BM 6-Metals-Summary

BUILDING MATERIAL
METAL
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATIONS, AND HISTORY STEEL FOR ARCHITECTURE

A. Introduction A. Steel structure uses
B. Classifications B. Steel for architecture
C. Ferrous metals: iron, steel, stainless steel C. Steel building in the world
D. Ferrous metals: history D. Steel building in Jordan
TABLE OF CONTENT
E. Reinforced concrete
PROPERTIES OF STEEL AND IRON
A. Physical properties INTRODUCTION TO ALUMINUM
B. Mechanical properties A. Introduction of aluminum
C. Chemical properties B. History of aluminum
C. Environmental information
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF STEEL
A. Ingredients of steel production MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND PROPERTIES
B. Process of steel production A. Manufacturing of aluminum
C. Heat treatment of steel B. Properties of aluminum
D. Fire protection of steel C. Aluminum alloys
E. Ferrous alloys
F. Coated steel ALUMINUM AND ARCHITECTURE
A. Uses and applications
METAL INTRODUCTION | CLASSIFICATIONS | HISTORY
A. INTRODUCTION
B. CLASSIFICATIONS
C. FERROUS METALS | IRON, STEEL, STAINLESS STEEL
D. FERROUS METALS | HISTORY

INTRODUCTION | CLASSIFICATIONS | HISTORY A. INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS METAL?
Metal is a material that, when freshly prepared,
polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance,
and conducts electricity and heat relatively well.
Metals are typically malleable (they can be
hammered into thin sheets) or ductile (can be drawn
into wires). A metal can be a chemical element such
as Iron, or an alloy such as stainless steel.
METAL
B. CLASSIFICATION BY IRON CONTENT
INTRODUCTION | CLASSIFICATIONS | HISTORY
Ferrous Metals: contains iron
Non-Ferrous Metals: don’t contain iron
Classification Properties Applications Types Sources

• Magnetic
• Architectural • Earth’s crust, where iron is one
• Prone to rust • Steel
Ferrous and industrial of the most common elements
• Require a • Stainless steel
Metals applications on earth.
protective finish • Carbon steel
Contain Iron • (Skyscrapers, • Meteorites, Star explosion
• High carbon • Cast iron
bridges)
content
• Non-magnetic • Aluminum
Nonferrous • Industrial
• More corrosion- • Copper
• Mostly excavated from earth’s
METAL
Metals applications
resistant • Lead
Don’t contain (gutters, roofing, crust
• Malleable • Tin
Iron pipes)
• Lightweight • Zinc
INTRODUCTION | CLASSIFICATIONS | HISTORY C. FERROUS METALS | Iron, Steel, Stainless Steel
WHAT IS IRON?
Iron is a chemical element that forms much of earth’s outer and inner
core, as it’s the most common element of earth by mass, and it is
abundant as Iron Ores* in the earth’s crust.
*Iron ores: rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be
economically extracted
WHAT IS STEEL?
Steel is an alloy of iron with typically a few percent of carbon to improve
its strength and fracture resistance compared to iron. It has high tensile
strength, which makes it suitable for buildings construction.
METAL
WHAT IS STAINLESS STEEL?

Stainless Steel is a group of iron-based alloys that contain a minimum of
11% chromium, which prevents the iron from rusting and providing
heat-resistant properties.
D. FERROUS METALS | History
History of ferrous metals metallurgy:
The availability of materials and the mastery of their properties were key features in
human history. Following is a linked video that summaries the most important features
regarding the age of metals, followed by the history of ferrous metallurgy:
5000 BC Copper Age

