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Foundation Design
Foundation Design
TOWER FOUNDATION DESIGN
Presented By: Hemantha Balasuriya
Introduction:
An Engineering Structure consists of a system of various forces applied externally or induced
internally along with their corresponding responses in a state of equilibrium.
Foundations for Transmission Line Structures must satisfy the same basic Criteria that must
be met for all types of Foundations.
• They must be Stable, and have an adequate factor of safety or level of reliability
against failure.
• They must not move excessively, which could impair the function of the
structure.
• They must be economical, or at least cost‐effective for the particular type of
structure.
Requirement:
The Design of Transmission Structures (Supper‐Structure) need a Foundation Systems (Sub‐
Structure) to resist Vertical and Horizontal Loads.
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Examples of Super Structures:
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Examples of Super Substructures:
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Loads on Foundations:
There are Four types of Load components are generated in analysis of Towers.
C ‐ Compressive force in the direction of stub axis
T ‐ Uplift force in the direction of stub axis
Hl ‐ Horizontal force in Longitudinal direction
Ht ‐ Horizontal force in Transverse direction
Soil Parameters:
• Bearing Capacity
• Lateral Earth Pressure
• Angle of Repose / Angle of Internal Friction / Angle of Inverted Frustum
• Density of Soil
• Shearing Strength of Rock
• Coefficient of friction
• Bond Strength
Bearing Capacity:
• The maximum load per unit area that can be imposed on a soil at a given depth is the
Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qu).
• Measure of Shear resistance of soil.
• Indirect measure of settlement of the Structure.
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Lateral Earth Pressure:
Pressure exerted by soil in Vertical Plane
• Active Earth Pressure:
The Active earth pressure occurs when a wall or plane moves away from the
earth.
• Passive Earth Pressure:
The Passive earth pressure occurs when a wall or plane moves towards the
earth.
* Passive earth pressure is greater than active earth pressure as It will create an additional
pressure.
Angle of Repose / Angle of Internal Friction / Angle of Inverted Frustum:
• Measure of Shear Stresses induced in Soil due to external loads
• Internal Friction :‐ Resistance due to Particle interlocking
• Cohesion :‐ Resistance due to internal Structural bonding
• Adhesion :‐ Resistance due to Structural bonding between different particles
• Repose :‐ Limiting value of friction
Density of Soil:
• Measure of Resistance offered by Soil against Uprooting & Over‐Turning.
• Dry Density:‐ Maximum Weight of Soil resulting maximum resistance.
• Wet / Submerged Density:‐ Minimum Weight of Soil along with Submerged Weight
resulting minimum resistance.
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Shearing Strength, Coefficient of Friction & Bond Strength:
• Shearing strength of Rock:‐ Property of rock offering resistance against Uplift &
Overturning to Grouted Anchors. Also determines the Group Capacity of Anchors.
