Accurate Computation of Gravitational Field of a Tesseroid, JG, 92: 1371-1386
 T. Fukushima (2018c) Recursive Computation of Gravitational Field of a Right Rectangular Parallelepiped
with Density Varying Vertically by Following an Arbitrary Degree Polynomial, Geophys. J. Int’l (GJI), 215:
864-879
 T. Fukushima (2018d) Fast Computation of Sine/Cosine Series Coefficients of Associated Legendre
Function of Arbitrary High Degree and Order, J Geodetic Science, 8: 162-173
 T. Fukushima (2020a) Taylor Series Expansion of Prismatic Gravitational Field, GJI, 220: 610-660
 T. Fukushima (2020b) Speed and Accuracy Improvements in Standard Algorithm for Prismatic
Gravitational Field, GJI, 222: 1890-1908
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