LECTURE BY: Asst. Prof. Marjorie P.

Santos, MAN, RN VITAL STATISTICS

VITAL STATISTICS 3. Health Survey

● To be able to understand the population dynamics
Definition
4. Studies and Researches
● A systematic approach of obtaining, organizing, and
● To be able to understand the population dynamics
analyzing numerical facts so that conclusion may be drawn
Rates and Ratios
from them
Rates
○ Systematic approach because it includes processes or
● The relationship between vital event and those persons
steps that we have to follow for us to achieve our
exposed to the occurrence of the said event, within a given
desirable facts or data
area and during a specified unit of time
● The study of the characteristics of the human populations
○ We are looking for two variables: the relationship
because we will discuss all of the factors and characteristics
between a vital event and those persons exposed to the
that affect the human population occurrence of the said event
● It includes vital events in human life (United Nations, 1973): ● Numerator - person experiencing the event
○ Birth ○ Marriage ○ Judicial Separation ● Denominator - total population exposed to the risk of the
○ Death ○ Divorce ○ Legitimation same event
○ Fetal Death ○ Annulment ○ Recognition FORMULA
Importance / Use
● It describes status of health of the community
○ Vital statistics will give us the present condition of the
health status of the specific community or even the
whole country ● We are looking into a health event in a specified period or
time over the number of population on the specified time.
● It reflects the effectiveness of the services/programs
○ If nurses would like to understand the effect or EXAMPLE OF RATES
outcome of a specific program for health, it is better ● In 2016, an estimated population was 103,711,049 (D)
to collect data and information pertaining to that ● No. of deaths from heart disease was 138,230 (N)
project or program
○ It is very essential to look at the statistics using this
vital stats
● It identifies the health needs of the community Ratios
○ Several data could give us a hint or an idea that a ● Used to describe the relationship between two (2) numerical
community is really in need in terms of their health quantities or measures of event without taking particular
aspects considerations to the time or place
● It serves as a basis for planning, implementing, monitoring, ● We usually use colon (:)
and evaluating community health nursing programs and
FORMULA
services
○ Based from the data available, you will be able to
come up with your own proposal to be able to
develop projects that will benefit the entire
● Comparing two variables and determining the relationship
community
of two numerical quantities or measures
Sources ● The result is often expressed as the result “to one” or written
1. Population Census as the result “:1”
● National Statistics Office (NSO) / Philippine Statistics
Authority (PSA) VITAL STATISTICAL TOOLS
● Age and sex distribution
● Measures of Fertility - birth
● If you would like to know the number of population in
● Measures of Mortality - number of deaths
the country in terms of their age and sex distribution
● Measures of Morbidity - disease
→ get from NSO or PSA
2. Registration of Vital Data (Birth & Death) GENERAL POINTERS
● Through the LGUs ● Numerator = name or simply the event
● Local Civil Registry - birth and deaths ● Denominator = population susceptible to the event
● City Health Department - health data

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LECTURE BY: Asst. Prof. Marjorie P. Santos, MAN, RN VITAL STATISTICS

TOTAL POPULATION SYNONYMS years old, population estimated for 1 July 2020. Compute for the
● Average population - total population fertility rate of the city
● Midyear population - population for 6 months in the
calendar period
● Estimated population - estimation of the population in a
given year

MULTIPLIERS = 66.66 (67) live births per 1,000 female resident 15-45 years of
100 Percentage age
1,000 Community Mortality Indicators
100,000 Country (larger scale; occurrence/total Crude Death/Mortality Rate (CDR)
population of the whole country) ● A measure of one mortality from all causes which may result
in a decrease in population
Measures of Fertility
FORMULA
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
● A measure of one characteristic of the natural growth or
increase of a population; the number of live births occurring
among the population of a given geographical area during a
given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of the given
Ex. In 2019 there were 2,426,246 deaths in a total population of
geographical area during the same year.
299,398,484. Compute for crude mortality rate
○ Looking at the total birth rate in a given year

