A Review on Context Aware Prediction for
Human Performance
Fatin Shahirah Zulkepli
Faculty of Computing
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor
fshahirah2@live.utm.my
Abstract—The implementation of context is crucial in
monitoring human performance. Context can be describes as the
situation or environment of human undertaking certain activities.
Previous studies shows there are several factors affecting human
performance. The paper discusses several factors affecting human
performance from achieving Key Performance Index (KPI) targets
identified from previous studies. We believe these factors could be
classified into multiple contexts such as into human personal,
behavior and environmental context in order for us to predict
human performance. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to
review and discuss the context-aware research in order for us to
develop a context-aware based predictive framework for monitoring
human performance.
Keywords—key performance indicatior;context; context-
aware;context-aware prediction;human behaviour;
I. INTRODUCTION
. Key performance indicators (KPI) is one of the human
performance tools that assist a particular organization or
someone in monitoring their performance against the target set
by the management [37]. In Malaysia, universities which has
been given a status as Research University by the Ministry of
Education need to maintain their status for several beneficial
reasons. To maintain the status, these universities need to meet
certain KPI requirements. The number of publication
achievement is an important indicators which measure the
universities achieve its KPI. For example, publication is done
by the academician within respective universities. However,
some of the constraints to achieve the KPI targets set the
university’s management are weak publishing cultures, weak
reviewing practices, inadequate Ph.D. and others. This factor
gradually occurs because the targeted objectives need high
productivity from all the employees. In addition, there is no
systemic study or method in measuring human performance in
terms of contextual information especially in context-aware
prediction field.
This review paper is structured as follows: Section II
discussed in details regarding context aware research. We will
review numerous definitions of contexts and context-aware by
various researchers and come out with own definition. This is
followed by key performance indicators (KPI) in Section III.
In Section IV is all about human performance and how human
Roliana Ibrahim
Faculty of Computing
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor
roliana@utm.my
performance affecting KPI of an organization. While last but
not least, in Section V concludes the paper.
II. CONTEXT AWARE RESEARCH
A) Context
Context can be defined as the characters or elements of
an environment surrounding things like objects, applications
or gadgets [2,42] as well as people or the end users of
applications [31,35]. In addition, context may contains
parameters such as places [35], date, time, location,
orientation, the user’s emotional state [8] and personality [31].
[16] also define context as aspects of the on-going situation
which covers the whole environment
The definitions stated by Schilit et al. [34], Dey et al. [7]
and Pascoe [26] are almost similar in the operational definition
we seek off. Schilit et al. state that the important aspects of
context are: who is the person, where is the person, what is
he/her doing, why he/she doing and what resources are nearby.
Schilit also stated that context to be variable despite the
environment. They also stated and consider these followings
as environment:
III. CONTEXT AWARE RESEARCH
A) Context
First and foremost, we have to develop our own
interpretation and idea of context and context aware which can
be fit in the context aware predictive field. In order to have our
own definition, we will look at how researchers defined
context in their own work. According to Schilit and Theimer
[35], they define context as places, recognizes of nearby
objects and people, and objects alteration. In an identical
explanation, Dey et al. [8] discuss context as focus of
attention, date and time, the user’s emotional state, location
and orientation, objects, and people in the user’s environment.
In a different point of view, Brown et al. [1] refer context as
location, locating user and identifies of the character around
the end user, the duration of the day, climate, and season. On
top of that, Ryan et al. [31] define context as the character’s
area, surroundings, time and personality.
There are few explanations and definition that brings the
same definition for context; for instance; context referring as
the surroundings or atmosphere, some believe context is
referring to be the character’s environment, while the rest
acknowledge it to be the application’s environment. On the
other hand, Franklin and Flaschbart [12] state context as the
position of the character. In addition, Ward et al. [42] see
context as the case of the application’s surroundings. Besides,
according to Hull et al. [16] he views context as object covers
the whole environment by defining context to be aspects of the
on-going situation. Rodden et al. [30] define context to be the
default of particular application while Brown [2] describe
context to be the elements of the character’s surroundings that
character’s computer acknowledge.
After some analysis and discussion we found out the
definitions gave out by Dey et al. [7], Schilit et al. [34], and
Pascoe [26] are almost similar in the functional definition we
seek off. Schilit et al. state that what matters the most in
context are: who is the person, where is the person, what is
he/her doing, why he/she doing and what resources are nearby.
