X-E-TECHNO

NEET BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIAL

SYNOPSIS 5
INTRODUCTION to HEREDITY

Heredity: lt means the transmission offeatures/characters/traits from one generation

to the next generation.

This process is done by genes, which define the characters of the organism.

Genes: Gene is the functional unit of heredity.

Every gene controls one or several particular characteristic features in living organisms

Variation: The differences among the individuals of a species/population are called

variations. It takes place due to environment changes, crossing over, recombination of
genes and mutation.

Genotype: The complete set of genes in an organism's genome is called genotype.

Phenotype: The observable characters in an organism make the phenotype. Phenoype

is a modified genotype and many of the phenotypes cannot be inherited. Clones are
those organisms which are exact copies of each other.

Trait: A genetically determined characteristic or condition. Traits may be physical,

such as hair color or leaf shape, or they may be behavioral, such as nesting in birds
and burrowing in rodents. Traits typically result from the combined action of several
genes, though some traits are expressed by a single gene.

Acquired Traits Inherited Traits

These are the traits which are
These are the traits which are passed
developed in an individual due to
from one generation to the next.
special conditions
They cannot be transferred to the
They get transferred to the progeny.
progeny.
They cannot direct evolution. Eg: Low They are helpful in evolution. Eg:
weight of starving beetles. Colour of eyes and hair.

These are the traits which are developed in an individual due to special conditions.
These are the traits which are passed from one generation to the next.

They cannot be transferred to the progeny. They get transferred to the progeny.

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They cannot direct evolution eg. Low weight of starving beetles. They are helpful in
evolution.

Eg. Colour of eyes and hair

Allele: Allele, also called allelomorph.

Any one of two or more genes that may occur alternatively at a given site (locus) on
a chromosome.

Alleles may occur in pairs, or there may be multiple alleles affecting the expression
(phenotype) of a particular trait.

The combination of alleles that an organism carries constitutes it's genotype.

If the paired alleles are the same, the organism's genotype is said to be homozygous for
that trait; if they are different, the organism's genotype is heterozygous.

A dominant allele will override the traits of a recessive allele in a heterozygous pairing.

In some traits, however, alleles may be codominant-i.e., neither acts as dominant or

recessive.

An example is the human ABO blood group system; persons with type AB blood have
one allele for A and one for B (Persons with neither are type O.)

Mendel's work

Gregor Johann Mendel, known as Father of Genetics', was an Austrian Monk who
worked on Pea plants to understand the concept of heredity.

His work laid the foundation of modern genetics.

He proposed three basic laws of inheritance The Law of Dominance, The Law of
Segregation and The Law of Independent Assortment.
Dominant traits

The traits that express themselves in an organism in every possible combination and
can be seen are called dominant traits.

In Mendel 's experiment, we see that tall trait in pea plants tends to express more than
the short trait.

Therefore, the tall trait of the plant is said to be dominant over the short trait.

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 NEET BIOLOGY STUDY X-E-TECHNO
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Recessive traits
*
Wnich is not
expressed in presence of a dominant allele is known as recessive,
recessive character/trait is present in an organism but cannot be seen ifa dominant
allele exists.

Pea tralt Dominant tralt Recesshve trait

Seeds

Seed shape Round Wrinkled

Seed colour Yellow Green

Flower colour Purple White

Flower position Axial Terminal

Plant height Tall Short

Pod shape Inflated Constricted

Pod colour Green Yolow

Monohybrid cross
When only one character is considered while crossing two organisms, then such a
cross is known as monohybrid cross.

The ratio of characters, arising out of this cross, at F2 generation is called monohybrid
ratio.

E.g., If tall plant (TT) is crossed with a dwarf plant (tt), we get 3 tall: 1 short plant at the
end of the F2 generation.

So, 3:1 is monohybrid ratio.

Here, the height of the plant is considered at a time.

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Monohybrid Cross

Y
P Each hoTOZygous paren
Yeliow Green in the P generation
produces only one kind
of gamete.
Gametes

F The heterozygous F1
offspring produces wo
kinds of gamete.

