NATIONAL PARKS

1. Anamudi Shola National Park is a protected area located along the Western Ghats of Idukki
district in Kerala state, India. It is composed of Mannavan shola, Idivara shola and Pullardi shola,
covering a total area of around 7.5 km². Draft notification of this new park was released on 21
November 2003.[1]
The park is administered by Munnar Wildlife Division, together with the nearby Mathikettan
Shola National Park, Eravikulam National Park, Pampadum Shola National Park, Chinnar Wildlife
Sanctuary and the Kurinjimala Sanctuary.[2] The Western Ghats, Anamalai Sub-Cluster, including
all of Eravikulam National Park, is under consideration by the UNESCO World Heritage
Committee for selection as a World Heritage Site.[3 The national park is a home for large number
of faunal and floral species. The park consists of some of the rarest types of plants and species
which are not found anywhere else.
The park provides safe and comfortable habitat to these wild species of flora and fauna. The
rich wildlife includes Elephant, Tiger, Nilgiri tahr, Gaur, Spotted Deer, Sambar, Grizzled Giant
Squirrel, Hanuman Langur, Sloth Bear, Flying Squirrels etc[5
2.
Balpakram National Park is a national park in the south of Garo Hills in Meghalaya, India,
located at an altitude of about 910 m (3,000 ft) close to the international border with
Bangladesh. It was inaugurated in December 1987 and provides habitat for barking deer, Asian
golden cat, Bengal tiger, marbled cat, wild water buffalo, red panda and Indian elephant.
Balpakram means 'land of the eternal wind' according to the myth of the Garo people.
Balpakram National Park is home to wide species of plants and animals. Its vegetation consists
of subtropical, grassland, bamboo forest, tropical deciduous trees and carnivorous plants like
the pitcher plant and Drosera.
Species recorded include Indian elephant, chital deer, wild water buffalo, red panda, Bengal
tiger, and marbled cat. The rivers and lakes in the wildlife reserve are home to various species
of birds.

The Central government of India has nominated the Garo Hills Conservation Area (GHCA),
straddling South and West Garo Hills district in Meghalaya, for a World Heritage Site, which
includes Balpakram National Park.[1][2] It has been listed in UNESCO World Heritage tentative list.
3. Bandhavgarh National Park is a national park of India, located in the Umaria district of
Madhya Pradesh. Bandhavgarh, with an area of 105 square kilometres (41 sq mi), was declared
a national park in 1968 and then became Tiger Reserve in 1993. The current core area is spread
over 716 square kilometres (276 sq mi). This park has a large biodiversity. The park has a large
breeding population of leopards, and various species of deer. Maharaja Martand Singh of Rewa
captured the first white tiger in this region in 1951. This white tiger, Mohan, is now stuffed and
on display in the palace of the Maharajas of Rewa. Historically villagers and their cattle have
been at a threat from the tiger. According to forest officials, there are more than 250 species of
birds, about 80 species of butterflies, a number of reptiles. Bandhavgarh National Park had a
small population of gaur, but due to disease passed from cattle to them, all of them died. The
project of reintroduction of gaurs dealt with shifting some gaurs from Kanha National Park to
Bandhavgarh. One of the biggest attractions of this national park is the tiger (Panthera tigris
tigris). Bandhavgarh has a very high density of tigers within its jungles. The 105 km 2 of park area
open to tourists was reported to have 22 tigers, a density of one tiger for every 4.77 km 2.
(Population estimation exercise 2001).