Schilit also stated that context to be variable despite the
environment. They also stated and consider these followings
as environment:
TABLE I. DEFINITON OF “CONTEXT” IN CONTEXT-AWARE
Categories Context
Physical context - Noise, lighting, traffic
condition, temperature
User context - Location, social, situation, user
profile
Computing context - Network connectivity
- Communication cost,
communication bandwidth
- Nearby resource
The definitions of context by Schilit et al. can understand
more by referring to figure 1.
WHO IS THE PERSON?
WHERE IS THE PERSON?
WHAT IS HE/HER DOING?
WHY HE/SHE DOING SO?
INPUT OUTPUT
CONTEXT-
AWARENESS
APPLICATIONS
Figure 1: Definition of context by Schilit et al.
Moreover, Dey et al. stated that context can be classified
as emotional, user’s physical, informational state, or social.
Last but not least, Pascoe describe context to be the conceptual
and physical condition of interest to distinct entity. The three
previous point of view and definitions are quite detailed and
specific. The flaw of these stated definitions is we can’t list
out which aspects of context fit in the current issues of this
research as all these requirements will dynamically change
from time to time, according to the situation.
Based on the previous definition of context, we found
defining context through prototype is hard to apply. It is also
hard to decide whether unlisted of information in the
definition is context or not, and it is still unclear on how we
can apply the definition and solution to figure out the
problems. In a nutshell, based on our research and
requirements, we define context as information or data which
can be applied to distinguish the environment and status of an
object. We can describe an object as a character, location,
position, job, age or factors that considered compatible to the
interaction between an application and an user, including the
user and application themselves.
B) Context-Aware
First and foremost, past researchers have multiple
definitions of context-aware from different perspectives.
According to Dey [7], Dey limits context-awareness to the
human-computer interface, as opposed to the underlying
application. While according to Pascoe et al. [26,27] and Hull
et al. [16], both of them defined context-aware as the
capability of computing tools to sense and detect, processing
and reflect to aspects of a character’s current surroundings and
the computing tools themselves.
Context-aware has other similar with other terms such as
environment-directed [10], situated [16], context-sensitive
[29] and responsive [9]. The context-aware definitions are
divided into two groups; applying context and adapting to
context. On the other hand, Salber et al [32] characterize
context-aware as the capability to supply utmost adaptability
of a context-aware computational service based on real-time
sensing of current context.
Context-aware back then were discussed by Schilit [34],
Ward [42], Korteum [19] contain similar definition which they
discussed context-aware applications to be a variable functions
that constantly changed or adapting their action based on the
context of the application and the character. In addition,
Brown [2], see context-aware as applications that naturally
give data and take actions accordingly based to character’s
current context as detected by sensors. In more specific
discussion, Ryan [31] state context-aware as an operations that
control data from environment sensors and grant permission to
characters to select from a range of logical and physical
contexts according to their personal preferences. Last but not
least, Fickas et al [10] see context-aware as applications that
control difference in the environment and fit their operation
based on the user guidelines.
 Based on our research and requirements, we personally
defined context-aware as a scheme which practice context to
serve applicable data and information or services to the user,
where the priority of the data is set itself by the user’s based
on user’s personal preferences.
C) Context-Aware Existing Works
Context-aware techniques and works has been
implemented in many fields and disciplines such as; web
services (Van Woensel et al., 2011), tourism (Van Setten et
al., 2004), social media (Liu and Aberer, 2013),
communication (Sudha et al., 2007), advertisement (Dao et al.,
2012) and etc. Previous researchers have also identified
‘context aware as a key enabling technology for pervasive
computing’ (Ramesh et al., 2014). Context-aware has
significant relationship with human and environment; hence
its classification in user context, computing context, physical
context (Dey et al., 2001; Ramesh et al., 2014). The following
table II shows some of the context aware existing works found
throughout this research study.
Leach et al., Unsupervised Inherent problems of detecting
2014 context-aware human behavioural anomalies in
process crowd surveillance environment.
D) Context-Aware Prediction
Firstly, predictive analytic composes from multiple
statistical techniques and actions such as data mining, machine
learning, and modelling that examine current and past facts to
make predictions about future or unknown period of time or
events. In addition, predictive analytic also aimed at
understanding behavioural patterns of users.
In relation with this research, the main source of data for
these predictive analytics is user’s profiles and user’s
performance. Understanding user’s performance patterns is an
important component of predictive analytics. Predictive
analytics application is naturally sensitive to context. The
user’s performance may change depending on the context and
potentially within the context. Thus by applying the prediction
models with context management mechanisms are expected to
make the model more specialized and predictive analytics
more accurate and reliable.