FORMULA

= 810.4 (810) deaths per 100,000 populations

Cause-Specific Death Rate
● Mortality rate from a specified cause for a population. The
Ex. In 2020, there were 3,250 births in a city with a population of numerator is the number of deaths attributed to a specific
223,000. Compute for the CBR cause. The denominator remains the size of the population
at the midpoint of the time period
○ We are only determining the specific cause

FORMULA

● CBR = 14.57 per 1,000 population

● So, there were 14.57 (15) births for every 1,000 people in the
city

General/Total Fertility Rate (GFR)
● The number of live births per 1,000 women of reproductive
age (15 to 49 years old) per year
● More refined way to measure fertility than crude birth rate
because the FR accounts for the percentage of women aged
15 to 49 years in a population
● GFR is the best one to use to determine the fertility of the
country/community
FORMULA
Ex. In the calendar year 2020, there were 180,000 live births
among the City A residents of 2,700,000 females aged 15-44
Ex. In 2016, the total deaths recorded attributed to accidents
(specific cause) is 240,500. The total midyear population that year
was 90,450,000. Determine the cause-specific death rate for that
year
= 265.33 (265) deaths caused by accidents in every
100,000 population
Age-Specific Death Rate
● Number of deaths among persons of a given age group per
midyear population of that age group
○ We are only determining an age group of a certain
population

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LECTURE BY: Asst. Prof. Marjorie P. Santos, MAN, RN VITAL STATISTICS

FORMULA Ex. In 2020 the reported case of death among age 50 and above
is 354, with the total population of 1,569 of the same age range.

= SI: 22.26%
Ex. In 2016, a total of 130,761 deaths occurred among persons 1-4
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
years of age. Total population of that age-bracket is 1,240,000
● Measures the number of deaths due to diseases related to
pregnancy, delivery, puerperium
○ Not only about pregnancy
● It is an index of the obstetrical care needed and received by
the women in a community
= 10,545.24 (10,545) deaths in every 100,000 1-4 years old ○ If there is an increased maternal mortality rate, it means
population that the community needs several maternal programs
Case Mortality Rate and Survival Rate ● Number of intrauterine fetal deaths (stillbirths) may be
added to the denominator (if available)
● Talks about the number of deaths and the number of
○ If there is no stillbirth, we can just use the number of
individuals who survived to that specific disease
total registered live births
● Reflects the killing power of a disease
○ Measuring how this disease kills the population FORMULA
● The higher the CFR (Case Fatality Rate) = more fatal the
disease
● The more fatal the disease = the lesser the survival rate

FORMULA
Ex. Number of reported cases
MM (maternal mortality): 390 Live births: 11,210 Stillbirths: 22

= 0.034 x 1,000
Ex. If 87 of every 100 persons diagnosed with lung cancer die
MMR: 340 per 1,000
within 5 years, the 5 year case fatality rate is ____. The 5 year
survival rate is ____. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
● Measures the risk of dying during the 1st year of life. It is a
good index of the general health and condition of a
community since it reflects the changes in the
Case Fatality Rate = 87% (high mortality = very fatal) environmental and medical conditions of a community
Survival Rate = 13% (to make it 100; high fatality and less
FORMULA
survival rate)
Swaroop’s Index (SI)
● The proportion of deaths aged 50 years and above, is
determined by Swaroop's Index (SI)
● The higher the Swaroop's index, the greater the proportion
of the deaths who were able to reach the age of at least 50
Ex. Number of reported cases - Infant death: 21,992 Live births:
years. Meaning, the more people grew old before they died
1,761,602
○ Very good indicator of a health status of a community
○ The higher the Swaroop’s index, the higher the life
expectancy on that population or community
= 12 per 1000 (A total of 12 infant deaths per 1000 population
FORMULA of live births)
Neonatal Mortality Rate
● Measures the risk of dying during the 1st month of life (0-28
days). May serve as index of the effects of prenatal care and
obstetrical management on the newborn
● Increased neonatal mortality rate = poor prenatal care and
obstetric management during delivery