3000 BC Bronze Age
2000 BC Iron Age
Click Here
METAL
• The history of ferrous metallurgy began far back in prehistory, most likely with the use
of iron from meteors.
• The smelting of iron in bloomeries began in the 12th century BC in India, Anatolia or
the Caucasus.
D. FERROUS METALS | History
• Iron use, in smelting and forging for tools, appeared in Sub-Saharan Africa by 1200 BC.
• The use of cast iron was known in the 1st millennium BC.
• During the medieval period, in Europe they produced wrought iron from cast iron (pig
iron) using finery forges. For all these processes, charcoal was required as fuel.
• Steel (with a smaller carbon content than pig iron but more than wrought iron) was
first produced in antiquity(the ancient past, especially the period before the Middle
Ages). New methods of producing it by carburizing bars of iron in the cementation
process were devised in the 17th century AD.
• In the Industrial Revolution, new methods of producing bar iron without charcoal
METAL
were devised and these were later applied to produce steel.
• In the late 1850s, Henry Bessemer invented a new steelmaking process, involving
blowing air through molten pig iron, to produce mild steel. This and other 19th
century and later processes have led to wrought iron no longer being produced.
METAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL AND IRON
A. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
A.1 Iron and Steel Comparison
A.2 Carbon Content of Ferrous Metals
B. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
C. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
A.1 Iron and Steel Comparison
Physical properties include the following:
Thermal conductivity: Is a measure of a material's ability to conduct heat

Specific heat: Is the amount of heat required for a single unit of mass of a substance to be
raised by one degree of temperature
Melting point: Is the temperature at which metal changes its state from solid to liquid
Density: Is a measure of mass per volume
Ultimate tensile strength: Is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being
stretched or pulled before breaking
Yield Stress: indicates how much force needs to be applied to an object to cause it to
METAL
change from elastic deformation to plastic deformation

Material Thermal Specific heat Melting point Density (UTS) Yield stress
conductivity J/Kg ◦C Kg/m3 tensile (M Pa)
kW/mk
Iron 74 460 1537 7860 285-185 200-40
Steel 52-15 502-448 1532-1371 9130-6920 1750-415 1725-205
The quantity of carbon alloyed in iron has a great influence on the physical
properties of the metal.
Wrought Iron ‫الحديد المطاوع‬

• Wrought iron contains only about 0.02% of carbon.
• It was made by re-melting and oxidizing pig iron in a furnace. The process was
continued until all the high carbon content of the pig iron had been burnt off to
produce a pasty wrought iron.
• Wrought iron has a high melting point, approaching 1540◦C. So, it cannot be welded
METAL
or cast.
• It has high tensile strength of about 350MPa.
• It is ductile and easily worked or forged when red hot, so it’s suitable for crafting into
ornamental ironwork, because of its greater resistance to corrosion than steel.
• Production had stopped and modern wrought iron is recycled old material.
PROPERTIES OF STEEL AND IRON A.2 Carbon Content of Ferrous Metals
Cast Iron ‫حديد الصب‬

• Cast iron contains 2% carbon in iron.
• It is manufactured by the carbonizing of pig iron and scrap with coke in a furnace.
• The low melting point of around 1130◦C and its high fluidity when molten, give
rise to its excellent casting properties but, unlike wrought iron, it cannot be hot
worked and is generally a brittle material.
• It is corrosion resistant and used for boiler castings, street furniture and
METAL
traditional rainwater goods.

• Manhole covers, made from largely recycled grey cast iron are heavy but brittle.
Steels ‫الفوالذ‬
• A wide range of steels are commercially available reflecting the differing properties
associated with:
1. carbon content
2. various heat treatments
3. alloying components
• Carbon contents of steels range typically between 0.05% and 1.7% and this alone is
reflected in a wide spectrum of physical properties.
➢ Extra-low carbon steel (<0.02%) and ultra-low-carbon steel (<0.01%), with
carbon contents similar to that of traditional wrought iron, are used for
METAL
high formability and drawing applications.

➢ Low carbon (0.05–0.15%) and mild steels (0.15–0.25%) are relatively soft
and can be subjected to extensive cold working.
➢ Medium-carbon steels (0.25–0.5%), which are often heat treated, are hard
wearing.
➢ High-carbon steels (0.5–0.9%) and carbon tool steels (0.9–1.7%) exhibit
increasing strength and wear resistance with increasing carbon content.
B. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Steel has the following properties:

Durability )‫(المتانة‬
Steel is a long-lasting and durable material, it is used in structures (buildings, railway
lines, bridges), and it is resistant to wear, which makes it suitable for use in (machines
and equipment(.
Ductility (‫)الليونة‬
Steel It can be stretched and drawn out into thin wires (wire fences) or pressed into
different shapes (auto body panels(
Malleability )‫(الطواعية‬
METAL
It can be rolled into thin sheets, rod, bar or beams (roofing, structural) or forged into
different shapes (gears, tools.(
Strength )‫(القوة‬
It is very strong and resistant to fracture (building frames, security doors, trains, ships(
C. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Adding other materials to steel can improve its properties