Gametes

Yellow Yellow Self-pollination of the F

YY Yy offspring produces Fz
offspring with a 3:1 ratio
of yellow to green seeds.
Yellow Green

Ratios
ratio Phenotype ratio
Phenotypes Genotypes Genotype
Yellow YY
Yy
Green yy

WORKSHEET 05
INTRODUCTION to HEREDITY
Johnn Mendel?
statement describes the work of Gregor
Which
basic of heredity without having
principles knowledge of
some
1) He developed
chromosomes
for the study of genes in pea plants
2) He developed the microscope the gene chromosomes
of dominance on the basis of
3) He explained the principle
theory mutations to explain the appearance of new traits
of gene
4) He used his knowledge
in organisms

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2. Which of the following statements is true about Mendel?
His discoveries concerning genetic inheritance were generally accepted by the
Scientific community when he published them during the mid 19th century.
2) He believed that genetic traits of parents will usually blend in their children.
3) His ideas about genetics apply equally to plants and animals.
4) He worked on the gene and it's inheritance.
3. An allele is
1) another word for a gene 2) a homozygous genotype
3) a heterozygous genotype 4) one of several possible forms of a gene
. When the genotype consists of a dominant and a recessive allele, the phenotype will
be like. allele.
1) the dominant 2) the recessive 3) neither 4) Intermediate
5. Assuming that both parent plants in the diagram below are homozygous, why would
all of the f1 generation have yellow phenotypes?
parent generation
= yellow pea seed

g r e e n pea seed f1 generation

3:1 ratio 2 generation

1) Because the fl genotypes are homozygous

2) Because yellow is dominant over green
3) Because both parents passed on yellow alleles
4) Because green is dominant over yellow
6. What does the notation tt mean to geneticists?
1) two dominant alleles 2) two recessive alleles
3) at least one dominant allele 4) one dominant and one recessive allele
7. A heterozygous organism has
1) three different alleles for a trait. 2) two identical alleles for a trait.
3) only one allele for a trait. 4) two different alleles for a trait.
8. If a homozygous black guinea pig (EB) is crossed with a homozygous white guinea
pig (bb), what is the probability that an offspring will have black fur?
1) 25 percent 2) 75 percent 3) 100 percent 4) 50 percent
9. Mendel's findings were rediscovered by
1) Carl Correns 2) Hugo De Vries
3) Erich von Tschermak 4) All the above
10. The geometrical device that helps to find out all the possible combinations of male
and female gametes is known as
1) Bateson Square 2) Mendel Square 3) Punnett Square 4) Mendel's Cube
11. Variation is observed in...
1) Asexual reproduction 2) Sexual reproduction
3) Both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction
4) Neither of them

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12. The number of

1) Same as
genes is the number of chromosomes.
2) less than
3) More than
4) less than or equal to
13. ne process of inheritance of characters in living beings is called.
1) Heredity
14. The
3) evolution 3) Variation 4) migration
branch of biology related with heredity and variation is called..
1) Genetics
15. The
2) Evolution 3) Taxonomy 4) Livinglogy
number of
1) less
chromosomes in comparison to the number of genes is ,

2) more 3) equal 4) more or equal

16.
n i t of expression of genetic information from one generation to anotner
generation is .
1) DNA
2) RNA 3) Both DNA & RNA 4) blood
17.
as Smission of characters from parents to the off-springs is called
as
1) Inheritance 2) Heredity 3) evolution 4) Both 1 &2
18. 1s a process in which, due to small changes in the heredity of one
generation gives rise to a new generation with different characters.
1) Heredity 2) Speciation 3) Evolution 4) Population
19. gave the Theory of Natural Selection.
1) Watson 2) Mendel 3) Darwin 4) Aristotle
20 When Mendel crossed tall plant with dwarf plant, what was the proportion of dwart
plant in F, generation?
1) 75% 2) 25% 3) 60% 4) 40%
21. n peas, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt). The ratio of pure tall
plants to short plants in F, is
1) 1:3 2) 3:1 3) 1:1 4) 2:1
22. If characters of T are expressed in F, generation by Tt, then T is said to be
1) Recessive gene 2) Dominant gene 3 ) Altermate gene 4) Only gene
23. What type of plant is developed, if crossing is made between plant having TT and
plant having tt genes?
1) Tall and dwarf plants 2) All tall plants
3) All dwarf plants 4) None of these
24. What is the ratio of monohybrid cross in F, generation?
1) 11:3 2) 3:2 3) 2:1 4) 3:1
25. What is the percentage possessed by tall plants in monohybrid experiment?
1) 100% 2) 75% 3) 50% 4) 25%
KEY

Q. No 1 2
3 456 8 10

2
Key 1 3 4
12 3 4 3

No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Q.
3 2
Key 2|31111||2
23 24 25
No 21 22
Q.

