TRENDS IN TELECOM TECHNOLOGY

INTERNSHIP REPORT
Submitted to

Visvesvaraya Technological University

BELAGAVI - 590 018

by
MAHEDDIN DOLLESHWAR
4SU18EC032

Under the guidance of

Mr. Raghuveera Pandith T S

Assistant Professor

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

SDM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

UJIRE - 574 240

2021-2022
 SDM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
UJIRE – 574 240

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Internship Report titled ‘ TRENDS IN TELECOM TECHNOLOGY’

is carried out by Mr. MAHEDDIN DOLLESHWAR USN: 4SU18EC032, a bona-fide

student of SDM Institute of Technology, Ujire, at BSNL, RTTC, MYSORE in

partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in

Electronics and Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological

University, Belagavi during the year 2021-2022. It is certified that all the

corrections/ suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been

incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The report

has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of

Internship prescribed for the said degree.

Mr. Raghuveera Pandith T S Dr. Shriram P Hegde Dr. Ashok Kumar T

Faculty Advisor Professor and Head Principal

Signature with date and seal:

External Viva

Name of the Examiners: Signature with Date

1.

2.
 Acknowledgment

I express my deepest gratitude to my guide Mr. Rakesh Midsala of BSNL, RTTC,

for his valuable guidance and encouragement while doing my internship. I also
extend my heartfelt thanks to Mr. Sunil B Karning, (Principal) for having given me
the opportunity of carrying out internship at BSNL, RTTC, MYSORE.

We are indebted to Dr. Shriram P Hegde, Head of the Department, faculty

advisor Mr. Raghuveera Pandith T S Asst. Prof. for their advice and
suggestions at various stages of the work.

I am also grateful to the co-operation and help rendered by the teaching

and non-teaching staff of the department.

MAHEDDIN DOLLESHWAR
USN: 4SU18EC032

i
 Table of contents

Page No.
Acknowledgment i
Table of Contents ii
List of Figures iii
List of Tables iv
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations v
1. Executive Summary 1
2. Company Profile 2
2.1 Overview of the Company 2
2.2 Mission of the Company 3
3. Problem Statement 4
4. Weekly Overview of Internship 5
5. Equipment Details 7
5.1 Equipments 7
6. Task Performed 9
6.1 OFC Splicing 9
6.2 OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflect meter) 12
6.3 Antenna in Mobile Communication 13
6.4 GSM Architecture System 15
6.5 IP Addressing 16
6.6 Building LAN with Switches in CPT 17
7. Observations 19
8. Conclusion 20

ii
 List of Figures

Page No

Figure 5.1 Optic Splicing Machine 7

Figure 5.2 Cleaver Machine 7
Figure 5.3 Hot Jacket Remover JR-6 8
Figure 5.4 OTDR 8
Figure 6.1 Splicing 9
Figure 6.2 Rules for Splicing 11
Figure 6.3 Antenna 13
Figure 6.4 Location Site in Mysore (RTTC) 14
Figure 6.5 Microwave Feeders and Antennas 14
Figure 6.6 GSM System Architecture 15
Figure 6.7 IP Address 16
Figure 6.8 Network Topology 17
Figure 6.9 Simulation Step 1 17
Figure 6.10 Simulation Step 2 18

iii
 List of Tables

Page No.
Table 4.1 A weekly report of week 1 5
Table 4.2 A weekly report of week 2 5
Table 4.3 A weekly report of week 3 5
Table 4.4 A weekly report of week 4 6
Table 6.1 The IP address is in binary and dotted decimal format 17

iv
 List of Acronyms and Abbrevitions

BSNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

RTTC Regional Telecom Training Center

IP Internet Protocol
OFC Optical Fiber Cable
OTDR Optical Time Domain Reflectometer

LAN Local Area Network

CPT Cisco Packet Tracer
JR Jacket Remover
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
MAC Media Access Control

v
 1. Executive Summary

This report refers to work completed during my internship with the BSNL
th th
RTTC, Mysore from 16 August to 11 September 2021.

A telecommunications system is a collection of compatible hardware and software

arranged to communicate information from one location to another. These systems
can transmit text, data, graphics, voice, documents, or video information.

The term telecommunications generally refer to all types of long-distance communication that

use common carriers, including telephone, television, and radio. Data communications is a

subset of telecommunications and are achieved through the use of telecommunication

technologies. In modern organizations, communications technologies are integrated.