Coating
Steel can be coated with different substances, like tin, plastics, or paint. For example,
ZINCALUME steel has a protective coating of a Zinc-Aluminum alloy to protect it from the
weather.
Alloying
Stainless steel contains the elements: chromium, nickel and molybdenum to make it
resistant to rust.
METAL
Additions
For example, Manganese is added to increase toughness.
For example, tungsten and cobalt are added to steel for rods to keep it strong even
under heat
MANUFACTURING INGREDIENTS, PROCESS, TREATMENTS
A. INGREDIENTS OF STEEL PRODUCTION
B. PROCESS OF STEEL PRODUCTION

B.1 Manufacturing Pig Iron
B.2 Manufacturing Steel
B.3 Casting Steel
C. HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL
D. FIRE PROTECTION OF STEEL

D.1 Weathering Steel
D.2 Stainless Steel
E. FERROUS ALLOYS
F. COATED STEEL
A. INGREDIENTS OF STEEL PRODUCTION
Iron Ores, are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically
extracted.
Cokes, is a grey and hard fuel with a high carbon content, which is used in iron ore
smelting.
Limestone, is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock, which is used to remove impurities from
the blast furnace when making iron.
Blast Furnace, A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce
industrial metals, generally pig iron.
B.1 MANUFACTURING PIG IRON
Pig Iron is an intermediate product of the iron industry in the production of steel, also known as
crude iron, which is obtained by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace
Raw materials for iron production are extracted from Iron Ores by
charging it with coke and limestone into the top of a blast furnace.
A hot air blast with oxygen is fed into the base of the furnace to heat
it, converting the coke into CO2, which reduces the iron oxide to iron.
The molten metal collects at the bottom of the furnace.
The limestone forms a liquid slag*, floating on the surface of the
molten iron.
At this stage, the iron is only 90–95% pure with Sulphur, Phosphorus,
Manganese and Silicon as impurities and a carbon content of 4–5%.
*Slag: stony waste matter separated from metals during the smelting or refining of ore
B.2 MANUFACTURING STEEL
Basic Oxygen Process
is used for the manufacture of bulk quantities of standard-grade steels in a refractory lined steel.
Scrap metals are loaded into the tilted furnace, followed by
the hot metal directly from the blast furnace.
A water-cooled lance is then lowered to blow high-pressure

oxygen into the converter to burn off impurities and reduce
the excess carbon content while raising the temperature.
Lime is added to form a floating slag* to remove further

impurities and alloying components are added to adjust the
steel composition, prior to tapping.
The furnace is inverted to run out any remaining slag*, prior

to the next cycle.
*Slag: stony waste matter separated from metals during the smelting or refining of ore
B.2 MANUFACTURING STEEL
Electric Arc Process
Is used in the production of high-quality special steels, particularly stainless steel.
This process uses a refractory-lined hearth, covered by a removable roof, through which graphite
electrodes can be raised and lowered.
Scrap metal is charged into the furnace, the roof is closed, and the electrodes are lowered to near
the surface of the metal.
A powerful electric current is struck between the electrodes, and the metal heats up to melting
point.
Lime and fluorspar are added to form a slag, and
oxygen is blown into the furnace to complete the
purification process.
The furnace is tilted to tap off the metal, to which
appropriate alloying components may then be
added.
B.3 CASTING STEEL
Most steel is now directly poured and cast into continuous Billets or Slabs, which are then cut to
appropriate lengths for subsequent processing.
Billets of Steel Continuous Casting

MANUFACTURING INGREDIENTS, PROCESS, TREATMENTS B.3 CASTING STEEL
Hot-Rolled Steel
Sheet steel is produced by passing hot slabs at approximately 1250◦C through a series of
computer-controlled rollers which reduce the thickness to typically between 1.5 and 20mm prior
to water cooling and coiling.
Steel sections such as universal beams and columns, channels and angle are rolled from hot
billets through a series of stands to the appropriate section.
Sheets Steel Steel Sections