Key 2 2|2 4 2
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 NEET BIOLoGY STUDY X-E-TECHNO
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CDF-6
DIHYBRID CROSS
When two characters are considered while crossing two organisms, then such
a cross is known as a
dihybrid
cross.
2. p l a n t with round seeds were crossed with short plants with wrinkled seeds.
3. plants with round sceds were obtained on sclfing these Fl plants withF2
produced
a. Tall plants with round seeds: 9
b. The tall plants with wrinkled seeds: 3
c. Short plant with rounds seeds:3
d. Short plant with wrinkled seeds: 1
The expression of a
particular trait is controlled by gene.
5. DNA is the source of
making protein in a cell.
6. The section of DNA that
provides information for one protein is called gene.
7. Mendel (1866) said that heredity was controlled by particles, called germinal units, or
factors.
8. Sex determination is the process by which the sex of a person is determined.

9. Human beings have 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of allosomes.

10. Allosomes are also called as sex chromosomes.
11. Women have a perfect pair ofsex chromosomes XX. Men have a mismatched pair XY.

SYNOPSIS 6
DIHYBRID CROSS
Dihybrid cross:
When two characters are considered while crossing two organisms, then such a
cross
is known as a dihybrid cross.

The ratio of characters, arising out of this cross, at F2

ratio. generation is called dihybrid
E.g., If a plant with round and green pea is crossed with a plant with wrinkled and
yellow pea,
The first generation plants would all have round and
green pea.
On crossing the same for an F2 generation, we would observe four combinations of
characters in the ratio of 9:3:3:1.
Thus, 9:3:3:1 is the dihybrid ratio.

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RRYY ryy
Parent Round yellow Wrinkled grecn

Gametes

Rr Yy
F generation Round yellow

RY Y Ry
RRYY RrYY RRYy RrYy
RY Round yellow Round yellow Round yellow Round y ellow

RrYY YY RrYy Wrinkled

Round yellow wrinkled yello Round yellow
yellow
RRYy R RRyy Rryy
Ry Round yellow Round yelow Round green Round green

RrYy nYy Rryy Tyy

Round yellow Mnnkled yello Round green Wrinkled green

PGeneration YRR

Gametes)
F Generation
YyRr

Predictions Hypothesis of Hypothess of

dependent assortment independent asortment

Predictedd
Sperm
offspring of Spem
oneretion

YYRR YYRr YyRR yRr

YRR YyRr
Eggs YYRr YyR
Eggs yw
DRr
yRR yRr ykR

henotypC ato 3:1

yRr

Phenotypic ratio 9 1331

 NEET BIOLOGY X-ETECHu
STUDY MATERIAL
Inheritance
n 5iology, inheritance pertains to the transfer of traits from one vETation t9 anAher,

Mendel's laws of Inheritance

a o Dominance ays that a gene has two contrasting allees and one always expresses
itself in the
organism.
t 1s callcd the doninant
possible conibifaton
gene and it expresses in any

Law of Segregation says that traits get segregated completely during the formstion f
gametes without any mixing of alleles.
aw of Independent Assortment says that the traits can weyregate independently of
different characters during
gamete formation.
Sex determination in human
beings
The process of
determining the sex of an individual based on the conposition of the
genetic material is called sex determination.
In different
animals, sex of an embryo is determined by different factors.
In humans, sex determination happens on the basis of the presence or abence
chromosome.
XX is female and XY is male
An ovum always contains X chromosome.
An Ovum, upon fusion with Y containing sperm, gives rise to a male child and upon
fusion with X containing sperm gives rise to a girl child.

Sex deternination in Human beings

PAPENTS FATHER MOTHER
X

GAMETES
Peproductre celk)

Zygote
X XY
FEMALE FEMALE MALE MALE
SPopscbetuy
ofs lale chald SPpaoboi
of a male chuid

Natural Selection:

The process by which nature selects and consolidate those

organisms which are more
suitably adapted and possesses favorable variations.
 X-E-TECHNO NEET BIoLOGY STUDY MATERIAL
situation 1:

Green beetles got the survival advantage or they were naturally selected as they were
not visible in green bushes. This natural selection is exerted by crows resulting in

adaptations in the beetles to fit better in their

environment

Genetic drift
Natural selection can play an important role in deciding the traits that survive in a
population. However, random fluctuations in gene variants are seen o n many occasions.
This phenomenon is known as genetic drift. Thus, genetic drift is a change in the
frequency of an
existing allele in a small population.
Genetic drift may cause gene variant to
reduce genetic variation.
a
disappear from the population and thuss

Situation 2:
Blue beetles did not get survivals
advantage. Elephant suddenly caused major havoc
in beetle population otherwise their number would
have been considerably
this we can conclude that accidents can large. Fron
change the frequency of some genes even if
they do not get survival advantage: This is called genetic drift and it leads to
variation.