• Coefficient of Friction:‐ Requires to determine the resistance offered by soil against
Sliding
• Bond Strength:‐ Measure of frictional Resistance offered by particles of different
materials or Soils
Common Foundation Types for Transmission Towers:
Pad Foundations
Used in Good Soil, Poor Soil and Water
Logged Areas
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Rock Anchor Foundations
Used in Hard Rock Areas
Where Excavation is extremely
Difficult
Soft Rock Foundations
Used in Good Soil,
Poor Soil and Water
Logged Areas
Raft Foundations
Used in Good Soil, Poor Soil
and Water Logged Areas
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Pile Foundations
Used When Soil is extremely weak
Well Type Foundation
Used in Shallow depths with Soil
is Extremely Weak
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Soil Properties given in the specification:
DESIGN OF PAD FOUNDATIONS
Required Checks for Stability of the Foundation:
• Check for Uplift
• Check for Compression (Bearing Capacity)
• Check for Sliding (For both Compression & Uplift)
• Check for Overturning
Design of Pad:
• Design for Bending (For both Compression & Uplift)
• Check for Shear (For both Compression & Uplift)
• Check for Punching Shear (For both Compression & Uplift)
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Design of Column:
• Design for Bending
• Check for Shear
• Tension Check for Reinforcement
• Check for Anchorage of Reinforcement
GEOMETRY OF THE TYPICAL PAD FOUNDATION
Notations:
B ‐ Width of the Base
h ‐ Vertical Column Height above Ground
A ‐ Column Size
D ‐ Vertical Depth of the Base
Dc ‐ Vertical Height of the Rectangular Portion
Dp ‐ Vertical Height of the Pyramidal Portion
Do ‐ Vertical Depth of the Column
Ds = Do + Dp
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STABILITY CHECKS
CHECK FOR UPLIFT
Notations:
T ‐ Ultimate Uplift Load (Vertical)
ϴ ‐ Angle of Repose (Soil Property)
t ‐ Ds x Tan(ϴ)
Wc ‐ Weight of Foundation (Concrete)
We ‐ Weight of Soil above Pad
Condition:
T < Wc + We
CHECK FOR SLIDING UNDER COMPRESSION
Notations:
H ‐ Maximum of Hl and Ht (Ultimate)
F ‐ Allowable Resistance against Sliding in kN/m²
Condition:
H < F * B²
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CHECK FOR SLIDING UNDER TENSION
Notations:
H ‐ Maximum of Hl and Ht (Ultimate)
P1 ‐ Resistance by Column
P2 ‐ Resistance by Pyramid Portion
P3 ‐ Resistance by Rectangle Portion
Condition:
H < P1 + P2 + P3
CHECK FOR OVERTURNING
Notations:
Resisting Moment due to;
Mc ‐ Weight of Concrete
Me ‐ Weight of Soil
Overturning Moment due to;
Mu ‐ Uplift (Ultimate)
Mz ‐ Max. Horizontal Force (Ultimate)
Condition:
(Mc + Me) > (Mu + Mz)
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DESIGN
DEFFINITIONS:
DESIGN OF THE BASE
Notations:
Aef ‐ Effective Area for Bending
Cg ‐ CG of Effective Area
B ‐ Width of the Pad
Wp ‐ Weight of Effective area of Pad
d ‐ Effective Depth of Pad Reinforcement
C ‐ Column Size
Calculation:
Moment at the Face of the Column = M
M = (F – Wp)*Cg
Ultimate Design Moment, Mu
Mu = fos*M
Ref: BS 8110 for design of the section size and Reinforcement
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Check for Shear:
Notations:
• P3 ‐ Pressure at Section X
• v ‐ Shear Stress at Section X
• vc ‐ Concrete Shear Stress
Calculation:
• Actual shear stress, v at the Section X to be
calculated.
• Concrete shear, vc to be calculated from BS8110:
Clause
Condition:
v < vc
Check for Punching Shear:
Notations:
P4 ‐ Pressure at Section Y
v ‐ Shear Stress at Section Y
vc ‐ Concrete Shear Stress
Calculation:
Actual shear stress, v at the 4 sides to be calculated.
Concrete shear vc to be calculated from the Code ‐ BS8110:
Clause
Condition:
v < vc
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Check for Shear Stress:
Notations:
P5 ‐ Pressure at Section Z
v ‐ Shear Stress at Section Z
vc ‐ Concrete Shear Stress
Calculation:
Actual shear stress vs at the Section Z to be calculated.
Condition:
vs < 0.8(fcu)1/2 or 5 N/mm²
Which is lesser
DESIGN OF COLUMN
Notations:
Le ‐ Effective Length
A ‐ Column Size
vc ‐ Concrete Shear Stress
Ml & Mt – Moments due to Horizontal loads
Calculation:
• Calculate total ultimate load on Column(Nu)
• Calculate maximum ultimate moment:
Mu = Ml + Mt
• Calculate additional moment due to slenderness
(Madd)
MTotal = Mu + Madd
Design column size and reinforcement using Nu and MTotal
as per BS 8110.