MANUFACTURING INGREDIENTS, PROCESS, TREATMENTS B.3 CASTING STEEL
Cold-Rolled Steel
Cold-Rolling Sheet steel gives a good surface finish and increase the tensile strength.
Light round sections may be processed into steel for concrete reinforcement, whilst coiled sheet
may be converted into profiled sheet or light steel sections.
Sheets Steel Steel Sections

The physical properties of steels can be modified by various heat treatments which involve
heating to a particular temperature followed by cooling under controlled conditions.
1. Hardening
• Rapidly quenched steel, cooled quickly from a high temperature in oil or water, thus
retaining the high temperature crystalline form, is hard and brittle.
2. Annealing and Normalizing

• Softening of the hard steel, by recrystallisation, which relieves internal stresses within the
material and produces a more uniform grain structure.
• For Annealing, the steel is reheated and soaked at a temperature of 650◦C, then cooled
slowly at a controlled rate within a furnace or cooling pit. This produces the softest steel for
a given composition.
• With Normalizing, the steel is reheated to 830–930◦C for a shorter period and then allowed
to cool more rapidly in air.
3. Tempering
• Reheating the steel to a moderate temperature (400–600◦C), followed by cooling in air,
reduces the brittleness, allowing some recrystallisation of the metal.
4. Carburizing
• Components may be case hardened to produce a higher carbon content on the outer
surface, while leaving the core relatively soft, thus giving a hard-wearing surface. It involves
heating the components surrounded by charcoal to 900◦C for several hours.
D. FIRE PROTECTION OF STEEL
The fire protection of structural steel may be approached either by the traditional method
involving the application of insulation materials with standard fire resistance periods or by a
structural fire engineering method.
1. Applied Protection
• In which the steel structure is coated with various types of insulations,
like sprayed protection and board protection
2. Fire Engineering
• Fire-Engineered solutions calculate the severity of a potential fire
based on many factors, such as the enclosure fire loads, the
ventilation rates, and the thermal characteristics.
• The stability of the structural member is predicted based on the steel
grade, loading, and structural restraint
• Those calculations help determine whether additional fire protection Structural steelwork
is required and at what level to give the required fire resistance period typical fire-protection systems
E. FERROUS ALLOYS
D.1 Weathering Steel
Weathering steels are structural steels which have
been alloyed with small proportions of:
• Copper 0.25%-0.55%
• Silicon
• Manganese
• Chromium
• Vanadium or Phosphorus
The alloying has the effect of making the naturally