TABLE II. CONTEXT AWARE EXISTING WORKS

A conceptual reference model and their respective
explanation is shown as below. Conceptual reference model is
Author Domain Brief Description a mock-up of the conceptual reference model for a context
aware prediction system equipped with change detection
Schilit et’al, 1994 Prototype Content adaptation potential to
development cause distraction to users due mechanism that contains three main stages: (re)training
various changes. process, predicting process, and change detection process as
shown at figure 2[24].
Schilit and Theimer Multicast Inappropriate information
1994 distributions from active server
to the users.

Dey et’al SE using OOA Difficulty in the usage of the

2001 context for identifying the
behaviour of an application.

Gui et al., Run-time application Less design time knowledge on

2005 methodology the run-time entities, Inadequate
knowledge for run-time accuracy
and correct run-time adaption.

Sama et al., Classification Rapid acceleration of prevention

2010 for driving. The need for the fast
riving condition application.

Gu et al., Ontology using web Inherent issues of sematic

2011 ontology language representation of context Figure 2: Context Awareness in Predictive Analytics:
reasoning, classification and Process Interaction
dependency.

Chang et al., Mobile devices Inherent nature of environmental

2012 changes leading to accidents and
disasters in an environment.
Importance of knowing why it
occurs and how to prevent.

Kiselava et al., Predictive web Inherent problem of context

2013 analytic discovery and integration.