GENETIC DEIFT|
NARt nsion
Dueto chancL
eN >
wee'T es
leave offapAna3

S
83
Gene flow
Gene flow/gene migration is the transfer of
genes from one
population to the next.
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 NEET BIOLOGY STUDY X-E-TECHNO
MATERIAL
Situation 3:
Oenetic change has occurred in the population of beetle. The population gets attected
for a short
durationonly
due to environmental changes.

HIeRATON

Population
Apopulation is a community or a group of animals, plants or any living organism that
can reproduce with each other
and have fertile, viable offspring's.

WORKSHEET 06
DIHYBRID CROSS
1. Lack of independent assortment of two genes is due to
1) recombination 2) crossing over 3) linkage 4) repulsion
2. In the results, F, generation of Mendelian dihybrid cross
in pea plant. The ratio of
yellow and wrinkled seeded pea plant to the yellow and round seeded pea plant is
1)1:2 2)1:4 3) 1 3 4) 3 5
3. In a dihybrid cross, if you get 9:3: 3:1 ratio it denotes that
1) the alleles of two genes are interacting with each other
2) it is a multigenic inheritance
3) it is a case of multiple allelism
4) the alleles of two genes are segregating independently
4. Mendel's Law of independent assortment holds good for genes situated on the
1) non-homologous chromosomes 2) homologous chromosomes
3) extra nuclear genetic element 4) same chromosome.
5. In the F2 generation of a Mendelian dihybrid cross the number of phenotypes and
genotypes are

1) phenotypes -4; genotypes 16 2) phenotypes 9; genotypes -4

3) phenotypes -4; genotypes 8 4) phenotypes -4; genotypes -9.

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 X-E-TECHNO NEET BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIAL
Which of the
6. following characters was not chosen by Mendel?
1) Pod shape
2) Pod colour
3) Location of flower 4) Location of pod
7. Mendal formulated the law of purity of gametes on the basis of
1) monohybrid cross 2) dihybrid cross
3) test cross
4) back cross.
8. Which of the following are reasons for Mendel's success?
) Usage of pure lines or pure breeding varieties
(i) Consideration of one character at a time
ii) Maintenance of statistical records of experiments
iv) Knowledge of linkage and incomplete dominance
1) (i) and (i) only 2) (i). (i) and (ii) 3)(6i) and (iv) only 4) (i), (ii) and (iv)
9. What can be the genetic composition for yellow colour and round seeds?
1) YYRR 2) YYT 3) yyRR 4) yyrr
10. The genes for green colour and wrinkled seeds are
1) YYRR 2) YYrr 3) yyRR 4) yyrT
11. The genes for yellow colour and wrinkled seeds are
1) YYRR 2) YYrr 3) yyRR 4) yyrT
12. The genes for green colour and round seeds are
1) YYRR 2) YYrr 3) yyRR 4) yyrr
13. The ratio for dihybrid cross experiments is
1) 13:1:1:3 2) 11:1:1:3 3) 3:1:1:11 4) 9:3:3:1
14. In F2 generation of plants, % plants were dwarf and _% plants were tall in

Mendel's experiment.
2) 25%, 75% 3) 75%, 25% 4) 100%, 0%
1) 50%, 50%
15. In which animal, the embryo develops into a male at high temperature?
2) lizard 3) grasshopper 4) fish
1) cow
Darwin?
16. Which principle was given by
characters 2) Germplasm theory
1) Inheritance of acquired
4) Theory of natural selection
3) Mutation theory
and short pea plant (tt) resulted in progeny that were
17. A cross between a tall plant (TT)
all tall plants because
dominant trait
1) Tallness is the
dominant trait
2) Shortness is the
recessive trait
3) Tallness is the
is not governed by gene T or t'
4) Height of pea plant
following statement is incorrect?
18. Which of the
there is a gene.
1) For every hormone
there is a gene.
2) For every protein
enzyme there is a gene.
3) For production of every
of fat there is a gene
4) For every molecule
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Narayana Group of Schoos
 NEET BIOLOGY X-E-TECHNO
STUDY MATERIAL
19. plant,
Ifa round,
(rr YY)
green
the seeded pea plant (RR yy) is crossed with wrinkled, yellow seeded pea
plant, (rr YY) the seeds
produced in F1 generation ae
1) Round and yellow Round and green
2)
3) Wrinkled and green Wrinkled and yellow
4)
l e s all the chromosomes are paired perfectly except one. This/ these