4. Raimona National Park is located in extreme western part of Assam, India. It is spread across
Gossaigaon and Kokrajhar subdivisions of Kokrajhar district of BTR.[1] It was declared a National
Park on 5 June 2021 by the announcement of Assam's Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma on
the occasion of World Environment Day at Gandhi Mandap, Guwahati. On 9th June 2021; it
became as National Park through an Assam Gazette Notification no.FRW.02/2021/27 dtd. 8th
June 2021. It is a part of a contiguous forest patch with an area of 422 km 2 (163 sq mi) covering
the northern part of the notified Ripu Reserve Forest (508.62 km 2 (196.38 sq mi)), which forms
the westernmost buffer to Manas Tiger Reserve in the foothills of Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity
Hotspot.[2]The present Raimona National Park was originally recommended as Ripu-Chirang
Wildlife Sanctuary being part of Ripu reserved forest and Chirang reserved forest being
adjacent a part of it was also mooted to be within. Those were made owing to its significance
for conservation of Asian elephants, gaur or Indian "bison" and golden langur, all of which have
large populations in the area.[3][4][5]It is also part of Chirang-Ripu Elephant Reserve
Raimona National Park is famous for golden langur, an endemic species (with Bhutan) which
has been named as the mascot of Bodoland region. It also has Asian elephant, Bengal tiger,
clouded leopard, gaur, chital, four to five species of hornbills, more than 150 species of
butterflies, 170 species of birds, 380 varieties of plants and orchids. [8] It is already on the global
map for being an important bird and biodiversity area. Being a moist deciduous and semi-
evergreen forest, this National Park is rich in biodiversity. It has four non-human primates, slow
loris, Assamese macaque, Rhesus monkey and capped langur.[10] Other noteworthy mammals
found in this national park includes Chinese pangolin, dhole or Asian wild dog, Himalayan black
bear, crab-eating mongoose, jungle cat, leopard cat, Asian golden cat, Bengal tiger, leopard,
clouded leopard, Asian elephant, gaur, Himalayan serow, sambar, chital, hog deer, barking
deer, crestless Himalayan porcupine and hispid hare.
5. Galathea National Park is a National Park located in the Union Territory of Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, India. It is located on the island of Great Nicobar in the Nicobar Islands, which
lie in the eastern Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal).
The total area of this park is some 110 square kilometres, and it was gazetted as a National Park
of India in 1992. Galathea forms part of what has been designated as the Great Nicobar
Biosphere Reserve, which also includes the larger Campbell Bay National Park, separated from
Galathea by a 12-km forest buffer zone.
Many unique and rare species of plants and animals are found in the park, a number of which
(owing to their relative geographical isolation) are endemic to the islands.
The vegetation consists largely of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests.

Notable animal species found in the park include the giant robber crab, megapode and Nicobar
pigeon.
From February to December, the largest turtle in the world, the leather back turtle
(Dermochelys coriacea), nests here.[1]

6. Anaimalai Tiger Reserve, earlier known as Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National
Park and as Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary, is a protected area in the Anaimalai Hills of Pollachi
and Valparai taluks of Coimbatore District and Udumalaipettai taluk in Tiruppur District, Tamil
Nadu, India. The Tamil Nadu Environment and Forests Department by a notification dated 27
June 2007,[3] declared an extent of 958.59 km2 that encompassed the erstwhile IGWLS&NP or
Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary, as Anaimalai Tiger Reserve under the Wildlife Protection Act,
1972. According to the National Tiger Conservation Authority, the Reserve presently includes a
core area of 958.59 km2 and buffer/peripheral area of 521.28 km2 forming a total area of
1479.87 km2.
Much of the original forest now contains introduced teak plantations. Bamboo stands and reed
beds occur in the natural forests. Tree cover is provided by Hopea parviflora, Mesua ferrea,
Calophyllum tomentosum, Vateria indica, Cullenia excelsa and Mangifera indica, Machilus
macrantha, Alstonia scholaris, Evodia meliaefolia, Ailanthus and Bombax ceiba and Eucalyptus
grandis. The area is home to Podocarpus wallichianus, a rare south Indian species of conifer.
Threatened species of mammals in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve include Bengal tiger, Indian
elephant, Indian leopard, dhole, Nilgiri tahr and lion-tailed macaque, Indian brown mongoose,
gaur, Malabar spiny dormouse, Nilgiri langur, rusty-spotted cat, sambar deer, sloth bear and
smooth-coated otter, Indian giant squirrel, Indian leopard and Indian pangolin.