formed brown rust coating on the surface, preventing
further loss by spalling.
Weathering steels are used for structural, cladding Corten weathering steel
applications, and for sculptural works of art.
E. FERROUS ALLOYS
D.2 Stainless Steel
• Stainless steels are a range of alloys containing at least 10.5% chromium.
• The corrosion resistance of the material is due to the natural passive film of chromium oxide which
immediately forms over the material in the presence of oxygen. If the surface is scratched or damaged,
the protective film naturally reforms.
• The corrosion resistance is increased by the inclusion of nickel and molybdenum as additional alloying
components.
• The standard grades used within construction are:
➢ 18% chromium, 10% nickel, suitable for use in rural and lightly polluted urban sites
➢ 17% chromium, 12% nickel, 2.5% molybdenum, for use within normal urban, marine and
industrial environnements.
➢ Ferritic stainless steel containing only chromium, with a reduced corrosion resistance, is
appropriate for internal building use where corrosion is a less critical factor.
E. FERROUS ALLOYS
D.2 Stainless Steel
• Its durability is illustrated by the Lloyd’s Building.
• Stainless steel is widely used for roofing, cladding, interior and
exterior trim owing to its combined strength, low maintenance
and visual impact.
• The corrosion resistance of stainless steel also makes it
eminently suitable for masonry fixings, such as corbels, anchor
bolts, cavity wall ties and for concrete reinforcement.
F. COATED STEEL
MANUFACTURING INGREDIENTS, PROCESS, TREATMENTS To inhibit corrosion, steel may be coated with metallic or organic finishes. Metallic finishes include zinc,
zinc-iron alloy, zinc-aluminum alloy, aluminum-zinc alloy, aluminum-silicon-alloy and aluminum.
All of which may be applied by hot-dipping of steel into the molten metal.
For general knowledge
Zinc-coated Steel
• The zinc coating of steel has for many years been a standard method for its protection against
corrosion.
• The zinc coating may be applied by hot-dipping or spraying with the molten metal, sherardizing in
heated zinc powder or electrolytically.
• In hot-dip galvanizing the steel is cleaned by pickling in acid followed by dipping in molten zinc at
450◦C.
• The zinc coating protects the steel by acting as a physical barrier between the steel and its
environment, and also by protecting the steel where it is exposed by cutting or surface damage.
• The durability of the coated steel is dependent on the thickness of the coating and the environment.
• Fixings for zinc-coated sheet should be carefully chosen to avoid accelerated corrosion.
• In particular, no copper or brass should make contact with either zinc or iron–zinc alloy coated steel.
• Other metals, such as lead, aluminum and stainless steel, have less serious effects in clean
atmospheres, but generally all fixings should be sealed and insulated by rubber-faced washers.
• Where damaged in cutting, fixing or welding, the zinc coating should be repaired with the application
of zinc-rich paint.
STEEL FOR ARCHITECTURE
A. STEEL STRUCTURE USES
B. STEEL FOR ARCHITECTURE
C. STEEL BUILDING IN THE WORLD
D. STEEL BUILDING IN JORDAN
E. REINFORCED CONCRETE
A. STEEL STRUCTURE USES
• FOUNDATIONS
• COLUMNS
• FALSE CEILING
• BALUSTRADE (HANDRAIL)
• TRUSSES
• STAIRS
• WINDOWS/DOORS
• WINDOWS/DOORS PROTECTION
• WITH REINFORCED CONCRETE
• WIRE FENCES
B. STEEL FOR ARCHITECTURE
Steel offers new solutions and opportunities, allowing architects to expand their artistic expression and
actually create some of the most challenging buildings they have designed in their minds. Today it provides
not only strength to buildings, but also beauty and drama - enhancements that are difficult or too costly to
produce with other materials.
Curving and bending is now possible in ways that were never thought possible before. Curves using steel
beams bent to a certain radius or segmented curves or combinations of both can create members that follow
the outlines of irregular facades, arches or domes.
Why use steel in architecture?

• Steel is used for light and heavy structural framing as well as a
wide range of building product such as windows, doors,
hardware, and fastenings.
• Steel is used for earthquake protection and sustainable
development
• Steel combines high strength and stiffness with elasticity
• Considering weight to volume, steel is among the strongest
materials with the least cost.
Walt Disney Concert Hall
Peter B. Lewis Building Atomium

Gehry Tower The Electric Kidney Bean

D. STEEL BUILDING IN THE JORDAN
The most common types of steel in Jordan are:

1. Grade 60 high tensile (steel with yield strength of 40Ksi)
2. Grade 40 mild steel (steel with yield strength of 60Ksi)
Common types of steel in Abdali Project Emaar Towers

Jordan
E. REINFORCED CONCRETE
CONCRETE STEEL
Concrete has high resistance to compression Steel has high resistance to tensile forces, and low
forces, and low resistance to tensile forces resistance to compression forces
STEEL + CONCRETE = REINFORCED CONCRETE

Reinforced concrete resists both compression and tensile forces
ALUMINUM INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY
A. INTRODUCTION OF ALUMINUM
B. HISTORY OF ALUMINUM
C. ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION
A. INTRODUCTION TO ALUMINUM
• Aluminum is a metallic element, and its structure is

similar to most other metals. It is malleable, and ductile
due to its polycrystalline structure.
• Aluminum has only been available as a construction
material for about a hundred years.
• It is of the most common metallic element in the earth’s
crust.
• Because of its durability, it is used widely in construction,
particularly for secondary components as shown in the
picture (the Faculty of Divinity building of the University
of Cambridge).
• Aero foil shaped shading systems manufactured from
extruded aluminum, either fixed or linked to an active
building management system, are standard features in
many new buildings.
B. HISTORY OF ALUMINUM
• Aluminum itself wasn't discovered or named until the early 1800's when Sir Humphrey Davy
established its existence, but even he was unable to actually make any. 10 years later a French scientist
discovered hard, red clay containing over 50% aluminum oxide.
• It was named bauxite (aluminum's most common ore).
• As aluminum is so combined in nature, and never occurs naturally, even up to this time no pure
aluminum had been produced.
• Aluminum is never found isolated in the Earth (due to its reactivity) but instead it is found bound to
other elements in compounds.
• Aluminum has only been available as a construction material for about a hundred years.
• The characteristics and properties of aluminum as a material have led to revolutionary and innovative
changes in building techniques and architectural and engineering projects.
• Aluminum is leading the way into the future of the construction industry.
CLICK HERE
C. ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION
• Aluminum is arguably the most environmentally friendly building material.

