UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE NUEVO LEON

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA Y

ELECTRICA

CULTURA DE LA LENGUA INGLESA

 Actividad Fundamental # 5

“Report about five engineering inventions related

to your degree”

NOMBRE: Alan González Rodriguez

MATRICULA: 1628990

CARRERA: IMA

SEMESTRE: 8

GRUPO: 031

18 de noviembre del 2022 Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás, De los Garza.

 INTRODUCTION
The following is a list and timeline of innovations, as well as inventions and
discoveries involving the British or the United Kingdom, including predecessor
states in the history of the formation of the United Kingdom. This list covers
innovation and invention in the mechanical, electronic, and industrial fields, as well
as medicine, military devices and theory, artistic and scientific discovery and
innovation, and ideas in religion and ethics.

The scientific revolution in 17th century Europe stimulated innovation and

discovery in Britain. Experimentation was seen as central to innovation by groups
such as the Royal Society, which was founded in 1660. The English patent system
evolved from its medieval origins into a system that recognized intellectual
property; this encouraged invention and stimulated the Industrial Revolution of the
late 18th century. During the 19th century, innovation in Britain led to revolutionary
changes in manufacturing, the development of factory systems, and the growth of
rail and steamship transportation that spread throughout the world. In the 20th
century, Britain's rate of innovation, as measured by registered patents, slowed
compared to other leading economies.
 engineering inventions related to your degree

1. The sewing machine

A sewing machine is a machine used to sew fabrics and materials together with
thread. Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to
decrease the amount of manual sewing work done in clothing companies. Since
the invention of the first sewing machine, generally considered the work of
Englishman Thomas Saint in 1790,the sewing machine has greatly improved the
efficiency and productivity of the garment industry.

Home sewing machines are designed for one person to sew individual items while
using only one type of stitch at a time. On a modern sewing machine, the sewing
process has been automated so that the fabric slides easily in and out of the
machine without the inconvenience of needles, thimbles, and other tools used in
manual sewing. Early sewing machines were powered by constantly turning a
handle or by a foot-operated pedal mechanism. Electric machines were later
introduced.
Before sewing machines were invented, women spent much of their time taking
care of their family's clothing. Middle-class housewives, even with the help of a
hired seamstress, devoted several days each month to this task. It took an
experienced seamstress at least 14 hours to make a dress shirt for a man; one
woman's dress took 10 hours; and a pair of summer pants took almost three hours.
Most people, except the very well-off, would have only two sets of clothes: a work
suit and a Sunday suit.

Sewing machines reduced the time to make a dress shirt to one hour and 15
minutes; the time to make a dress to an hour; and the time for a pair of summer
pants at 38 minutes.This reduced workforce resulted in women having less of a
role in running the household and allowing more hours for their own leisure, as well
as the ability to seek more employment.

The industrial use of sewing machines further reduced the burden on housewives,
shifting clothing production from housewives and seamstresses to large-scale
factories.The move towards large-scale factories resulted in a huge increase in
productivity; fewer workers could produce the same amount of clothing,
significantly lowering clothing prices. As supply increased, prices also fell.

2. The thermos

A vacuum flask (also known as a Dewar flask, Dewar bottle, or thermos) is an insulating
storage container that greatly lengthens the time during which its contents remain hotter or
colder than the surroundings of the flask. Invented by Sir James Dewar in 1892, the vacuum
flask consists of two flasks, placed one inside the other and joined at the neck. The space
between the two flasks is partially void of air, creating a near-total vacuum that significantly
reduces heat transfer by conduction or convection.. When used to hold cold liquids, it also
virtually eliminates condensation on the outside of the flask .

Vacuum flasks are used in the home to keep drinks hot or cold for long periods of time and to
keep cooked food warm. They are also used for thermal cooking. Vacuum flasks are also used
for many purposes in industry.
Vacuum flasks have been used to house standard cells and baked Zener diodes,
along with their printed circuit board, in precision voltage regulator devices used as
electrical standards. The flask helped control the Zener temperature over a long
period of time and was used to reduce the Zener standard output voltage variations
due to temperature fluctuation to a few parts per million.

One notable use was by Guildline Instruments of Canada in their Transvolt

saturated standard cell, model 9154B, which is an electrical voltage standard.
Here, a silver vacuum flask was encased in foam insulation and, using a large
glass vacuum stopper, contained the saturated cell. The device's output was 1.018
volts and stayed within a few parts per million.

The vacuum bottle principle makes it ideal for storing certain types of rocket fuel,
and it was used extensively by NASA in the propellant tanks of Saturn launch
vehicles in the 1960s and 1970s.

"Thermofix" vacuum flask from the 1930s.

The design and shape of the Dewar flask was used as a model for optical
experiments based on the idea that the shape of the two compartments with the
space between them is similar to the way light strikes the eye. [8] The vacuum
flask has also been part of experiments using it as a condenser for different
chemicals to keep them at a constant temperature.
3. Disc brakes

A disc brake is a type of brake that uses the calipers to squeeze pairs of pads
against a disc or "rotor" to create friction.This action slows the rotation of an axle,
such as the axle of a vehicle, either to slow its rotation speed or to keep it
stationary. The energy of movement is converted into waste heat that must be
dispersed.

Hydraulically actuated disc brakes are the most widely used form of brake for
motor vehicles, but the principles of a disc brake are applicable to almost any
rotating axle. Components include the disc, the master cylinder, the caliper (which
contains the cylinder and two brake pads) on both sides of the disc.

he Citroën DS was the first sustained mass production use of modern car disc
brakes, in 1955. The car featured caliper-type front disc brakes among its many
innovations. These discs were mounted inboard near the transmission and were
powered by the vehicle's central hydraulic system. This model sold 1.5 million units
over 20 years with the same brake configuration.