unpaired chromosome is/are

1) large chromosomne 2) small chromosome
3) Y- chromosome
4) X- chromosom
21. The maleness
of a child is determined by
1) The X chromosome in the
2) The Y chromosome in zygote
zygote
3) The cytoplasm of germ cell
which determines the seX
4) Sex is determined by chance
2 A Zygote which has an X-chromosome inherited from the father will develop into a

1) Boy
2) Girl
3) X- chromosome does not determine
the sex of a child
4) Either boy or girl
23. Select the incorrect statement
1) Frequency of certain genes in a
in evolution population change over several generations resuling
2) Reduction in weight of the
3) Low weight parents can have organism due to starvation is genetically controlled
4) Traits which are not inherited heavy weight progeny
24. New species may be formed if
over
generations not cause evolution
do
1) DNA undergoes significant changes in cells
2) chromosome number changes in the germ
gamete
3) there is no change in the genetic material
4) both 1 and 2
25. Two pea plants one with round
green seeds (RRyy) and another with wrinkled
(rrYY) seeds produce F, progeny that have round, yellow yellow
are selfed, the
(RrYy) seeds. When F, plants
F, progeny will have new combination of characters. Choose
combination from the following the new
1) Round, yellow 2) Round, green 3) Wrinkled, yellow 4) Wrinkled, green

KEY
.No 1 2 3 6 9 10
Key 3
|342 1 4 1
Q. No 11 12 13 14
2 1 4
15 16 17 18 19 20
Key2 34| 2 2|
Q. No 21 22 23 24 25 413
Key 22 2 44
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 X-E-TECHNO
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CDF-7
SPECIATION &EVOLUTION
Sequence o1 gradual changes which takes place in the primitive organisms over mi lions
of years in which new species are produced is called evolution.
structures have similar morphology, embryology and anatomy etc, but
Homologous
are dissimilar in their functions

Analogous organs: Analogous structures are those structuresin different specles

3. evolved
erform the same function, have similar appearance and
perfo structure but a r e not
together; therefore do not share a common ancestor.
Fossils are formed in a number of diferent ways, but most are formed when ap r
4. tissues quickly
animal dies in a watery environment and is buried in mud and silt. Soft
sediment Duias
decompose leaving the hard bones or shells behind) Over time
the top and hardens into rock.

5. Various kinds of fossils are: Ammonite, Trilobite and Dinosaur.

evolution.
first theory of
6. Theories of Evolution: Jean Baptiste Lamarck gave the
Darwin's Theory ofEvolution: Charles Darwin (1 809-1882)
explained theevolutionary
7 theory proposed
SPECIES". The
principlein his famous book "THE ORIGIN OF
Darwinism.
of natural selection or
by him is popularly known as theory
follows:
natural selection are as
8. The main features of the theory of
a. Over production
b. Limited food and space

Existence
c. Struggle for
d. Variations
Survival of the Fittest
e. Natural Selection or
from the existing species
by which new species develop
9. Speciation: The process isolation
are: Geographical
The factors which leads to speciation
is known as speciation.
Variations
Genetic drift and

10. Classification
Evolutions are ofthree types:
a. Convergent Evolution

b. Divergent Evolution

c. Parallel Evolution.

d. Coevolution
have taken place bit-by-bit over
Evolution of complex organs
11. Evolution by Stages: birds have evolved because of
For example eye,
feathers
of
generations.
intermediate stages.
survival advantage of
although
belong to single species Homo sapiens,
All human beings
12. Human Evolution:
races of humans.
there were many

37

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 X-E-TECHNO
NEET BIOLOGY STUDY
MATERIAL

