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Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
The next area of computer graphics that deals with the placement of a triangle is
called transformation. Here we can use matrices to get the mapping of a triangle in
image space. We can also set up the transformation matrix to control the location and
orientation of the displayed image. We can also resize the triangle.
1. Display controller or video controller- It's a Memory Buffer and TV Monitor interface. Its
task is to pass Frame Buffer's contents to the monitor. The display controller reads each
continuous byte of Memory frame buffer data and converts 0's and 1's into appropriate video
signals. In today's term, the display controller is recognized as a display card, and one of our
choices can be a VGA(Video Graphics Array) card with a resolution of 640x480. Display
Controller is also capable of displaying the image in colors.
2. Digital memory or frame buffer-This is a place where images and pictures are stored as an
array (matrix of 0 & 1, 0 represents darkness, and 1 represents image or picture). It is also called
a frame buffer. In today's term frame buffer is called V-RAM (video RAM), and it helps to store
the image in bit form. It helps to increase the speed of graphics.
3. Television monitor- Monitor helps us to view the display, and they make use of CRT
(Cathode ray tube) technology.
Advantages
1. Superior Quality.
2. More accurate outcomes or products.
3. Increased Productivity.
4. Lower cost of development.
5. Increases the ability to understand information and interpret patterns significantly.
Representation of graphics
We can represent the graphics by following two ways:
Raster (Bitmap) Graphics
Vector Graphics
1. Raster Graphics: In raster graphics, the image is presented as a rectangular grid of colored
squares. Raster images are also called bitmap images. Bitmap images are stored as the collection
of small individual dots called pixels.
Bitmap images require high resolution and anti-aliasing for a smooth appearance.
For example- Paint, Photoshop, etc.
2. Vector Graphics: In vector graphics, the image is represented in the form of continuous
geometric objects: line, curve, etc.
Vector images are not based on pixel pattern. They use mathematical formulas to draw line and
curves. The lines and curves can be combined to create an image.
For Example- PowerPoint, Corel Draw, etc.
Raster images are the collection of the pixel. The Vector images are composed of paths.
Raster image takes less space to store. Vector image takes more space.
Raster graphics can draw mathematical curves, Vector graphics can only draw continuous and
polygons, and boundaries. smooth lines.
File Extension: .BMP, .TIF, .JPG etc. File Extension: .SVG, .PDF, .AI etc.
Graphical User Interface (GUI): It is a way of interacting with a computer using the
icon, menu, and other visual, graphics by which user easily interacts.
Art: Computer Graphics provides a new way of making designs. Many artists and
designers use illustrator, coral draw, Photoshop, adobe muse, and other types of
applications for creating new designs.
Entertainment: Computer graphics allow the user to make animated movies and games.
Computer graphics are used to create scenes. Computer graphics are also used for special
effects and animations.
Presentations: Computer graphics are used for making charts, bar diagrams, and other
images for the presentation purpose, with the graphical presentation the user, can easily
understand the points.
Increase Productivity
Computer graphics give us tools for creating pictures of solid objects as well as of
theoretical, engineered objects.
Computer graphics also point out the moving images.
The computer can store complex drawings and display complex pictures.
Sound cards are used to make computers produce sound effects led to other uses of
graphics.
Several open standards were recommended to create, manipulate, store, and exchange digital
images. The rules described the format of image files, the algorithms of image encoding, the
form of additional information often named as metadata.
A digital image is the composition of individual pixels or picture elements. The pixels are
arranged in the form of row and column to form a picture area. The number of pixels in an
image is a function of the size of the image and number of pixels per unit length (e.g., inch)
in horizontal as well as vertical direction.
Image Processing
Intensity
Name or Address
The size of the image is defined as the total number of pixels in the horizontal direction times
the total number of pixels in the vertical direction (512 x 512,640 x 480, or 1024 x 768).
The ratio of an image’s width to its height, we can measure it in unit length or number of
pixels, is known as the aspect ratio of the image.
For example- A 2 x 2inch image and a 512 x 512 image have an aspect ratio of 1/1, whereas
a 6 x 4inch image and a 1024 x 768 image have an aspect ratio of 4/3.
The sharpness of the picture on display depends on the resolution and the size of the monitor.
“The number of pixels per unit is called the resolution of the image.”
It also includes-
Aspect Ratio: “The ratio of image’s width to its height is known as the aspect ratio of an
image.” The height and width of an image are measured in length or number of pixels.
For Example: If a graphics has an aspect ratio of 2:1, it means the width is twice large to
height.
It includes-
1. Computerized Photography
2. Space Image Processing (e.g., Hubble space telescope image, Interplanetary probe
images)
3. Medical/ Biological Image Processing
4. Automatic Character Recognition
5. Fingerprint/ Face/ Iris Recognition
6. Remote sensing
7. Industrial application
Review Questions
1. The art of representing moving pictures is called ________________________-
2. The concept of changing one picture gradually into another is called _____________
4. Building a mockup of an environment with the aim of studying the same is called ______
10. The path of the electron beam is focused on to the screen using _____________ or
_________________.
11. The term ____________________ indicates how long the picture created on the
12. The three basic colors are ___________, ____________ and ________________
14. When the picture has to remain on the screen for a long time _______________
15. The first device to allow the user to move the cursor to any point, without actually, knowing
the coordinates was ____________________
16. The input device that allows user to write pictures on it an input them directly to the
computer is called _______________________
18. Name one device that allows a 3-dimensional input to be given to the computer