Despite early experiments in 1902, by the British Lanchester Motor Company, and
in 1949 by Americans Chrysler and Crosley, the expensive and trouble-prone
technology was not ready for mass production.The attempts were soon withdrawn.
The Jensen 541, with four-wheel disc brakes, followed in 1956.Triumph displayed
a 1956 TR3 with disc brakes to the public, but the first production cars with Girling
front disc brakes were built in September 1956.

Disc brakes were more popular on sports cars when they were first introduced, as
these vehicles are more demanding on brake performance. Discs have now
become the most common form on most passenger vehicles, although many
(particularly light vehicles) use drum brakes on the rear wheels to keep cost and
weight down, as well as to simplify operations. provisions for a parking brake.
Since the front brakes do most of the braking effort, this may be a reasonable
compromise.

Many early implementations for automobiles located the brakes on the inboard side
of the driveshaft, near the differential, while most brakes today are located inside
the wheels. An interior location reduces unsprung weight and eliminates a source
of heat transfer to the tires.

Historically, brake discs were manufactured all over the world with a strong
concentration in Europe and America. Between 1989 and 2005, brake disc
manufacturing predominantly migrated to China.

4. The Computer

Charles Babbage KH FRS ( December 26, 1791 – October 18, 1871) was an
English scholar.A mathematician, philosopher, inventor, and mechanical engineer,
Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer. [two]

Babbage is considered by some to be the "father of the computer".Babbage is

credited with the invention of the first mechanical computer, the difference engine,
which eventually led to more complex electronic designs, although all the essential
ideas of modern computers are found in Babbage's Analytics. Motor, programmed
according to a principle openly borrowed from the Jacquard loom. Babbage had a
wide range of interests in addition to his work on computers covered in his book
Economics of Manufacturing and Machinery.His varied work in other fields has led
him to be described as "pre-eminent" among the many scholars of his century.

Babbage, who died before the complete and successful engineering of many of his
designs, including his differential engine and analytical engine, remained a leading
figure in the conception of computer science. Parts of Babbage's incomplete
mechanisms are on display at the Science Museum in London. In 1991, a working
differential engine was built from Babbage's original plans. Built to attainable
tolerances in the 19th century, the success of the finished engine indicated that
Babbage's machine would have worked.

Babbage's machines were among the first mechanical computers. The fact that
they weren't actually completed was largely due to funding problems and
personality clashes, most notably with George Biddell Airy, the Astronomer Royal.

Babbage directed the construction of some modestly successful steam engines,

suggesting that calculations could be mechanized. For more than ten years he
received government funding for his project, amounting to £17,000, but eventually
the Treasury lost confidence in him. [150]

Although Babbage's machines were mechanical and unwieldy, their basic

architecture was similar to a modern computer. Data and program memory were
separate, operation was instruction-based, the control unit could make conditional
jumps, and the machine had a separate I/O unit.

background of mathematical tables

In Babbage's day, printed mathematical tables were calculated by human
computers; in other words, by hand. They were fundamental to navigation, science
and engineering, as well as mathematics. Errors in both transcription and
computation were known to occur.

At Cambridge, Babbage saw the fallibility of this process and the opportunity to add
mechanization to its management. His own account of his path to mechanical
computing refers to a particular occasion.

5. The mousetrap

James Henry Atkinson (1849–1942) fue un ferretero británico de Leeds , Yorkshire

, mejor conocido por su patente de 1899 de la ratonera Little Nipper .Algunos lo
citan como el inventor de la clásica trampa para ratones con resorte, pero este
estilo básico de trampa para ratones fue patentado unos años antes en los
Estados Unidos por William Chauncey Hooker en 1894.

Atkinson patented several inventions, including several mousetrap mechanisms.

Mousetrap patents included a number of variations on the now classic mousetrap
consisting of a spring-loaded, hinged metal bar mounted on a small base. wooden
plane. It slams shut in 38/1000 [citation needed] of a second, killing the mouse by
breaking its spine and causing shock and internal bleeding. Although some of his
designs were more sophisticated (for example, pedal-activated triggers) it is the
single 'Little Nipper' that was the most successful. The onboard spring-loaded
mousetrap design has captured a sixty percent share of the British mousetrap
market alone, and an estimated equivalent share of the international market.

James Atkinson sold his mousetrap patent in 1913 for £1,000 to Procter, the
company that has been making the "Little Nipper" ever since, and has even
erected a mousetrap museum with 150 exhibits at its factory headquarters. .

Conclusión

In this activity we saw how engineering is found in all countries since

the creation of prototypes or inventions is always necessary because
new needs arise and we must satisfy that work or pleasure to be able
to do a job better and in the United Kingdom many inventions that I did
not know that they created or scientists from the United Kingdom
helped in their invention and research and that is how you realize that
this invention left a huge mark on humanity to be able to advance in
the history of engineering.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 bristolenos.com. (s.f.). Obtenido de https://bristolenos.com/2014/09/06/10-inventos-

britanicos-que-cambiaron-el-mundo/

 INOVACIONES DEL MUNDO DE LA INGENIERIA. (2016). Obtenido de

https://hmong.es/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries

 periodismo constructivo. (s.f.). Obtenido de https://enpositivo.com/2015/05/23/las-mejores-

ideas-e-inventos-de-la-ingenieria-britanica/