Businesses are finding electronic communications essential for minimizing time and distance

limitations. Telecommunications plays a special role when customers, suppliers, vendors, and

regulators are part of a multinational organization in a world that is continuously awake and

doing business somewhere 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

The main objective of BSNL training for engineering students is to give them
understanding and exposure to telecommunication technologies. BSNL trains
the students about different types of equipment and systems used in the BSNL.

The training topics are more related to telecommunication, their lab

equipment, and related technologies to this domain. It mainly focuses on
1. Mobile Communication Systems
2. Optical Fiber Technology
3. IP, Networking & Cyber Security
4. Broadband Technology
5. Digital Switching Systems
6. Digital Transmission Systems
7. Telecom Support Infrastructure

1
 2. Company Profile

2.1 Overview of the Company

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated as BSNL) is an Indian state-owned

telecommunications company headquartered in New Delhi. It was incorporated on 15
September 2000 and assumed the business of providing telecom services and network
management from the erstwhile Central Government Departments of Telecom Services

st
(DTS) and Department of Telecom Operations (DTO) as of 1 October 2000 on a going-

concern basis. It is the largest provider of fixed telephony and broadband services with
more than 60% market share and is the fifth-largest mobile telephony provider in India.
BSNL is India's oldest communication service provider

BSNL is one of the major service providers in its license area. The company
offers wide-ranging & most transparent tariff schemes designed to suit every
customer. BSNL telecom network is part of a modern global network, providing
access to countries around the world for transporting information in the form of
voice, data, and video. The company has vast experience in planning,
installation, network integration & maintenance of switches & transmission
networks & also has a world-class ISO 9001 certified Telecom Training Institute.

Vision:

1. Be the leading telecom service provider in India with a global presence.

2. Create a customer-focused organization with excellence in customer
care, sales, and marketing.
3. Leverage technology to provide affordable and innovative telecom.
Services/products across customer segments.

2
 2.2 Mission of the Company

Be the leading telecom service provider in India with a global presence

1. Becoming the most trusted, preferred, and admired telecom brand.

2. Providing reliable telecom services that are valued for money.
3. Generating value for all stakeholders – employees, shareholders, vendors &
business associates.
4. Excellence in customer service-friendly, reliable, time-bound, convenient,
and courteous service.
5. Offering differentiated products/services tailored to different service segments.
6. Developing a marketing and sales culture that is responsive to customer needs.
7. Maximizing return on existing assets with a sustained focus on profitability.

3
 3. Problem Statement
The problem statements for the tasks performed are listed below:

1. To perform an OFC splicing.

2. Testing the integrity of optical fiber using OTDR.
3. Implementing an IP Addressing Scheme.
4. Building LAN with switches in CPT.

4
 4. Weekly Overview of Internship
Table 4.1 A weekly report of week 1

Date Day Task/ Topic Completed

16-08-2021 Mon Ofc
17-08-2021 Tue Ofc Principles of operation
18-08-2021 Wed Splicing
19-08-2021 Thu FTTH

Table 4.2 A weekly report of week 2

Date Day Task/ Topic Completed

23-08-2021 Mon mobile wireless communication
24-08-2021 Tue Mobile antenna system
25-08-2021 Wed Features of DCS
26-08-2021 Thu Fundementals of GSM
27-08-2021 Fri Generation of mobile
28-08-2021 Sat OSI reference model

Table 4.3 A weekly report of week 3

Date Day Task/ Topic Completed

30-08-2021 Mon TCP/IP protocol suite
31-08-2021 Tue IP addressing
01-09-2021 Wed DSS
02-09-2021 Thu Basic principles of electronic exchange
03-09-2021 Fri PCM principles
04-09-2021 Sat A common channel signaling system

5
 Table 4.4 A weekly report of week 4

Date Day Task/ Topic Completed

06-09-2021 Mon Digital space switching
07-09-2021 Tue Telecommunication traffic
08-09-2021 Wed Overview of NGN
09-09-2021 Thu Overview of IP-tax

6
 5. Equipment Details
5.1 Equipment
5.1.1 Optic Splicing Machine
Fusion splicing is the most widely used method of splicing as it provides
for the lowest insertion loss and virtually no back reflection. Fusion
splicing provides the most reliable joint between two fibers. Fusion
splicing is done by an automatic machine called a fusion splicer.

Figure 5.1 Optic Splicing Machine

5.1.2 Cleaver
A cleaver is a mechanical precision device whose task is to cleave the end
of an optical fiber so that the cleavage surface was as flat as possible and
if possible, at 90 degrees to the fiber itself.