Hoyos et al., Model Driven Problem of interaction of context

2013 Development using language, high-level
abstraction for building platform
independent models, and reuse

Figure 3: Predicting Process (Context-aware
predictions)
The main focus of this subtopic is to discuss in detail
about process number two which is predicting process. In this
predicting process, there are two level decision making
involve for a given object, Xj has two steps;
i. The individual predictor Li ( or a combination)
is selected Li = H(G(C)),
ii. The decision is made using Li as the predictor yj
= Li(Xj).
Firstly, the contextual category of a new instance is
determined; then the corresponding predictor is applied to this
new instance. The first level can be seen either as a switch
mechanism from one context to another at an instance level or
generally as a context identification mechanism. In this
research study, we can consider object, Xj is a character or
profile in this process. Based on the diagram, the Xj
(character/profile) has their respective features Fjp. These
predictive features are differing according to the character
environment. Hence, these research studies aim is to predict
the outcome,(Li) of an Xj under two different situations, which
are according to predictive features(Fjp) and based on the
contextual features(Fjs) despite dynamic environment.
There are few strong reasons why context-aware
predictive analytics was chosen to apply in this study because
context-aware predictive goes beyond anytime and anywhere
data. These will give a whole new experience to the users. If
we apply this concept widely in this world, users can predict
and receive the right information, anytime, anywhere and on
the right device.
IV. KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (KPI)
Key Performance Indicators (KPI) is quantitative
evaluation and a supervise tool to find out how well something
is working. Each organization have difference KPI, according
to their goal and objectives [39]. In addition, KPI also serves
measurement devices on how we look at particular
organization and to know how well our organization is doing.
Before KPI was invented, there are many other ways in every
department to measure aspect of what they do so they can see
how well they are performing. Let’s take a look at a
Distribution centre, for example, they might measure punctual
and item delivery. And for Sales department, which are
measured and monitored regularly, tell us how well a store,
salesperson, area or region is performing.
There are two groups of employees divided in higher
institutions of learning such as universities which is the
academic staff and non-academic staff. These two groups is a
result of the objective of research and teaching that the
universities pursue. An academic staff can be describes as
those in charge of the processes of research and teaching in
higher institution of learning. Academic staffs is defined as
Professor, Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer, Lecturer and
any members of staff of the university who are paid on
academic related scales. The status of a university is
influenced by the strength of its academic staffs; also clients
are attracted to a university because of the cosmopolitan of a
university academic staffs [36].
The need for every employee in institutions of higher
learning specifically academic staff of public universities in
Malaysia to deliver their KPI targets has both positive and
negative impacts. Past history has shown that the employees
who are failed to fulfil the KPI requirements results of many
influential factors affecting the delivery process. According to
[39], education centre have to seek a path along which
developmental activities can progress while enhancing quality
of employee’s life and ensuring the KPI delivery processes on
which both institutions and their employees depend.
By owning particular KPI for every employee will allow
employee’s frequent timely and consistent feedback, based on
facts and data not on personal opinion. This in return will
allow employers to recognize their staff member’s effort,
reward their achievement and celebrate their success.
Employers also are able to help their employees establish new
career opportunities based on their knowledge, skills and
achievements. One of the advantages of having measurement
tools is allows all of us to think and judge based on facts
rather than believing in the world of opinion. That is why all
the organizations are advisable to use KPI as an indicator.
With the absent of data, all of us are just another person with
an opinion towards each other. Other than that, another reason
for having individual KPI is that all of us will be measured