SYNOPSIS 7
Speciation: ones due to several
process of formation of species from existing
Ts the a new
natural selection etc.
forces like genetic drift, isolation of populations,
outonary lead to evolution.
pecation leads to diversity in the ecosvstem and the diversity
Types of Speciation:
Speciation is of following types.
Geographic speciation:
o p a t r i c Speciation (alios other, patria native land) (or)
-
-

becomes geographically
s pe of species formation, a part of the population
entirelyseparated and
1sOlated from the main popula-tion. The population becomes
finally constitutes a new species.
2. Sympatric Speciation (sym- together, patria- native land
of species formation, a small segment of original
the population becomes
In this type
isolated reproductively. As the isolating mechanism comes into force, a new subspecies

emerges.
3. Parapatrie Speciation:
It separates adjacent population. Parapatric speciation takes place when a population
of a species enters a new niche or habitat. It occurs only at the edge of the parent

species range.
4. Quantum Speciation:
It is the rapid and abrupt mode of species formation. Grant (1971) defined quantum
speciation "the budding off a new and very different daughter species from a semi-
isolated peripheral population of the ancestral species".

nun o f S c h o o l s
 X-E-TECHNO
NEET BIoLOGY STUDY MATERIAL
Evolution

Evolution is a tangible change in the heritable characteristics of a popua

several generations. These changes can give rise to a new species or tne p
change themselves to become better adapted to the surrounding environment

Origin
of species (1809 1882)
on what
wnat he
a book
After a Successtul expedition on HMS Beagle. Charles Darwin wrote
observed at the Galapagos Islands.
of evolutiOn
detailed theory
In the book named The Origin of Species', he wrote a

which was mostly based on natural selection.

life Haldane's theory
origin of
-

from organe
British Scientist who theorized that life
originated
JBS Haldane was a

and lifeless matter.

Miller's experiment.
His theory was proved to be correct by Urey and
It was called the theory of abiogenesis.
Evolutionary evidence- fossils
evolution.
the theory of
of pieces of evidence to support
There are plenty
to be the biggest
of them.
Fossils happen died millions of
of ancient animals o r plants that
remains
Fossils are the preserved
these organisms
years ago.
and even physiology of
u n d e r s t a n d the anatomy that we
us f o r m a t i o n of organisms
The fossils help and led to the
evolution worked
u n d e r s t a n d how
and
see today.
Formation o f F o s s i l s formed by followingg
evidence and are
evolutionary
important pieces of
Fossils a r e

steps: silt.
buried in mud and
die and they get leaving behind
the hard bones or
Organisms decomposed
quickly
tissues of the body get
The soft
shells. harden into rock.
over it and called
build
sediments
the
contents cell by cell, process

Over time in to replace

mineral seep
bones decay,
As the animal.
the cast of the
as petrification. behind
leaves
it
completely,
If bones decay
the h omolo
homologous
Evolutionary relationships be ieduced
deduced by studying
animals
can
of
r e l a t i o n s h i p s

Evolutionary
organs.
analogous
organs
and 39
 NEET BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIAL x-E-TECHNO
Homologous organs are those which have a similar structure but different
different functi
function
Wings of birds and forelimbs of mammals: they have similar structure but are
to suit different functions. modific
A tendril of both
pea plant and spine of barberTy plant: are modified leaves, but perf
different functions. iorm
Analogous organs are those which have a similar function but a difierent structu.
and origin too. ure
Wings of bats, birds and wings of insects: both are used for flying, but
very different. structurally are
Leaves of opuntia and
peepal: both perform photosynthesis, but leaves of Opuntia are
modified stem whereas peepal leaves are normal leaves.
Evolution by stage
Evolution is a slow process and does not
There are several
happen overnight.
stages in the evolution of almost every animal that we see
Complexities not evolve suddenly, but evolve bit by bit and may have limitedtoday.
do
certain stages. use at

This gradual evolutionary process is called evolution by stages.

Artificial selection
Sometimes a
single species can evolve into several different
selection. species due to artificial

E.g. the cabbage family. A

single ancestor in the cabbage family gave rise
different species due to the selection of different to several
traits.
Artificial selection in the cabbage
family

Cobbege- uppression of
intemode length
Broccoli uppression
of lower development
Kal-enlergement
of leeves

Cauloweserlity
of lowenn Kohtreblenhencemert
Wid musterd
of leterl merietem
 X- E-TECHNO MATERIAL
NEETBIOLOGY STUDY
Molecular phylogeny:

The evolutionary relationship among different biological species is called phyiogey

It gives rise to an evolutionary tree.

molecular phylogeny these relationships molecuiar

In are studied at the hereditary
level, mainly using DNA sequences.
between rent
Itinvolves the analysis of DNA composition and gene comparison
species.

WORKSHEET O07
Which of the following statements is true with respect to variation?
1.

1) All variations in a species have equal chance of survival.

2) Change in genetic composition results in variation.

of evolutionary
Selectiori of variants by environmental factors forms the basis
3)
processes.