Animals of least concern here include: golden jackal, leopard cat, jungle cat, chital, Indian
muntjac, Indian spotted chevrotain, wild boar, gray langur, bonnet macaque, Asian palm civet,
small Indian civet, Indian grey mongoose, striped-necked mongoose, ruddy mongoose, grey
slender loris, Indian giant squirrel, Indian crested porcupine, Indian pangolin, Indian porcupine
and Indian palm squirrel.
7. Marine National Park in the Gulf of Kutch is situated on the southern shore of the Gulf of
Kutch in the Devbhumi Dwarka district of Gujarat state, India. In 1980, an area of 270 km2 from
Okha to Jodiya was declared Marine Sanctuary. Later, in 1982, a core area of 110 km2 was
declared Marine National Park under the provisions of the Wildlife (protection) Act, 1972 of
India. There are 42 islands on the Jamnagar coast in the Marine National Park, most of them
surrounded by reefs. The best known island is Pirotan.
The fauna found here include: 70 species of sponges are found. Coral 52 species including 44
species of hard coral 10 species of soft coral and almost 90 species of birds.

A sea slug on the sea floor rock. As the sea recedes, the sea creatures are exposed to the harsh
sunlight before they retreat to deeper waters or take cover under rocks.
The western reef heron (dark morphed) on the prowl. The birds visit the Narara coasts during
low tide to pick on the fishes and crustaceans hiding beneath the rocks and reefs.
Jellyfish, Portuguese man of war and sea anemones are other coelenterates found here.
Arthropods include 27 species of prawns, 30 species of crabs, lobsters, shrimps and other
crustaceans. Molluscs like pearl oysters and sea slugs are present. Octopus which change colour
are also found. Echinoderms like starfish, sea cucumbers and sea urchins are present. The fishes
found are puffer fishes, sea horse, sting ray, mudskippers and whale sharks which are an
endangered species. Endangered sea turtles such as green sea turtles, olive ridleys and
leatherbacks are seen here. There are three species of sea snakes. There are dugongs and
smaller cetaceans like finless porpoises, common dolphins, bottlenose dolphins and Indo-Pacific
humpback dolphins.And many more species.
8. Mouling National Park is a national park located in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh,
spread primarily over the Upper Siang district and parts of the West Siang and East Siang
district. It was the second national park to be created in the state, after Namdapha National
Park in 1972.[1] The Mouling National Park and the Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary are located fully or
partly within Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve.
The area around Mouling National park is one of great bio-diversity, with a juxtaposition of
different biotopes, and is often called the state's cradle of biodiversity. With elevations ranging
from 400 m to over 3000 m in the park, it forms a transition zone between tropical forests at
lower altitudes to most temperate forest at altitudes above 2800 m.[2]
The overall inaccessibility due to poor or no roads and stories associated with the forest itself
have kept the core area of the national park relatively untouched by human activities. There
has been evidence of past practices of jhum cultivation, especially in the Northern and South-
eastern areas of the park.[3] Animals such as the takin, goral, Indian leopard, Bengal tiger,
barking deer, serow and red panda are living there.
The park is named after the nearby Mouling peak. Mouling is an Adi word which means red
poison or red blood, which is believed to be red latex from a tree species found locally. The area
is thought to have a large number of poisonous snakes, but this cannot be verified as the
ecology of the area has been sparsely explored.
9. Mukurthi National Park (MNP) is a 78.46 km2 (30.3 sq mi) protected area located in the
western corner of the Nilgiris Plateau west of Ootacamund hill station in the northwest corner
of Tamil Nadu state in the Western Ghats mountain range of South India. The park was created
to protect its keystone species, the Nilgiri tahr.
The park is characterised by montane grasslands and shrublands interspersed with sholas in a
high altitude area of high rainfall, near-freezing temperatures and high winds. It is home to an
array of endangered wildlife, including royal Bengal tiger and Asian elephant, but its main
mammal attraction is the Nilgiri tahr. The park was previously known as Nilgiri Tahr National
Park.
The park is a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India's first International Biosphere Reserve. As
part of the Western Ghats, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1 July 2012.