Figure 5.2 Cleaver Machine

7
5.1.3 Hot Jacket Remover JR-6
This lightweight and compact, yet rugged, jacket remover also feature 4 temperature
settings for maximum performance control. Designed for user-friendliness, the JR-6
includes a console panel located on top of the remover for ease of operation, bright
LED lighting for easier viewing of remover settings, and power save and auto power-
off functions. The JR-6 can be powered by the fusion splicer’s 12V DC output, the
AC/DC adapter included, or the internal rechargeable battery.

Figure 5.3 Hot Jacket Remover JR-6

5.1.4 OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflect meter)

An OTDR may be used for estimating the fiber's length and overall
attenuation, including splice and mated-connector losses. It may also be
used to locate faults, such as breaks, and to measure optical return loss.

Figure 5.4 OTDR

8
 6. Task Performed

6.1 OFC Splicing

Splices are the permanent connections between two fibers. The splicing
involves cutting the edges of the two fibers to be spliced.

Splicing Methods

Single–Fibre Mechanical Splicing

1. Single Fibre Capillary.
2. Aligns two fiber ends to a common centerline, thereby aligning cores.
3. Clean, cleaved fibers are butted together and index-matched.
4. Permanently secured with epoxy or adhesive.
Examples: Siecor, See Splice GTE Elastomeric Splice

Fig 6.1 Splicing

The following three types are widely used:

1. Adhesive bonding or Glue splicing
2. Mechanical splicing
3. Fusion splicing
1. Adhesive or Bonding Glue Splicing
This is the oldest splicing technique used in fiber splicing. After fiber end preparation, it is

axially aligned in a precision V–groove. Cylindrical rods or other kinds of reference surfaces

are used for alignment. During the alignment of the fiber end, a small amount of adhesive or

glue of the same refractive index as the core material is set between and around

9
 the fiber ends. A two-component epoxy or a UV curable adhesive is used
as the bonding agent.

The splice loss of this type of joint is the same or less than fusion splices. But fusion

splicing technique is more reliable, so at present, this technique is very rarely used.

2. Mechanical Splicing
This technique is mainly used for temporary splicing in case of an
emergency repair. This method is also convenient to connect measuring
instruments to bare fibers for taking various measurements.
The mechanical splices consist of 4 basic components:
1. An alignment surface for mating fiber ends.
2. A retainer
3. An index matching material.
4. A protective housing
3. Fusion Splicing
The fusion splicing technique is the most popular technique used for
achieving very low splice losses. The fusion can be achieved either
through an electrical arc or through the gas flame.
The process involves cutting the fibers and fixing them in micro–positioners on the
fusion splicing machine. The fibers are then aligned either manually or automatically
core aligning (in the case of S.M. fiber) process. Afterward, the operation that takes
place involves withdrawal of the fibers to a specified distance, preheating of the fiber
ends through the electric arc and bringing together of the fiber ends in a position,
and splicing through high-temperature fusion.

The shape of the cut can be monitored on the video screen, some of the
defects noted while cleaving is listed below:
1. Broken ends
2. Ripped ends
3. Slanting cuts
4. Unclean ends

10
Figure 6.2 Rules for Splicing

11
 6.2 OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflect meter)
OTDR Fiber tester works indirectly by using a unique phenomenon of fiber to
imply loss, unlike fiber optic light sources and power meters which measure the
loss of the fiber optic cable plant directly by duplicating the transmitter and
receiver of the fiber optic transmission links. It works like a radar. It first sends a
signal for optical fiber and then observes what returns from one point to the
information. This process will be repeated, then the results were averaged and to
be displayed in the form of a track, the track is described within the whole period
of optical fiber (or the state) of the fiber on the strength of the signal.
As light travels along with the fiber, a small proportion of it is lost by Rayleigh
scattering. Rayleigh scattering is caused by the irregular scattering signal along the
fiber produced. Given fiber optic transceiver parameters, the Rayleigh scattering
power can be marked out. If the wavelength is known, it is proportional to the signal
of pulse width, the longer backscattering, the stronger power. Rayleigh scattering
power is related to the wavelength of the emission signal, the shorter wavelength, the
stronger power. That is to say, the 1310nm signal path of the Rayleigh backscattering
is higher than the 1550 nm Rayleigh backscattering.

Features are,

1. Route indicator
At every 200 m route length of showing the name of the route & no of indicators.

2. Joint indicator
At every joint (Splice) generally, it is placed at every 2/4 Km (Drum length)

3. Branch (Root diversion) indicator

Provided at route diversion or branching from the main root.

12
 6.3 Antenna in Mobile Communication

An antenna is a metallic structure that captures and/or transmits radio

electromagnetic waves. Antennas come in all shapes and sizes from little
ones that can be found on your roof to watch TV to really big ones that
capture signals from satellites millions of miles away.