before it gets done. People will make it a priority to do the
things they are going to be measured on based on the natural
human nature behaviour. We can conclude that KPI are not
just measures of performance, KPI will tell us what we must
do in order to achieve goals and to improve organization.
Besides that, with the presence of KPI, it will stop them
establish bad habits; for instance spending most of their time
and tasks they enjoy or find easy but are not critical to the
success of the businesses.
A) Key performance indicators (KPI) in Educational Field productivity from all the academic staff. In addition, there is
no fundamental study or method in measuring human
performance in terms of contextual information especially in
Academic staff information holds a lot of information that context-aware predictive analytics. Failure to achieve these
can be mined for useful patterns. In academic disciplines field, targeted goals frequently happens since the targeted objectives
predicting academic performance has long been a very require maximum cooperation from the academic staff. In
important research topic. There is lack of research topic and higher learning institutes, the academic staffs acknowledge of
study in predicting human behaviour in educational filed, the KPI relation with their career aspirations. Besides, they
however there is a few related research topic on predicting also agree that KPI are coordinate and in line with their job
student academic performance. Performance measurements prospects.
are formally regarded to be on financial aspects of
organizations. But instead of focusing on financial measures Past researchers have been identified constraints on issues
only, several organizations employed the use of non-financial of scholarly publication among the academic staffs, in as well
measures such as KPI. According to Dahan, H., M. (2007), he as they failed to reach KPI targets set by the university
identifies some characteristics of KPI based on educational management. Based on table 3, we already classified factors
field criteria which include;
on the issues of scholarly publication according to few
researchers that we found before.
 A KPI should lead a plan for improvement. This is
when the overall target contributes to the TABLE III. CONSTRAINTS ON ACHIEVEING SCHOLARLY
organizational development. PUBLICATION
 A KPI are to be regularly reviewed and updated.
 KPI make organization management to react. The Author Identified Constraints
final outcome of a KPI should be able to trigger
Lillydahl, J. H., & Singell, L. D. . - Academic staffs who publish
changes and make the decision makers to do (1992) infrequently will having
something in order to improve the situation. trouble in keeping time-track
 KPI involve all the employees understanding who are or late in promotion after
required to take corrective actions identified in KPI being employed
results. Little, S. G. - The competence of publication
 KPI are specified to an individual or team; but the (1997) among the academic staffs
best way to manage KPI is when there is a KPI
owners. Flowerdew, J. - Lack medium to voice out
(1999) personal opinion
 KPI have a remarkable impact on organization. It - Language barrier hence takes
leads the direction of an organization in achieving longer time to complete
their goals and targets. writing in English
- Less rich vocabulary
- Face hardship in making
The practice of KPI helps organizations in quantifying claims for the research with the
the achievement of a result, in order to know what works and suitable amount of effort.
what does not. Usually KPI are selected from organization - Limited writing style
- The main problematic parts of
performance indicators and then be enforced as key to specific scholarly articles are the
initiative [36]. An academic organization for instance may introductions and discussions
decide to consider several key performance indicators, for
example, the rate of student graduation, scholarly publication McGrail, M. R., Rickard, C. M., - Lack acknowledgement on the
& Jones, R. (2006) name list of journals as to
and citations and so on in order to achieve their targets and where they can comply their
objectives. work
- Culture and implementation of
writing
V. HUMAN PERFORMANCE
Joy, S. - Time management
(2006) - The efficiency in writing effects
The implementation of key performance indicators (KPI) in almost each vital employees
in an institute of higher learning (IHL) organizational choices at research universities
educational institute aims to improve the targeted objectives - Workloads
and goals to develop rise in paper publication. The use of KPI
Claire Aitchisona, A.L. - Language barrier