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Check for Shear:
Notations:
• Mu ‐ Ultimate Moment
• Nu ‐ Ultimate Load
• Hl & Ht ‐ Horizontal loads
Calculation:
• Calculate Mu/Nu
• Calculate ultimate shear force
Fu = (Hl² + Ht²)1/2
No Shear Check is Required if Mu/Nu < 0.75h
and vu < 0.8(fcu)1/2 or 5
Links to be provided as per BS 8110.
Tension Check for Uplift:
Notations:
• Twk ‐ Working uplift load
• Au ‐ Area of Main Steel
• fy ‐ Yield Strength of r/f
Calculation:
• Calculate Stress fy’
fy’ = 0.87fy
• Calculate Stress on one Bar
Tf = At*fy’
Condition:
Tf > Twk
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Check for Anchorage:
Notations:
• fb ‐ Bond stress
• Fs ‐ Force in one bar
• Lreq ‐ Required Anchorage
Calculation:
• Calculate, fb
• Calculate, Fs = Twk/No of Bars
Condition:
Provide Anchorage Length > Lreq
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DESIGN OF ROCK ANCHOR FOUNDATIONS
Required Checks for Stability of the Foundation:
• Check for Uplift
• Check for Compression (Bearing Capacity)
• Check for Sliding (For both Compression & Uplift)
Design of Pad:
• Design for Bending
• Check for Shear
• Check for Punching Shear
Design of Column:
• Design for Bending
• Check for Shear
• Tension Check for Reinforcement
• Check for Anchorage of Reinforcement
GEOMETRY OF TYPICAL ROCK ANCHOR FOUNDATION
Notations:
B ‐ Width of the Base
h ‐ Vertical Column Height above Ground
A ‐ Column Size
e ‐ End distance
h1 ‐ Base Height above Rock level
h2 ‐ Base Height below Rock level
D ‐ Depth of Anchor below Rock level
H = h1 + h2
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Check for Pull‐out Load:
Failure due to uplift can be one of the following:
• Failure of steel anchors
• Failure of Group anchors
• Failure of an individual anchor
Fs ‐ Ultimate tensile strength of a single Anchor
Uga ‐ Pull‐Out Strength of Group Anchors.
Uia ‐ Pull‐Out Strength of an individual Anchor.
N ‐ No of anchors
Tuf ‐ Maximum uplift load in an anchor
Condition:
Tuf < Minimum of (Fs or Uga/N or Uia )
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CHECK BEARING FOR COMPRESSION
Notations:
• qu ‐ Allowable Bearing Pressure in Rock
• Cv ‐ Vertical Compression(Working)
• Wc ‐ Weight of Concrete
• Ml ‐ Longitudinal Direction
• Mt ‐ Transverse Direction
Pressure Under Base due to;
Vertical Load, qv = (Cv ‐ Wc)/B²
Longitudinal Moment, ql = 6Ml/B³
Transverse Moment, qt = 6Mt/B³
qmax = qv + ql + qt
Condition:
qmax/qu > fos
Check for Sliding:
Notations:
H ‐ Maximum of Hl and Ht (Ultimate)
qr ‐ Ultimate lateral rock pressure
(75,000kg/m²)
Calculation:
Lateral force acting on the Rock = P
P = 0.5*qr*h2*B
Condition:
H < P
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DESIGN
DESIGN OF THE BASE
Notations:
L ‐ Distance to edge from face of column
qmax ‐ Maximum Bearing pressure
B ‐ Width of the Base
d ‐ Effective Depth of Base Reinforcement
A ‐ Column Size
Calculation:
Moment at the Face of the Column = M
M = (qmax*B*L)*L/2
Ultimate Design Moment, Mu
Mu = fos*M
Ref: BS 8110 for design of the section size and Reinforcement
Check for Shear:
Notations:
P1 ‐ Pressure at Section X
v ‐ Shear Stress at Section X
vc ‐ Concrete Shear Stress
Calculation:
• Actual shear stress at the Section X to be calculated.
• Concrete shear vc to be calculated from BS8110:
Clause
Condition:
v < vc
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