Several threatened mammal species live here including Nilgiri tahr, Indian elephant, Bengal
tiger, Nilgiri marten, Nilgiri langur and Bonhote's mouse
There are also leopard, bonnet macaque, sambar deer, barking deer, mouse deer, otter, jungle
cat, small Indian civet, wild dog, jackal, black-naped hare, shrew, Malabar spiny dormouse and
soft-furred rat.
Avifauna consists mostly of hill birds including the threatened laughingthrush, whistling thrush,
woodcock, wood pigeon, black-and-orange flycatcher, Nilgiri flycatcher, grey headed flycatcher
black bulbul, white-eye, Nilgiri pipit.
The area is home to many species of point-endemics among reptiles such as the geckos dwarf
gecko spp., Nilgiri salea (Salea horsfieldii) and the skink (Kaestlea bilineata) the snakes
horseshoe pit viper, checkered keelback, rat snake, Oligodon venustus, bronze-headed vine
snake and several shieldtails of which Perrotet's shieldtail is the most common.
the area is home to numerous endemic plants particularly of the scapigerous annual Impatiens
plants. Alchemilla indica and Hedyotis verticillaris are found only within or on the fringes of this
park.
Rhododendrons, Rhododendron arboreum the national flower of Nepal or Rhododendron
nilagiricum,[15] are seen throughout the grasslands and very large specimens are conspicuous
around many sholas.

WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
1.Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary is a sanctuary for birds, 759 km2 in area, located in the Nellore
district of Andhra Pradesh and a protected area of the Thiruvallur District of Tamil Nadu, India.
Pulicat Lake is the second largest brackish-water eco-system in India after Chilka lake in Orissa.[1]
The sanctuary's international name is Pulicat Lake Wildlife Sanctuary, IBA Code: IN261, Criteria:
A1, A4iii
The sanctuary has many greater flamingos.[1][4] It also attracts many migratory birds and also is a
feeding and nesting ground for aquatic and terrestrial birds such as pelicans, storks, etc. The
biodiversity of this lake attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors per year.
Pulicat Lake may disappear within 100 years by being filled up with silt.[5] Efforts by government
and private non-governmental organizations are working to halt lake destruction. The Art &
Architecture Research, Development and Education (AARDE) Foundation does regular activities
at Pazhaverkadu to create awareness on the vanishing lagoon.

2. Pakke Tiger Reserve, also known as Pakhui Tiger Reserve, is a Project Tiger reserve in the
Pakke Kessang district of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India. The 862 km2 (333 sq mi)
reserve is protected by the Department of Environment and Forest of Arunachal Pradesh. In a
notification (CWL/D/26/94/1393-1492) dated Itanagar 19 April 2001, issued by the Principal
Secretary, the Governor of Arunachal Pradesh renamed Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary as Pakke
Wildlife Sanctuary Division. This Tiger Reserve has won India Biodiversity Award 2016 in the
category of 'Conservation of threatened species' for its Hornbill Nest Adoption Programme
The area of Pakke Tiger Reserve was initially constituted as Pakhui Reserve Forest on 1 July
1966 and declared a game reserve on 28 March 1977. In 2001, it was renamed Pakhui Wildlife
Sanctuary and became Pakhui Tiger Reserve on 23 April 2002 as the 26th Tiger Reserve under
Project Tiger of the National Tiger Conservation Authority
The habitat types are lowland semi-evergreen, evergreen forest and Eastern Himalayan
broadleaf forests. A total of 343 woody species of flowering plants (angiosperms) have been
recorded from the lowland areas of the park, with a high representation of species from the
families Euphorbiaceae and Lauraceae.
At least 40 mammal species occur in Pakhui Tiger Reserve (PTR). Three large cats - the Bengal
tiger, Indian leopard and clouded leopard share space with two canids – the wild dog and
Asiatic jackal. Among the herbivore species, elephant, barking deer, gaur, and sambar are most
commonly encountered. The commonest monkeys are the Rhesus macaque, Assamese
macaque and the capped langur. In addition, PTR is home to as many as sixteen species of
viverrids, weasels and mongooses. Commonly seen in pairs is the yellow-throated marten.
