Chanakya-Sun Tzu Comparative Analysis

1
85
2
85
Ref ; Hakim. Merriuem-Webster accessed 02 Oct, 2022

3
Aim 85
To discuss the thought process of Sun Tzu and

Chanakya, evaluate their applicability in the
contemporary world and to draw comparison for
better understanding of their teachings.
4
Chanakya’s Biography
Maurya Dynasty at its peak
85
5
Chanakya’s Biography 85
• Man behind dethronement of Dhana Nanda
• Vishnugupta Kautilya Chanakya
• Lived between circa. 350 to 275 BC
• Born in Taksasila or Kutil or Chanak?
• Education in Taksasila (Astrology, Medicine,

Greek & Latin elements
Ref : Lumen : Boundless World History.” The Maurya Empire. https://courses.lumenlearning.com

Hakims’
Chanakya Sun Tzu Conclusion
Comparison
6
Historical Settings 85
• Is Chanakya a real person?
• What made Vishnugupta,

“Chanakya”?  Abject
Poverty
 Vengeance
• Revolt through prepping Chandragupta for Insult
• Overthrew Dhana Nanda in nine years
• Became Prime Minister of Chandragupta
Ref : Mehta, Thakkar. Kautilya and Arthashastra. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd, 1980
Hakims’
Comparison
7
Literary Works 85
• Arthashastra and Neetishastra
• Artha is all about the King
• Neeti is a treatise on behavioural science
Hakims’
Comparison
8
Idea of the State 85
• Term ‘King’ signifies the State

• The King
• Minister’s Council
• Populated Territory
• The Fort
• Treasury
• Army
• Alliance
Hakims’
Hakims Chanakya Sun Tzu Conclusion
Comparison
9
Idea of the State 85
• State power driven from three sources
• Intellectual strength
• Prosperous treasury & Strong army
• Material strength
Hakims’
Comparison
10
Take on Diplomacy 85
• Diplomat; Instrument of State Policy
• The Ambassador (Open Spy)
 Diplomatic Immunity, Special Treatment
• The Spy (As important as Ambassador)

 Info Collection Inland + Abroad
Hakims’
Comparison
11
Thoughts on Economy 85
• Valid advice for 21st century corporate world
• Run a diversified economy actively,

efficiently, profitably and prudently
• Consisting of productive forests, water

reservoirs, mines, productive activities, trade,
markets, roads, ports, and storage
Hakims’
Comparison
12
Notions of Leadership 85
• Essence of Leadership; subjects acceptance
• Two pillars in Art of Governance
 Justice & Ethics
• Future King be trained in:-

 Economic Administration, Foreign Affairs,
and Political Science
Hakims’
Comparison
13
Notions of Leadership 85
• King to guard against six emotional devils
• Lust
• Anger
• Greed
• Excessive Pride
• Arrogance
• Over Joy
Hakims’
Comparison
14
Ideas on Warfare 85
• War is an instrument of policy
• War should serve the larger ends
• Avoid war through diplomacy
• Instigation of treachery
• Clandestine Ops
• Assassination of Leadership
• Subversion, Double-Crossing, Espionage
Ref : Khokhar, Ayaz. “Indian foreign policy in light of Kautilya’s Arthashastra.” Daily Times, 17 April 2019
Hakims’
Comparison
15
Ideas on Warfare 85
• There are three types of War
• Open War
 For a stronger King
• Concealed War
 For a weak King using subversion
• Silent / Clandestine War
 Rebellions; Modern day Proxy Wars
Hakims’
Comparison
16
Ideas on Warfare 85
• Rules for higher direction of War
• Supremacy of King over Military
• Circle of Kingdoms (Geo-Pol Assumption)
 Immediate neighbour; Enemy

 Next State; Friend
 Enemy’s Friend; Unfriendly State
 Friendly State; Friend’s friend
Hakims’
Comparison
17
Ideas on Warfare 85

• Six Fold Policy (Extract max benefits)
 Peace (make peace then gain strength)
 Neutrality (indifference and inactivity)
 Double Cross (peace & hostility)
 Seeking Protection (weak to seek)
 Marching Collectively (form alliances)
 Waging War (defence & aggression)
Hakims’
Comparison
18
Ideas on Warfare 85
• Higher Defence Organization
 Forces under the single commander
 Force of Counsel
 Power of Treasury
 Org for advice on War
Hakims’
Comparison
19
Validity in Contemporary World 85
• Chanakya’s ideas mostly valid
• Real Powers : Realpolitik
• Weak States : Moralpolitik
Hakims’
Comparison
20
• Proof in Indian Polity
• Literary Work
 Philosophical Undercurrent has uniquely