• It is one of the most abundant (available) metal on Earth.
• After oxygen and silicon, aluminum is the third most common element, making up 8% of the earth's
crust.
• Aluminum is recyclable
• Aluminum is non-toxicity, meaning that aluminum is safe for plants, animals and humans
MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND PROPERTIES
A. MANUFACTURING OF ALUMINUM
B. PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM
B.1 Durability
B.2 Recyclability
B.3 Contact with other building materials
C. ALUMINUM ALLOYS
• Aluminum is extracted from the ore bauxite, an impure form of aluminum oxide or alumina.
ALUMINUM PROCESS AND PROPERTIES
1. The Bauxite is available in West Africa, Australia and the West Indies.
2. The Bauxite is dissolved in caustic soda, filtered, reprecipitated to remove impurities and dried.
3. The pure alumina is then dissolved in fused cryolite (sodium aluminum fluoride) within a carbon-
lined electrolytic cell.
4. Electrolyzing of aluminum oxide produces oxygen and pure aluminum, which is tapped off
periodically and cast.
CLICK HERE
Manufacturing - General Notes:

• The process is highly energy intensive. For example, 63% of new aluminum used in the UK is from
recycled sources, which requires only 5% of the energy.
• Due to the ductility of aluminum, it can be extruded into complex shapes or drawn into wire.
• Forming and machining processes are easier than that of steel. Aluminum components may also be
formed by casting.
Cold and hot rolling

• Cast ingots or slabs are hot rolled at 500C into 5 mm coiled sheet, which subsequently can be cold
rolled into thinner sheet or foil.
• Low density: (2700 kg/m3)

• Light weight : means easier handling and reduced transport costs.

• Formability: means that architects have an infinite range of design possibilities. It can be cast, rolled
and forged as well as extruded to be formed into an unlimited number of shapes
• Durability
• High strength
• Recyclability
• Ductility
• Electrical Conductivity
• Fire resistance
• Non-magnetic
•
Weight:
Aluminum is one of the lightest metals with a density of 2700 kg/m3 compared to steel 7900
kg/m3.
• Tensile strength:
Standard-grade aluminum (99% pure) has a tensile strength between 70-140MPa, comparable
to the 410–560MPa for steel. This comparison is done on a strength-to-weight basis.
• Elasticity:
The elasticity for aluminum is only one third that of steel, so deflections will be greater unless
deeper sections are used.
• Melting and casting :
Physically, chemically, and mechanically, aluminum is a metal like steel, brass, copper, zinc, lead
or titanium. It can be melted, cast, formed and machined much like these metals
• Applications in Architecture:
It is particularly useful for applications where protection and conservation are required. Also,
building Aluminum is a product with unique properties, making it a natural partner for the
building industry.
B.1 Durability
• The durability of aluminum as a construction material is due to the protection afforded by natural
oxide film, which is always present on the surface of the metal.
• The aluminum oxide film, which is immediately produced when the surface of the metal is cut or
scratched, is naturally only 0.01 m thick, but may be thickened by the process of anodization*.
• Aluminum has a natural oxide film that provides resistance to corrosion and which reforms itself if
damaged.
*Anodization is the electrolytic oxidation of aluminum, a process used for the surface treatment of
aluminum. During this process, an oxidic protective layer is created on the metal by means of anodizing.
B.2 Recyclability
• In addition to their particularly long service life, aluminum construction industry products can either
be used after dismantling a building and recycling its elements, without any loss of the materials’
basic qualities and properties.
• The use of recycled aluminum also offers substantial energy benefits.
• Remolding used aluminum requires only 5 % of the energy needed to produce primary metal.
B. PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM
B.3 Contact with other building materials