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LECTURE BY: Asst. Prof. Marjorie P. Santos, MAN, RN
FORMULA
Ex. Number of reported cases
● Neonatal death: 11,971
● Live births: 1,761,602
= 7 per 1000 (7 neonatal deaths per 1000 population of the
registered live births)
Peri-natal mortality rate
● Peri - intrauterine death; Natal - birth mortality during the
neonatal period
● Number of fetal deaths past 22 (or 28) completed weeks of
pregnancy plus the number of deaths among live-born
children up to 7 completed days of life, per 1000 total births
(live births and stillbirths)
○ 22 or 28 completed week = the time where the fetus is
already viable and considered as stillbirth
● Measures pregnancy wastage. Death of the product of
conception prior to its complete expulsion, irrespective of
duration of pregnancy.
● This data reflects the quality of maternal care or the prenatal
care given among pregnant women
FORMULA
Ex. Neonatal death: 7, 971 Still Births: 2,101 Live Births: 1,761,602
= 6:1000 (6 perinatal deaths per 1000 population of registered live
births from that given year)
Measures of Morbidity
Morbidity rate - pertains to disease; morbidity has been defined
as any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of
physiological or psychological well-being
Prevalence Rate
● The prevalence proportion is a measure of existing disease
(old and new cases in a population at a particular time i.e.,
the number of existing cases divided by the current
population)
● It could be the number of existing cases, but we have to
make sure that we include both the old and new cases for
the prevalence rate over the total number of population
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VITAL STATISTICS
FORMULA
Ex. The Philippine total population is estimated at 109,581,078 at
midyear of 2020 according to UN data. As of August, 1, 2020,
Covid cases in the country was tallied at 157,918. Compute the
prevalence proportion.
= 0.0014 x 1,000
= 1.4 (1) case per 1000 person
Incidence Rate
● Describes the occurrence of new cases of a disease (e.g.,
tuberculosis, influenza) or condition (e.g., teen pregnancy) in
a community over a given period relative to the size of the
population at risk for that disease or condition during that
same period
○ Eg. COVID infection is possible at any age of the
individual (young and old) → we are going to include
the total number of population because they are at risk
for COVID-19 infection
● Different from prevalence rate (old and new cases) here it is
only new cases and the population at risk is included in the
computation
FORMULA
Ex. In August 1, 2020, 4,878 new cases of Covid Infection were
reported in the Philippines. The estimated mid-year population
in the Philippines in 2020 was approximately 109,581,078.
Calculate the incidence rate of Covid Infection in August 2020.
= 4.45 (4) new cases of Covid Infection per 100,000 population
Attack Rate
● Attack rates document the number of new cases of a
disease in those exposed to the disease
● Measures the exposure; we include ALL the individuals who
were exposed to the disease
● If a population is exposed to an infectious disease at a given
time and place, the nurse may calculate the attack rate, a
specialized form of the incidence rate
○ Eg. in COVID19, we only include here those individuals
who are exposed to patients with positive COVID19
LECTURE BY: Asst. Prof. Marjorie P. Santos, MAN, RN VITAL STATISTICS

FORMULA

Ex. An outbreak of gastroenteritis among the attendees of a

corporate picnic, 99 persons ate potato salad, 30 of whom
developed gastroenteritis. Calculate the risk of illness among
persons who ate potato salad.

= 30.30%
FUNCTIONS OF THE NURSE
1. Collects data
● To collect data that is relative to a given event
● E.g. Maternal Mortality Rate → collect all the data on
prenatal, delivery, and all other factors related to
maternal death
2. Tabulates data
● To tally and come up with the total numbers (through
percentage and frequency distribution)
3. Analyzes and interprets data
● “Why is there an increase in maternal death?”
● “Why is there an increase in Swaroop’s index?”
● “Why is there an increase in case fatality rate?”
4. Evaluates data
● Evaluate and compare the data to other existing
programs, paying attention on a specific age group or
rates that we’ve gathered from the vital statistics
5. Recommends redirection and/or strengthening of specific
area of health programs as needed
● E.g. Increased infant or perinatal death → strengthen
programs for the prenatal package
● E.g Increased attack rate of COVID-19 → strengthen
program regarding the implementation of the minimum
health standards and vaccination programs

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