Figure 6.3 Antenna

Parameters of Antenna
1. Bandwidth
2. Gain
3. Effective area or aperture
4. Radiation pattern
5. Impedance
Types of Antennas
1. YAGI - UDA Antenna
2. Helix Antenna
3. Parabolic Antenna
4. Loop Antenna
5. Horn Antenna

6.5.1 Installation, Criteria’s and MSaintenances of Towers

Exercise:
1. To know the different types of towers like ground-based tower, roof-top tower etc.

2. Based on its structure naming of tower like ex: 4-legged, angular 9.8Gbt Tower.

3. Fusibility factors for installation of tower with high altitude levels, firm
soils, near the BTS lines.

13
4. Maintenance of tower by frequent checking of tools painting is done
regularly to avoid corrosion.
5. Earthing techniques for tower to prevent from lighting.
6. Using AMF, antennas are fixed to tower for prefect orientation & for
firmness of antennas
7. Simulation tools by prediction maps are used for installation of tower at
a coverage area.

Figure 6.4: Location Site in Mysore (RTTC)

Figure 6.5: Microwave Feeders and Antennas

14
 6.4 GSM System Architecture

Figure 6.6 GSM System Architecture

GSM network system

GSM system is designed as a combination of three major subsystems:

1. Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
2. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
3. Operation Support Subsystem (OSS)

GSM network elements

The major network elements are MS, Base Station Controller (BSC), Base
Transceiver Station (BTS), and Mobile Service Switching Centre (MSC), and the
four databases associated with MSC namely HLR, VLR, EIR, and AUC

15
6.5 IP Addressing
Each TCP/IP host is identified by a logical IP address. The IP address is a network
layer address and has no dependence on the data link layer address (such as a
MAC address of a network interface card). A unique IP address is required for
each host and network component that communicates using TCP/IP.

Each IP address includes a network ID and a host ID. The network ID (also known
as a network address) identifies the systems that are located on the same physical
network bounded by IP routers. All systems on the same physical network must
have the same network ID. The network ID must be unique to the internetwork.

The host ID (also known as a host address) identifies a workstation,

server, router, or other TCP/IP host within a network. The address for
each host must be unique to the network ID.

IP v4

An IP address is 32 bits long. Rather than working with 32 bits at a time, it is a

common practice to segment the 32 bits of the IP address into four 8-bit fields
called octets. Each octet is converted to a decimal number (the Base 10
numbering system) in the range 0-255 and separated by a period (a dot). This
format is called dotted decimal notation.

The IP address is in binary and dotted-decimal format

Table 6.1 IP address in binary and dotted-decimal format

Binary Format Dotted Decimal Notation
11000000 10101000 192.168.3.24

The notation w.x.y.z is used when referring to a generalized IP address

Figure 6.7 IP Address

16
6.6 Building LAN with switches in CPT.

Build a LAN with the following topology:

Figure 6.8 Network Topology

The basic network configuration of each PC is shown below:

machine name IP Subnet mask

PC0 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

PC1 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
PC2 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
PC3 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0

Figure 6.9 Simulation Step 1

17
 Figure 6.10 Simulation step 2

1. Through experiments, it is found that PC0 can ping PC1, but cannot
Ping PC2 and PC3.

2. PC3 can only ping PC2, but not PC0 and PC1. Because PC3 is not in the
same subnet as PC0 and PC1, it cannot ping.

3. After the masks of the four PCs are changed to 255.255.0.0, they can be
pinged because their IP addresses and subnet masks are 192.168.0.0, which are
under the same subnet.

4. The gateway is used to establish transmission connections between two

networks so that hosts on different networks can establish cascaded, point-to-point
transmission connections across multiple networks.

18
7. Observations

1. OFC splicing is done using an optical splicing machine and other

necessary equipment and the result has been verified.

2. The integrity of optical fiber is tested using OTDR.

3. The IP address has been implemented using a certain scheme.

4. Studied and implemented different types of network cables.

5. Implemented LAN using switches in CPT.

19
 8. Conclusion
The study of the basics of the telecommunication system installed and operated in
bsnl will help us understand the practical variations in the theoretical concepts
studied in our course plan. The study also helps us to have a better understanding of
the current technology being implemented and also the scope of further research in
the field of communication. As we are moving more towards the software and IT
sector, even the communication sector is evolving itself into a software-based
hardware sector. So the further scope for research and development is vast.

On the whole, this internship was a useful experience and got an insight
into practices currently advocated in the telecommunication field.

20