in an organization is to boost targeted objectives then will (2007) - Time limitation to complete
added most value to the organization. However, such targeted writing and reviewing each
objectives are not always achieved due to some influential paper
circumstances affecting their realization. Some of the - University set high benchmark
constraints are weak publishing cultures, weak reviewing to be fulfil by academic staff
practices, inadequate Ph.D. and others. This constraint
Golive., I. - Difficulties in writing in
gradually occurs because the targeted objectives need high
(2012) English since English as a [8] Dey, A.K., Abowd, G.D., Wood, A. CyberDesk: A Framework for
global lingua franca Providing Self-Integrating Context-Aware Services. Knowledge-Based
- Trouble in choosing Systems, 11 (1999) 3-13
appropriate journal to submit. [9] Elrod, S., Hall, G., Costanza, R., Dixon, M., des Rivieres, J. Responsive
- Less experience and less Office Environments. CACM 36(7) (1993) 84-85
exposure in writing especially
[10] Fickas, S., Korteum, G., Segall. Z. Software Organization for Dynamic
in young researchers and Adaptable Wearable Systems. 1st International Symposium on
Wearable Computers (1997) 56-63
Sharanjit K.D, Roliana I, Ali S - Inadequate acknowledgement
(2013) of the article genre [11] Flowerdew, J. (1999). Problems in Writing Scholarly Publication in
- Weak publishing cultures English:The Case of Hong Kong. Journal of Second Language Writing.
- Shortage of Ph.D groundwork [12] Franklin, D., Flaschbart, J. All Gadget and No Representation Makes
for article publishing Jack a Dull Environment. AAAI 1998 Spring Symposium on Intelligent
- Poor analysing skills Environments, Technical Report SS-98-02 (1998) 155-160
- Lack of command on research [13] Golive., I. (2012). Five Key Issues in Academic Writing: Writing
methods Scholarly Articles in English. Retrieved Dec 6, 2014 from
- Weak understanding of the http://goliveindonesia.wordpress.com/2012/02/27/five-key-issues-in-
reviewing protocols. academic-writing-writing-scholarly-articles-in-english/
[14] Gu, T., Pung, H. K. and Zhang, D. Q. (2005). A Service-Oriented
Middleware for Building Context-Aware Services. Journal of Network
and Computer Applications. 28(1), 1-18
In this research study, we are trying to predict KPI of [15] Gui, N., De Florio, V., Sun, H. and Blondia, C. (2011). Toward
academics staff based on human performance in a context- Architecture-Based Context-Aware Deployment and Adaption. Journal
aware environment. One of the issues that we are trying to of Systems and Software. 84(2), 185-197
highlight is how to measure human performance since human [16] Hull, R., Neaves, P., Bedford-Roberts, J. Towards Situated Computing.
performance is a subjective data and it is always changing 1st International Symposium on Wearable Computers (1997) 146-153
following its situation. [17] Joy, S. (2006). What Should I be doing, and where are they doing it?
Scholarly productivity of academic psychologist. Perspectives on
Psychological Science.
VI. CONCLUSION [18] Kiselava, J. (2013). Context Mining and Integration into Predictive Web
Analytics. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World
Wide Web companion. 383-388
In this review paper, we have discussed in detail about
[19] Korteum, G., Segall, Z., Bauer, M. Context-Aware, Adaptive Wearable
context-aware research, context-aware existing works and also Computers as Remote Interfaces to “Intelligent” Environments. 2nd
context-aware prediction. We also briefly discussed its International Symposium on Wearable Computers (1998) 58-65
implementation towards our research study. Besides that, we [20] Leach, M. J., Sparks, e. P. and Robertson, N. M. (2014). Contextual
also discussed about KPI especially in educational field. Not Anomaly Detection in Crowded Surveillance Scenes. Pattern
to be forgotten, at the last part of this paper, we list down Recognition Letters. 44 71-79
constraints that prevent academic staff in achieving KPI of an [21] Lillydahl, J. H., & Singell, L. D. . (1992). Compression in faculty
organization. We try to foresee the relation between human salaries: An empirical evaluation of merit and market based adjustments.
The Journal of Socio-Economists.
performance and KPI and how human performance affecting
[22] Little, S. G. (1997). Graduate education of the top contributors to the
the KPI of an organization. school psychology literature: 11987-1998. School Psychology
International, 1.
References [23] Liu, X. and Aberer, K. (2013). Soco: A Social Network Aided Context-
Aware Recommender System. Proceedings of the 22nd International
conference on World Wide Web. 781-802