4) Variation is minimum in asexual reproduction.

A trait in an organism is influenced by

2.
2) Maternal DNA only
1) Paternal DNA only
DNA
Both maternal and paternal DNA 4) Neither by paternal n o r by maternal
3)
maximum number of c o m m o n characters
3. Select the group which shares
2) Two species of a genus
1)Two individuals of a species
4) Two genera of two families
3) Two genera ofa family
select the character which can be acquired but not inherited
4. From the list given below,
Colour of skin 3) Size of body 4) Nature of hair
1) Colour of eye 2)
5. Select the statements that describe characteristics of genes
bases in DNA molecule.
sequence of
a
1) Genes are specific
for proteins.
2) A gene does not code
a specific 8ene is not located o n a particular
given species,
3) In individuals of a

chromosome.
chromosome has only one gene.
4) Each
the n d i v i d u a l s of s a m e species is due to
6. The occurrence of differences among
2) Variation 3) Development 4) Evolution
1) Transition

4
Narayana Group of Schools
 X-E-TECHNO
NEET BIOLOGY STUDY
MATERIAL
nen
tomato. Whicn o
A basket
of vegetables contains carrot, potato, radish and
represent the correct homologous structures?

1) Carrot and potato 2) Carrot and tomato

3) Radish and carrot 4) Radish and potato

8. Select the correct statement.

1) Tendril of a pea plant and phylloclade of Opuntia are homologous.

2) Tendril of a pea plant and phylloclade of Opuntia are analogous.

3) Wings of birds and limbs of lizards are analogous.

4) Wings of birds and wings of bat are analogous.

9. If the fossil of an organism is found in the deeper layers of earth, then we can predict
that

1) The extinction of organism has occurred recently

2) The extinction of organism has occurred thousands of years ago.

3) The fossil position in the layers of earth is not related to its time of extinction.

4) Time of extinction cannot be determined.

10. According to the evolutionary theory, formation of a new species is generally due to
1) Sudden creation by nature.
2) Accumulation of variations over several generations.
3) Clones formed during asexual reproduction,

4) Movement of individuals from one habitat to another.

11. The two versions of a trait (character) which are brought in by the male and female
gametes are situated on

1) Copies of the same chromosome 2) Two different chromosomes

3) Sex chromosomes 4) Any chromosome
12. The number of pair(s) of sex chromosomes in the zygote of humans is

1) One 2) Two 3) Three 4) Four

13. The theory of evolution of species by natural selection was given by

1) Mendel 2) Darwin 3) Morgan 4) Lamarck

14. The organs showing similarities in origin but performing different functions are called
organs.

1) Homologus 2) Analogues 3) ldentical 4) None of these.

Narayana Group of Schools

 X-E-TECHNO NEET BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIAL
15. The organs of different origin but performing same functions are called-
organs.

1) Homologus organs 2) Analogues organs

3) ldentical organs 4) dissimilar organs.

Tnose organs found in an organism which are not functional but which might have
16.
been functional in ancestors are called organs.

4) Ancestral
1) Vestigial 2) Homologous 3) Analogues

17. Exchange of genetic material takes place in

2) Asexual reproduction
1) Vegetative reproduction
3) Sexual reproduction 4) Budding
birds have feathers that
18. Some dinosaurs had feathers although they could not fly but
help them to fly. In the context of evolution this means that

1) Reptiles have evolved from birds.

between reptiles and birds.

2) There is no evolutionary connection

structures in both the organisms.

3) Feathers are homologous

Birds have evolved from reptiles.

4)
known
generation to another is
as
from one
19. The continuity of features
4) Generation
2) Mutation 3) Heredity
1) Evolution
and developed a new

selected the swollen portion of wild cabbage

20. Certain farmers
variety called
4) Broccoli
2) Kohlrabi 3) Kale
1) Cauliflower

KEY
10
Q.No 2 3 45 6
4 3 2 3 1 2 3 4 2| 2
Key 18 19 20
Q.No 11 2 13 14 15 16 17
3121 2 1313 2
|Key

Narayana Group of Schools

 XETECHINO
NEET BIOLOGY 8TUDY MATENIAL

CDF-8
HUMAN ANCESTORS
alter their physical
to the everal theories of evolution, living organisms
nN adaptations to the
anatomical atructure over a long period of time for greater
a
tOWng cnvionnment.

volution resulted in apeciation.

arising and of
one species
Eolution of lite on carth is not about the elimination of
from the cxisting
it is about the emerging of new species with adaptation
aother
species
Evolution has ereated a huge biodiversity.
Natuml selection, all these factors shuped the biodiversity.
genetie drit, and speciation -

1he new species have never left a choice to mate with the previous ones. Each species
had to reproduce in their own way with their own group members.
common ancestor diverges into two or
This leads to the branching of species i.e., a

more dierent lineages.

