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According to Barić (2014: 42), "Croatian language is opening up, unencumbered by the past, with
world currents of connection through the English language and the internationalization of the lexicon".
However, there is also institutional resistance to anglicisms: for example, "The Institute for Croatian
Language and Linguistics tries to discourage the use of foreign words, including anglicisms, through
various rules and proposals" (Sulić 2019: 12, according to Barić et al. 1999). However, "how
important the English language is today is confirmed by the fact that words of English origin today
make up 40% of the total number of new prisoners" (ibid.). . According to Filipan Žganić, a large
number of foreign words taken from English will eventually be adapted to Croatian, which will further
enrich the Croatian language (ibid. 13).

Kuhar, Matea, Utjecaj engleskog jezika na suvremeni hrvatski, srpski i slovenski jezik: zastupljenost,
vrste i funkcije anglizama u časopisima za mlade

As for previous research and their conclusions, there’s plenty for both Croatian and
Romanian. Regarding Croatian, we consulted with two master’s thesis and one article. One of
the master’s thesis is that of Matea Kuhar, published in 2021, titled ‘Utjecaj engleskog jezika
na suvremeni hrvatski, srpski i slovenski jezik: zastupljenost, vrste i funkcije anglizama u
časopisima za mlade. Kuhar concludes that the importance of English in Croatian is
significant, given that fact that words of English origin today make up 40% of the total
number of novootvorenice."

Since swear words make up a significant part of everyday speech, it’s interesting to see how
they have been or haven’t been adapted in this new linguistic climate. Article of Jean Marc
Dewaele presents results of a qualitative analysis of 20 multilinguals based in UK which
confirmed the finding that L1 swearwords are generally felt to be stronger in the L1, but
showed that these participants typically preferred the L2 for swearing. A closer look at the
participants’ linguistic history suggested that higher levels of socialisation in the L2 culture
are linked to a change in perception of swearwords and in swearing practices.

Lastly, master’s thesis of Vanja Padjen, published at the beginning of this year, focuses solely
on swear words in Croatian and English. Here, most of the reviewed research studies and their
findings point to one conclusion: L1 has greater emotionality because firstly it is a language
acquired in a natural setting and therefore swear words are also acquired naturally as well as
the rest of the vocabulary. Secondly, the research on Croatian and English swear words has
also pointed to the same results that the participants tend to swear more often in Croatian than
in English as they perceive the Croatian swear words to bear greater perceived emotionality.
Thirdly, since most of the participants are equally or close to maximum proficiency in both
the languages, Croatian swear words are almost always used in highly emotionally charged
situations.

The results of the research confirmed the initial hypotheses about the unintelligibility of Croatian-
English sentences to the average television viewer (71%). The flood of Croatian-English sentences
arose due to the constant influence of the English language, and it is motivated by economy, a
prestigious language, expressing identity, satisfying the symbolic role of language, creating a foreign
atmosphere (Drljača Margić, 2011), and it leads to the incomprehensibility of colloquial language in
everyday communication. The neglect of the norms of the Croatian language and lack of knowledge of
the English language is evident. In their answers, respondents apply the procedures of naive copying,
ad hoc borrowing, and literal translation. For this reason, there is a high self-assessment of the
understanding of Croatian-English sentences, above all of newer English compounds, where their
understanding is based on knowledge of the meaning of the separate words from which the compound
is obtained, which ultimately shows that they do not understand them (e.g. the linguistic phrase
citylights )

Jezik, 63., K. Balenović, V. Grahovac-Pražić, Englesko-hrvatski jezični dodiri: razumijemo li jezik

televizije

--

A quantitative analysis of 389 multilinguals who were maximally proficient in their L1 and L2
revealed subtle differences between their languages. They used their L2 less frequently for swearing
and perceived their L2 swearwords to be weaker than their L1 equivalents.

A qualitative analysis of 20 multilinguals based in UK confirmed the finding that L1 swearwords are
generally felt to be stronger in the L1, but showed that these participants typically preferred the L2 for
swearing. In other words, the link between perception and use, which emerged in previous work
(Dewaele, 2004a, 2004b), seems absent for this group of participants. A closer look at the participants’
linguistic history suggested that higher levels of socialisation in the L2 culture are linked to a change
in perception of swearwords and in swearing practices.

Dewaele, Jean-Marc. (2010). “Christ fucking shit merde!” Language Preferences for Swearing Among
Maximally Proficient Multilinguals. Sociolinguistic Studies. 3. 595-614. 10.1558/sols.v4i3.595.

The results of the survey have shown that the participants in the study prefer to swear in Croatian over
English. This corresponds to the cases and situations in the previous studies that have dealt with not
only swear words and their usage in multilinguals but also general emotional expression in multiple
languages. The results of these studies have shown a strong emotional bond between participants and
their native language which then results in their L1 being the preferred language for emotional
expression and swearing. However, even though the results of the study show that the majority of
participants prefer to swear in Croatian, there is still a large number of answers in the survey that are
neutral. This means that even though there are multiple hypotheses that have been proven to be true by
research, there is also research that has proven the opposite. Therefore, the results should be viewed as
only one part of a bigger research that is ongoing in the field of psycholinguistics and focuses on
furthering the knowledge on the relationship between language and emotion. Throughout this
particular work, there are a lot of examples that show that some individuals prefer to swear in their L2
more than their L1. Most of the reviewed research studies and their findings point to one conclusion:
L1 has greater emotionality because firstly it is a language acquired in a natural setting and therefore
swear words are also acquired naturally as well as the rest of the vocabulary. Secondly, the research on
Croatian and English swear words has also pointed to the same results that the participants tend to
swear more often in Croatian than in English as they perceive the Croatian swear words to bear greater
perceived emotionality. Thirdly, since most of the participants are equally or close to maximum
proficiency in both the languages, Croatian swear words are almost always 45 used in highly
emotionally charged situations. Moreover, since the majority of the participants are young adults, there
is also a higher frequency of usage of swear words. There are also multiple Croatian swear words
being used as opposed to the total account of four English swear words.

Padjen, Vana, Emotional Involvement in Swearing in Croatia (L1) vs. Swearing in English (L2)