Indian contemporary character
 Latent influence on Indian Strategic

Thought
 Organic to Indian psyche
 Habitus’ of Indian society
Hakims’
Comparison
21
• Proof in Indian Polity
• Diplomacy with immediate neighbours
• Indian Polity’s Akhand Bharat concept
 Incorrectly attributed to Chanakya

 Not expansionism but survival
 Indo-Pak Wars are a testament
Hakims’
Comparison
22
• Six Fold Policy
• Kinetic War is a least priority
• Alliance Ploys are the new weapons
• Economic failures are the new ends

• Galwan Valley Engagement
Hakims’
Comparison
23
• War & its types
• Universally applicable to modern day military
• Israel’s aggression in Middle East
Hakims’
Comparison
24
• Non-Military Coercion
• Forcing an enemy into submission
• China Vs. Norway
 Liu Xiaobo Issue

 Sanctions on Norway
 Pressure from within Norway resulting in

alignment with Chinese interests
Hakims’
Comparison
25
• Regime Change
• Bribing, subverting, assassinating leaders
• Very evident in contemporary world
Hakims’
Comparison
26
• Regional Relationships
• Circle of Kingdoms theory holds very true
• The enemy of my enemy is my friend’
• USA-Afghanistan vs. China & Pakistan
Hakims’
Comparison
27
Critique 85
Wholeheartedly embraced by the Hyper Nationalists of Indian Polity but

criticized for his amoral, materialistic and misogynistic approach by the so
called liberals of India
Imagined Chanakya upholds certain typical upper-caste notions of the

nation-state as he is portrayed as a Brahmin who found his way into Hindu
royalty
Chanakya’s ideology is better suited for a shrewd mind-set believing in

absolute power at any cost
Hakims’
Comparison
28
Critique 85
His ideology has given birth to racial supremacy, caste and religious
freedom suppression and misinterpreted expansionist’s ideas of Akhand
Bharat
Safe to assume that for Chanakya, morality and statecraft have no inter-
relation
Hakims’
Comparison
29
Critique 85
For the naïve souls, Chanakya is a soulless materialist who uses anything
to his advantage to achieve his ends, while those who can see tomorrow
witness an enlightened pragmatist who recognizes that one must
sometimes engage in distasteful acts in order to achieve noble ends.
Hakims’
Comparison
30
85
SUN TZU
Hakims’
Comparison
31
Biography 85
• Original name was Sun Zi and he was

also called Sun Wu
• Born in 544 BC in the state of Qi during

Zhou Dynasty
• Forefathers were generals who had

conducted wars for the king of Qi
Hakims’
Comparison
32
Biography 85
• Sun Tzu also participated in couple of

wars
• Practical skills and theoretical knowledge
• The King of Wu appointed him as a

General
• Defeated most powerful state of Chu
Hakims’
Comparison
33
Historical Environment 85
• Late Spring & Autumn Period in China
• Divided into several small sates
• 564 BC – States signed a nonaggression pact
• Balance of power among Qi, Qin, and Chu
• Pact broke in 506 BC
• King He Lu of Wu appointed Sun Tzu
Hakims’
Comparison
34
Historical Environment 85
• Traditional protocol in chivalric behaviour
• No state could gain an advantage over another
• Sun-Tzu's work sought to break the stalemate
• Clear strategy of winning decisively
• Wu started by subjugating the state of Yue
• Conquerd the largest southern state, Chu.

35
Sun Tzu’s Work 85
• Ping-Fa, the Chinese classic
• Commonly known as “The Art of War”
• Compilations of military theory and strategy
• Translated into the French in 1772
• Lionel Giles in English in 1910
• Translated in 29 languages
Hakims’
Comparison
36
Ideas and Strategies 85
Importance to State
“War is of vital importance to the state. It is a matter of
life and death, a road either to survival or to ruin. Hence it is
mandatory that it be thoroughly studied”
Ref: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar, 2017, Introduction to Political Science
Hakims’
Comparison
37
Art of War (13 Chapters)

• Assessment (Planning) • Varying Tactics
• Waging War • Deploying Troops
• Attack by Stratagem • Terrain
• Dispositions • Nine Situations
• Momentum • Attack by Fire
• Weaknesses & Strengths • Employment of Spies
• Maneuvering
Hakims’
Comparison
38
Making Assessments (Planning)
• “Before going for the battle, one who

calculates will win. Many calculations
mean victory but with fewer estimates,
no victory”
Ref : Tzu, Sun. The Art of War (Translated in English by Lin Wusun). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1999.
Hakims’
Comparison
39
Moral Influence Causes people to be in complete accord with their ruler
Heaven Signifies effects of day and night and heat and cold
Earth Terrain, the distances and condition of battle ground
The person who stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerity,