• Dry cement-based materials do not affect aluminum, but the alkalinity of wet cement, concrete, and
mortar, causes rapid corrosion. Thus, where these materials make contact during the construction
process, the metal should be protected by a coating of bitumen paint.
• Anodized and particularly colored sections, such as glazing units, can be permanently damaged by
droplets of wet cement products, and should be protected on site by a removable lacquer or plastic
film.
• Under dry conditions aluminum is unaffected by contact with timber.
• Although aluminum is highly resistant to corrosion in isolation, it can be seriously affected by
corrosion when in contact with other metals like copper and copper-based alloys.
• It is safe to use stainless steel fixings or lead with aluminum, although zinc and zinc-coated steel
fixings are more durable.
C. ALUMINUM ALLOYS
• Alloys of aluminum are more useful than aluminum itself
• Using different materials in alloys gives slightly different properties, so alloys can be hand picked for their
specific job.
• There are three featured elements in aluminum alloys:
1. Manganese is often added to give increased strength and resistance to corrosion.

2. The addition of silicon lowers the melting point and improves cast ability.
3. And alloys with zinc have increased strength and hardness.
ALUMINUM AND ARCHITECTURE
A. USES AND APPLICATIONS

A. USES AND APPLICATIONS
• Aluminum extruded, rolled, and cast products are commonly used for:
• Window frames.
• Glazed structures.
• Roofing.
• Curtain walling.
• Cast door handles.
• Catches for windows.
• Staircases.
• Kitchen.
A. USES AND APPLICATIONS IN ARCHITECTURE
• Aluminum plays a very large part in the design and appearance of all types of buildings in
terms of the construction industry.
• From doors in homes to exterior curtain walling for giant skyscrapers, aluminum is an
important architectural feature.
• The usefulness of aluminum in architecture and building continues to grow through the
availability of new surface finishes, offering ever greater degrees of protection and an almost
limitless choice of colors.
• Aluminum siding (cladding) is also available with insulation and reflective foil backing, so
walls can be made weatherproof and energy-efficient.
• A layer of insulated aluminum siding is four times more effective than insulated wood siding,
four inches of brick or ten inches of stone masonry.

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BUILDING MATERIAL

INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATIONS, AND HISTORY STEEL FOR ARCHITECTURE

C. FERROUS METALS | IRON, STEEL, STAINLESS STEEL

D. FERROUS METALS | HISTORY

Classification Properties Applications Types Sources

WHAT IS STAINLESS STEEL?

5000 BC Copper Age

were devised and these were later applied to produce steel.

Thermal conductivity: Is a measure of a material's ability to conduct heat

change from elastic deformation to plastic deformation

properties of the metal.

Wrought Iron ‫الحديد المطاوع‬

Cast Iron ‫حديد الصب‬

traditional rainwater goods.

high formability and drawing applications.

Steel has the following properties:

Adding other materials to steel can improve its properties

B. PROCESS OF STEEL PRODUCTION

D. FIRE PROTECTION OF STEEL

A water-cooled lance is then lowered to blow high-pressure

Lime is added to form a floating slag* to remove further

The furnace is inverted to run out any remaining slag*, prior

Billets of Steel Continuous Casting

Sheets Steel Steel Sections

Sheets Steel Steel Sections

2. Annealing and Normalizing

The alloying has the effect of making the naturally

A. STEEL STRUCTURE USES

B. STEEL FOR ARCHITECTURE

C. STEEL BUILDING IN THE WORLD

D. STEEL BUILDING IN JORDAN

Why use steel in architecture?

Walt Disney Concert Hall

Peter B. Lewis Building Atomium

Gehry Tower The Electric Kidney Bean

The most common types of steel in Jordan are:

Common types of steel in Abdali Project Emaar Towers

forces, and low resistance to tensile forces resistance to compression forces

STEEL + CONCRETE = REINFORCED CONCRETE

• Aluminum is a metallic element, and its structure is

• Aluminum is arguably the most environmentally friendly building material.

Manufacturing - General Notes:

Cold and hot rolling

• Low density: (2700 kg/m3)

• Light weight : means easier handling and reduced transport costs.

• The use of recycled aluminum also offers substantial energy benefits.

B.3 Contact with other building materials

• Alloys of aluminum are more useful than aluminum itself

• There are three featured elements in aluminum alloys:

1. Manganese is often added to give increased strength and resistance to corrosion.

A. USES AND APPLICATIONS

terms of the construction industry.

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