Of the over 1500 butterfly species found in India, it is estimated that Pakke Tiger Reserve could
be home to at least 500 species.
3. Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary(1972) (Assamese: লাওখোৱা অভয়াৰণ্য) is protected area located
in the state of Assam in India. This wildlife sanctuary covers 70.13 km2, on the south bank of the
Brahmaputra River in Nagaon district,[2] It is situated 40 km downstream of the Kaziranga
National Park and 30 km northwest of the Orang National Park on the other side of the river
Brahmaputra.
It is a part of the Laokhowa-Burachapori eco-system. The sanctuary is an ideal habitat for Indian
rhinoceros and Asiatic water buffaloes. Other animals found here are the royal Bengal tiger,
Indian leopard, Indian boar, civet, leopard cat, hog deer, etc. Over 200 species of birds have
been recorded in the sanctuary, including migratory birds.[3]
Laokhowa had more than 70 Indian rhinos in early 1980s which were all killed by poachers. In
2016, two rhinos, a mother and her daughter, were reintroduced to the sanctuary from
Kaziranga National Park as part of the Indian Rhino Vision 2020 (IRV 2020) program, but both
animals died within months due to natural causes.[4]
It is open for tourists from the beginning of November to the end of April.[
4. Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary (also spelled Udaipur) is a wildlife sanctuary located in West
Champaran district of Bihar state, India. It was established in 1978, and covers an area of 8.74
km².
The wildlife sanctuary is predominantly wetland, located on an oxbow lake in the floodplain of
the Gandaki River. It is home to a variety of water birds, both resident and migratory. The
sanctuary has areas of swamp forest, dry riverine forest, and khair-sissoo forest (Acacia
catechu-Dalbergia sissoo).[1] It is in the Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests ecoregion.
The sanctuary has a rest house. The nearest town and railhead is Bettiah. The sanctuary is
under the authority of the Deputy Director of the Champaran Forest Division, headquartered in
Bettiah. This sanctuary is about half an hour from Bettiah wetlands.
5. The Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Mahasamund district. The reserve is about
100 km from Raipur and about 45 km from Mahasamund city. It was established in 1976 under
the Wildlife Protection Act.[1] The Jonk River flows through the sanctuary, which is a tributary of
the Mahanadi river. The sanctuary lies 25 km to the east of Sirpur, Mahasamund which is
known for its monuments, collectively known as Sirpur Group of Monuments.
The sanctuary is full with Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests and Bamboo is amongst the most
commonly spotted tree here. Sal, Mahua, Semal, Tendu Ber, Teak and other tropical dry
deciduous trees like Tendu, Terminalia, Mahua, Ber and Semal trees are also commonly found
in the reserve.[2
Wildlife of the sanctuary include Tigers, Sloth Bear, Flying Squirrels, Jackals, Four-horned
Antelopes, Leopards, Chinkara, Black Buck, Jungle Cat, Barking Deer, Porcupine, Monkey, Bison,
Striped Hyena, Wild Dogs, Chital, Sambar, Nilgai, Jackal, Gaur, Muntjac, Wild Boar, Cobra, and
Python. Recently wild buffalo were imported from Manas National Park for reintroduction in
the wild.[4] The sanctuary also has a large population of birds that include Peacock, Parrots,
Bulbul, White-rumped Vultures, Green Avadavat, Lesser Kestrels, Peafowl, Wood Peckers,
Racket-tailed Drongos, Egrets, and Herons. Bird watching in Barnawapara is one of the most
enjoyed and popular activities.[5]
There are a number of scenic waterfalls in the sanctuary, like Dhaskund waterfall, Siddhakhol
Waterfall, Nakuti Darha waterfall, etc. There are other tourist attractions, such as Gond
Nagarjuna caves, which the local Gondi people consider as sacred and have been worshipping
there. The Gonds call it 'Chanda Dai'. Once the Dalai Lama had come to meditate in this cave.
6. Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary is located in South-Eastern Goa, India.[1] It constitutes one of the
vital corridors of the Western Ghats and covers an area of about 211km2. Netravali or Neturli is
an important tributary of River Zuari, which originates in the sanctuary. Forests mostly consist
of moist deciduous vegetation interspersed with evergreen and semi-evergreen habitat; there
are also two all-season waterfalls in the sanctuary.