The Command
benevolence, courage and strictness
Doctrine Method and discipline for marshalling the troops
Hakims’
Comparison
40
Waging War
• Prolonged War - Weapons blunted, men’s morale dampened and

treasury spent
• Idea of war is quick victory and not prolonged operation
• Negative impact on treasury, troops, and masses
Vietnam War is the testimony to fallouts of lengthy campaigns

Ref: Tzu, Sun. The Art of War (Translated in English by Lin Wusun). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1999.
Hakims’
Comparison
41
Stages of Evolution of State 85
Attack by Stratagem
“Supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance

without fighting”
Thwart enemy’s Attack

Disrupt alliances Attack Army
strategy Population
Use of non-military coercive means such as diplomatic or economic

sanctions
Ref:Tzu, Sun. The Art of War (Translated in English by Lin Wusun). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press,
1999.
Hakims’
Comparison
42
Momentum / Power
• Size of the army not affecting the way it is managed
• Must have direct and indirect troops
• Ability to hide disorder
Blitzkrieg WW-II after the traditional trench warfare of WW-I
Hakims’
Comparison
43
Strength & Weaknesses
• Avoid the enemy’s strongholds
• Seek out his week points
• Valid in warfighting in all times
• Attacks the critical vulnerabilities

To attack an inferior force with a superior one, our
opponents will be in dire straits
Hakims’
Comparison
44
Maneuvering
• Deceive the enemy by speed and diversion
• Dispersion and concentration of force
• Timing of attack when enemy morale is low
• Not to attack when the enemy is organized and advancing
Take the initiative and try to act first

Hakims’
Comparison
45
Varying the Tactics

• Tactics and response will vary based on
important consideration
• Limitations
• Movement
• Stationing
• Deployment
• Tactical maneuvering
Hakims’
Comparison
46
Varying the Tactics
• Do not encamp on difficult grounds
• Should seek support of neighbouring states
• Do not linger on desolate grounds
Hakims’
Comparison
47
Varying the Tactics
• Make strategic plans for encircled terrain
• Must battle on fatal terrain
• Should not attack walled cities
Understand variations and adopt tactics suitable for these

variations
Hakims’
Comparison
48
The Nine Situations (Battlegrounds)
• Dispersive: Own territory
• Marginal: Penetrated in to enemy territory only for a shorter

distance
• Contentious/ contested: Advantageous to both
• Open/ traversable: Equally accessible to both sides

Hakims’
Comparison
49
The Nine Situations (Battlegrounds)
• Focal: Contiguous to three states
• Serious/ critical region: Deep inside enemy territory
• Difficult: Mountains, forests, passes, wetlands & marshy areas
• Encircled: Advantageous to enemy
• Desperate/
Commander deadly/
must fatal
take region:
measuresFight to avoid
suited annihilation
to these varieties
Hakims’
Comparison
50
Employment of Secret Agents

• Knowing the enemy situation is key
• Know the enemy and know yourself, in 100 battles, you will
never be in peril
• Five types of spies for gathering information

- Local spies - Dead spies
- Internal spies - Living spies
- Double spies
Hakims’
Comparison
51
Emphasis on Leadership 85
• Leadership is most vital aspect of conduct of war
• Essential elements of a true leader

 Wisdom
 Honour & Sincerity
 Benevolence
 Courage and Strictness
• Crucial abilities required to ensure victory along with safety of

own troops.
Hakims’
Comparison
52
Impact on Conduct of War 85
• Speed was an essential facet in the

victories of Genghis Khan and his
Mongolian horde
• Controlling enemies by the skillful use of

alliances allowed the Romans to expand
and maintain their empire
Hakims’
Comparison
53
• Secrecy and deception were used in major

World War II battles
• Japanese in their attack on Pearl Harbor
• Allies to mislead the Germans about the

exact location of their invasion of France
Hakims’
Comparison
54
• Japanese while capitalizing on one principle

of Sun Tzu ended up violating fundamental
rule of “knowing the enemy”
• Catalyst in infuriating the Americans rather

than demoralizing them
• Unleashing of ultimate terror on Hiroshima

and Nagasaki.
Hakims’
Comparison
55
• The use of intelligence was critical to

American success in the Cuban Missile
Crisis
• The Viet Cong lived by the rule of avoiding

strength and attacking weakness
• Exploited American psychological

weaknesses in Tet offensive i.e. sensitivity
of American public to casualties
Hakims’
Comparison
56
• Gen MacArthur’s landing on Inchon
• Sun Tzu’s assertion, “to be certain to take

what you attack, attack the place which
enemy does not protect”
• North Koreans had disregarded the

possibility of such a difficult landing.
Hakims’
Comparison
57
• Sun Tzu’s principles were put to test in