[1] Brown, P.J. The Stick e-Document: a Framework for Creating Context- [24] M.Pechenizkiy, A. Tsymbal, S. Puuronen, and D. W. Patterson. Feature
Aware Applications. Electronic Publishing ’96 (1996) 259-272 Extraction for Dynamic Integration of Classifiers. Fundam. Inform., 77
[2] Brown, P.J., Bovey, J.D. Chen, X. Context-Aware Applications: From (3): 243-275, (2007)
the Laboratory to the Marketplace. IEEE Personal Communications, [25] McGrail, M. R., Rickard, C. M., & Jones, R. (2006). Publish or perish:
4(5) (1997) 58-64 A systemic review of interventions to increase academic publication
[3] Chang, H., Kang, Y., Ahn, H., Jang, C. and Choi, E. (2012). Context- rate. Higher Education Research & Development, 25
Aware Mobile Platform for Intellectual Disaster Alerts System. Energy [26] Pascoe, J. Adding Generic Contextual Capabilities to Wearable
Procedia. 16 1318-1323 Computers. 2nd International Symposium on Wearable Computers
[4] Claire Aitchisona, A. L. (2007), Research writing: problems and (1998) 92-99
pedagogies. Teaching in Higher Education. [27] Pascoe, J., Ryan, N.S., Morse, D.R. Human-Computer-Giraffe
[5] Dahan, H. M., Fook, C. Y., Jelas, Z. M., Sidhu, G. K., Singh, P., Omar, Interaction – HCI in the Field. Workshop on Human Computer
S. K. a., et al. (2007). Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for governance Interaction with Mobile Devices (1998)
of public universities in Malaysia Asian Centre for Research on [28] Ramesh, M. V., Shanmughan, A. and Prabha, R. (2014). Context Aware
University Learning and Teaching (ACRELEeT) Ad Hoc Network for Mitigation of Crowd Disasters. Ad Hoc Networks.
[6] Dao, T. H., Jeong, S. R. and Ahn, H. (2012). A Novel Recommendation 18 55-70
Model of Location-Based Advertising: Context-Aware Collaborative [29] Rekimoto, J., Ayatsuka, Y., Hayashi, K. Augument-able Reality:
Filtering Using Ga Approach. Expert Systems with Applications. 39(3), Situated Communication through Physical and Digital Spaces. 2nd
3731-3739 International Symposium on Wearable Computers (1998) 68-75
[7] Dey, A.K. Context-Aware Computing: The CyberDesk Project. AAAI [30] Rodden, T., Cheverst, K., Davies, K. Dix, A.. Exploiting Context in HCI
1998 Spring Symposium on Intelligent Environments, Technical Report Design for Mobile Systems. Workshop on Human Computer Interaction
SS-98-02 (1998) 51-54 with Mobile Devices (1998)
[31] Ryan, N., Pascoe, J., Morse, D. Enhanced Reality Fieldwork: the
Context-Aware Archaeological Assistant. Gaffney, V., van Leusen, M.,
Exxon, S. (eds.) Computer Applications in Archaeology (1997)
[32] Salber, D., Dey, A.K., Abowd, G.D. Ubiquitous Computing: Defining a
HCI Research Agenda for an Emerging Interaction Paradigm. Georgia
Tech GVU Technical Report GIT-GVU-98-01 (1998)
[33] Sama, M., Rosenblum, D. S., Wang, Z. and Elbaum, S. (2010). Multi-
Layer Faults in the Architectures of Mobile, Context-Aware Adaptive
Applications. Journal of Systems and Software. 83(6), 906-914
[34] Schilit, B., Adams, N. and Want, R. (1994). Context-Aware Computing
Applications. Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, 1994.
WMCSA 1994. First Workshop on. 85-90.
[35] Schilit, B., Theimer, M Disseminating Active Map Information to
Mobile Hosts. IEEE Network, 8(5) (1994) 22-32
[36] Sharanjit K, Roliana I, Ali S (2013) Constraints on Achieving Key
Performance Indicators for Scholarly Publications Among Academic
Staff: Case of A Malaysian Public University, 3rd International
Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems- 2013
(ICRIIS’13).
[37] Sharanjit K.D, Roliana I, Ali S (2013). Strategy Identification for
Sustainable Key Performance Indicators Delivery Process for Scholary
Publicaion and Citation (2013).
[38] Sudha,R., Rajagopalan, M., Sridevi, S. and Selvi, S. T. (2007). An
Efficient Context-Aware Coordination Model for Ubiquitous
Computing. Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking & Services,
2007. MobiQuitous 2007. Fourth Annual International Conference on.
1-6
[39] Suleiman I. S, Roliana I, Ali S, A Viable Approach to Key Performance
Indicators Delivery Process in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
[40] Van Setten, M., Pokraev, S. and Koolwaaij, J. (2004). Context-Aware
Recommendations in the Mobile Tourist Application Compass. Adaptive
hypermedia and adaptive web-based systems. 235-244
[41] Van Woensel, W., Casteleyn, S. and De Troyer, O. (2011). A Generic
Approach for on-the-Fly Adding of Context-Aware Features to Existing
Websites. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Hypertext and
hypermedia. 143-152
[42] Ward, A., Jones, A., Hopper, A. A New Location Technique for the
Active Office. IEEE Personal Communications 4(5) (1997) 42-47