Even though hunman evolution is not from chimpanzees, they share a common ancestor
We can trace the evolutionary relationships between species easily by using fossils,
DNA sequences, and paleontological excavation, etc.

10. It is said that human evolution began in Africa.

11. The earliest genus of Homo to be ever discovered is Homo habilis, which lived nearly
1.75 million years ago.
12. The next major step in evolution was when our ancestors, Homo erectus stepped out
of Africa and migrated to other parts of the world.

SYNOPSIS 8
HUMAN ANCESTORS

Aropeas
A pecu Kono eepen

4 Narayana Group of Schoofs

 X-E-TECHNO
Advanced
Australopithecus
The fossils of
Homo habilis
=
NEET BIOLOGY
STUDY MATERIAL
in 1959. Homo habilis or
the handy mar
an was
These discovered by Louis &
were found Mary Leakey
in rocks 1.6 to 1.8
They were million years old
slightly more advanced in east Africa.
than
Australopithecus africanus.

Characters:
a. They were 120 -150 cm tall.
b. They had cranial capacity of 730 cc.
c. They had human like body with an ape like head.
d. They walked erect with bipedal gait.
They lived in caves were herbivores and used tools of stones
community life.
to dig out tubers and led

They are regarded as the last of the

Australopithecus.
They originated about 3.5 million years ago.

Homo erectus erectus (Java ape man)

The fossil wasdiscovered by Eugene Dubois, in 1891. Dubois named the fossils as
Pithecanthropus erectus or Java ape man. Later it was renamed as Homo erectus by
Ernst Mayr (1950) .They lived 1.7 milion years ago (Pleistocene) on the banks of Solo
river in Java.

Narayana Group of Schools 45

 NEET BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIAL

Characters:

to a height of 150 cm.

They stood upright

forehead with prominent brow ridges.

a. They had receding
prognathous without a distinct chin.
b. The jaws were

c. The cranial capacity w a s 900 cc.

stone tools for hunting, lived in caves,

They hunters and food gatherers, used
were
used animal skin for clothing themselves and
learned the u s e of fire for cooking and
probably used sign language.
neandertha lensis (Neanderthal man)
Homo sapiens

discovered by C. Fuhirott in 1856.

Fossil was

became extinct 25,000 years ago.

about 1,00,000 years ago and
Thev arose

Narayana Group ofSchools

 x-E-TECHNO NEET BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIAL

Characters:

a. Thick skull bones.

b. Low slanting forehead.

muscles and no chin.

c. Strong lower jaw
d. Short of stature 1.5 to 1.6 m height.

e. Semi erect stooping posture.

f. Cranial capacity of 1450 cc.

used flint tools and animal

skin for clothing.
They
They buried the dead and performed ceremonies and constructed dwelling structures.

Homo sapiens fossilis (Early modern man or Cro-magnon man)

Fossil was discovered by Mac Gregor in 1868 from the caves of North-West Italy.

Thev originated 50,000 years ago and existed for about 30,000 years. They became

extinct 10-20 thousand years ago.

Narayana Group of1 Schools 47

 = NEET BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIAL= X-E-TECHNO

HOMO SAPIENS
(RMAGNON)

Characters-
a. They were about 1.8 m tall.

b. They had perfect posture.

c. The cranial capacity was 1660 cc.

elevated
d. They are prominent chin and narrow nose.

e. Face was prognathous.

They were cave dwellers and hunters, they buried the dead and could make paint.
learnt to stones and bones into excellent tools. They had religious beliefs
shape
They
and burial They developed
customs. the paleolithic culture.
Homo sapiens sapiens (Modern man)
It is the living modern man, evolved 25 thousand years ago.
Their evolution includes cultural evolution rather than anatomical evolution.

He learned to cultivate plants and domesticate animals. Modern man is associated

with neolithic culture. They settled down near lakes and ocean shores to catch fishes,
and animals.
and also started domesticating plants
The modern man is known to have appeared around the Caspian Sea and evolved into
following races-

Negroid- Africa and Malaysia.

Caucasian- Europe and North America.

Mongoloids- China, Siberia and Japan.

48 Narayana Group of Schools