The sanctuary sustains a good mammal population due to its rich habitat and plenty of
perennial streams. Gaur or Indian Bison (Bos gaurus),[2] Malabar giant squirrel (Ratufa indica),[4]
four-horned antelope or chousingha (Tetracerus quadricornis), leopard (Panthera pardus),[4]
black sloth bear along with a host of other predators and herbivores find home in the
sanctuary. Birds like the rare Malayan night heron (Gorsachius melanolophus), Nilgiri wood
pigeon (Columba elphinstonii), great pied hornbill (Buceros bicornis),[4] grey-headed bulbul
(Pycnonotus priocephalus),[5] white-bellied blue flycatcher (Cyornis pallipes), Wynaad
laughingthrush (Garrulax delesserti), white-bellied treepie (Dendrocitta leucogastra), rufous
babbler (Turdoides subrufa) have been sighted many times in the sanctuary. The sanctuary is a
host for many rare butterfly species including the Malabar banded swallowtail (Papilio
liomedon), Malabar banded peacock (Papilio buddha), Malabar tree nymph (Idea malabarica),
southern birdwing (Troides minos), blue nawab (Polyura schreiber), black rajah (Charaxes solon)
and redspot duke (Dophla evelina).
7. Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary or Heerpora Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Shopian district of
Jammu and Kashmir, 70 km (43 mi)south of Srinagar.[1] It spreads over an area of 341 km2 (132
sq mi).[2] It is bounded to the north by Lake Gumsar, northeast by Hirpora village, east by Rupri,
south by Saransar and to the west by the Pir Panjal pass. The slopes are gentle to moderately
steep on the eastern aspect and very steep with many cliffs on the higher northern and western
aspect. The southern and southeastern portions are moderately steep. Heerpora wildlife
sanctuary is one of the beautiful wildlife sanctuary in Jammu and Kashmir.
The vegetation types present in the Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary include western mixed
coniferous forests, deciduous sub-alpine scrub forests and sub-alpine pastures. Western mixed
coniferous forest is dominated by Kail pine with spruce and fir (Abies pindrow) as its primary
associates. The West Himalayan sub-alpine forests are dominated by fir, while the deciduous
sub-alpine scrub is dominated by Himalayan birch (Betula utilis) and juniper (Juniperus
communis) with wild rose as an associate. The southeastern part has moderately open
coniferous vegetation dominated by Kail pine and associated with fir and spruce. The
vegetation of the more rocky and open northwestern portion is predominantly sub-alpine scrub
forest dominated by juniper and the Kail pine as an associated species. Man-made sub-alpine
pastures also occur in both north-western and south-eastern parts of the sanctuary
The Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary is an abode to many species of animals including the Himalayan
brown bear,[4] Himalayan black bear, musk deer, leopard, Tibetan wolf,[5] Himalayan palm civet[6]
and around 50 individuals the critically endangered Pir Panjal markhor.[7][8] Besides, 130 species
of birds including the spotted forktail, western tragopan,[1] rock bunting, rufous-breasted
accentor, Himalayan woodpecker, blue rock thrush, white-capped redstart, Himalayan griffon,
common stonechat, red-billed blue magpie and grey wagtail are found in the sanctuary.
The Mughal Road cuts through the Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary and is believed to inhibit the
movement of animals, especially the critically endangered Pir Panjal markhor.[9] The Sanctuary
has also been disturbed due to deforestation, excessive livestock grazing and construction of
permanent huts by the Gujjars, Bakerwals and local shepherds.[1]

8. Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area and tiger reserve as part of the Project Tiger,
situated in Chikkamagaluru district, 23 km (14 mi) south of Bhadravathi city, 38 km (24 mi) 20
km from Tarikere town, northwest of Chikkamagaluru and 283 km from Bengaluru city in
Karnataka state, India.[2] Bhadra sanctuary has a wide range of flora and fauna and is a popular
place for day outings. The 1,875 m (6,152 ft) above MSL Hebbe Giri is the highest peak in the
sanctuary.
Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is the biodiversity hotspot. Most of the area consists the wet
deciduous forest, moist deciduous forest and green forests.[5] Elevations ranging from 615 m
(2,018 ft) to 1,875 m (6,152 ft) above MSL allows a variety of ecotypes including the unique
shola forest/ mountain grasslands complex at Bababudan Giri and other patches higher than
1,400 m (4,600 ft) above MSL.[3] Phenology has been defined as the study of cyclical biological
events. In plants, this can include leafing, flowering and fruiting phenophases. Phenological
studies were on going to know the biology of tree species (9,10,11,12)

Flora
Bhadra supports more than 120 plant species. One typical 2 ha (4.9 acres) of tropical dry
deciduous forest had 46 species, 37 genera and 24 families. Combretaceae was the most
abundant family in the forest. Indigoberry (Randia dumetorum) was the dominant species.[5]
Throughout the sanctuary the common species include crepe myrtle (lanceolata), kadam,
thaasal (tiliaefolia), simpoh (pentagyna), teak, kindal, Indian-laurel, rosewood, Indian kino tree,
white teak, fig tree, mangosteen, Kydia calycina, indigo, toddy palm, Ceylon oak, jalari, jamba
tree, axlewood, slow match tree, thorny bamboo and clumping bamboo.[6]
It is the habitat of valuable teak and rosewood. Other commercial timber in the sanctuary
includes: mathi, honne, Nandi, tadasalu and kindal. There is also bamboo and several types of
medicinal plants
An estimated 33 tigers are found in Bhadra. Other animals in the sanctuary include elephant,
Indian Leopard, gaur, sloth bear, wild boar, black leopard, jungle cat, jackal, wild dog, sambar,
spotted deer, barking deer, mouse deer, common langur, bonnet macaque, slender loris, small
Indian civet, common palm civet, pangolin, porcupine, flying squirrel and the Malabar giant
squirrel.[4][6]
Small carnivores found in the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary include leopard cat, rusty-spotted cat,
ruddy mongoose, stripe-necked mongoose and otters.
9. Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary (2010)is a protected area located along the Western Ghats and
spread across 74 square kilometres (29 sq mi) in Chakkittapara and Koorachundu revenue
villages of Koyilandy Taluk in Kozhikode, Kerala.[1][2] The sanctuary is part of the western ghats, a
biodiversity hotspot. It also comes under the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and forms a part of the
Wayanad Elephant Reserve.[
10. Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary(Marathi: फणसाड वन्यजीव अभयारण्य) is a wildlife sanctuary in
the Murud and Roha talukas of Raigad district, Maharashtra state, India.[1] It was created in 1986
to preserve some of the coastal woodland ecosystem of the Western Ghats and consists of
6,979 ha (17,250 acres) of forest, grasslands and wetlands. The area was once part of the
hunting reserves of the princely state of Murud-Janjira.
The sanctuary is rich in flora and fauna. The forest types are semi-evergreen, evergreen, Mixed
deciduous and dry deciduous forests and grasslands and coast
The sanctuary has a small population of Indian giant squirrel which is fragmented from the
Western ghats. The fauna include 16 species of mammals, more than 200 species of birds, 17
reptiles, 47 insects and 27 marine invertebrates. The White-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis)
which is noted as critically endangered is also found in the sanctuary. [7] Representative fauna
include:
 Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica)[1]
 Indian muntjac (barking deer)
 Indian Gaur (Bos Gaurus)
 Indian striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena)
 Dhole ("Cuon alpinus")
 Indian leopard (Panthera pardus)
 Indian pangolin ("Manis crassicaudata")
 Sambar (Cervus unicolour)
 Lesser false vampire bat ("Megaderma spasma")
 Mouse deer (Tragulus meminna)
  Python ("Python molurus")
 Bombay earth snake (Uropeltis macrolepis)
 Giri's bronzeback tree snake ("Dendrelaphis girii")
 Southern Birdwing
BIOSPHERE RESERVES