Desert Storm during the Persian Gulf War
• By controlling the air to both follow Iraqi

movements and mask his own, General
H. Norman deceived Iraq as to the location
of his attack
•
Hakims’
Comparison
58
Validity of Ideas in Modern Times 85
• Enemy’s destruction is neither essential nor necessarily the

best route to ultimate victory
• Warfare has shifted from the kinetic destruction of military

forces to the non-kinetic impairment of the enemy’s will to fight
• Armed conflict represents the least likely manifestation of

competition
Hakims’
Comparison
59
• Use of coercive military force is limited by increasing
• International economic interdependence
• Global nuclear deterrence strategies
• Current strategic operating environment demands
• Limited warfare tactics
• Competitive activities below levels of conflict
• Information dominance
Hakims’
Comparison
60
• Sun Tzu’s seminal work can help understand
• How to win without fighting
• How to overcome a tendency to utilize coercive force
• How to cultivate nonbinary understandings of war, peace, and

competition
Hakims’
Comparison
61
Russia and China
• Advantage of the systemic restrictions inherent in great power

competition
• China has deployed anti-access area denial platforms (A2/AD)

and coercive economic practices to obstruct US objectives
Hakims’
Comparison
62
Russia and China

• Russia has made efforts to degrade the NATO alliance via
information operations
• Destabilized Eastern Ukraine through the annexation of Crimea

by deception
• Jolted European economy by creating food security crisis,

mass migration, and killing of a segment of civilian population
by waging war on Ukraine.
Hakims’
Comparison
63
Critiques 85
The teachings of Sun Tzu lay an over-reliance on the enemy making a

mistake
The text itself is very basic compared to its contemporaries and doesn’t
actually cover the proper way to build, maintain and secure lines of
communication and logistics: the true nuts-and-bolts of warfare
It surprisingly lacks information on aquatic and swamp warfare despite many

battles of the era being waged in both types of terrains
Hakims’
Comparison
64
Critiques 85
It provides no real advice on what to do if you’re defeated in battle. Knowing

how to lose well is often more important than knowing how to barely win
Some of the lessons even promote methods which are consider a crime as
per International Humanitarian law, such as pillaging or plundering enemy’s
countryside for supplies and substituting own flags for those of enemy
Hakims’
Comparison
65
85
Comparison of Sun Tzu and Chanakya
Hakims’
Comparison
66
Themes for Assessing Similarities
85
• Anatomy of Power
• Planning and Preparedness
• Role of deception
• Condition for military engagements
• Management of external relations
• Importance of intelligence
• Other similarities
Hakims’
Comparison
67
Anatomy of Power 85
Both Sun Tzu and Chanakya believed that Power is

not an autonomous entity but an interrelated
concept
Hakims’
Comparison
68
Chanakya’s Components of Power 85
• Counsel
• Military might
• Economic factors
• Motivation
Hakims’
Comparison
69
Chanakya’s Application of Power 85
• Conciliation
• Sowing dissension
• Tricks, strategies, and clandestine operation
• Occult means
Hakims’
Comparison
70
Sun Tzu’s Application of Power 85
• Defeating the enemy strategy
• Diplomacy to break enemy’s alliances
• Defeating the enemy’s military
Hakims’
Comparison
71
Sun Tzu’s Components of Power 85
• Knowledge
• Military might
• Economy
• Chi (spirit)
Hakims’
Comparison
72
Planning and Preparedness 85
Both laid considerable emphasis on the evaluation of geographical factors, military

strength of the enemy and their allies and socio-economic conditions of the states
Hakims’
Comparison
73
Role of Deception 85
• Sun Tzu – Warfare is based on deception
• Chanakya
Avoid direct military as
- Art of deception engagements when
part of covert and possible
psychological in
warfare
favour of other means of weakening the adversary
Hakims’
Comparison
74
Conditions for Military Engagement 85
Avoid direct military engagements when possible in

favour of other means of weakening the adversary
Hakims’
Comparison
75
Management of External Relations 85
Both Sun Tzu and Chanakya attached considerable

importance to diplomacy and foreign policy
Hakims’
Comparison
76
Importance of Intelligence 85
• Need for structured intelligence outfit
• Intelligence critical to correctly estimating strength

of enemy and covert operations
• Provided a practical guide to intelligence operation
Hakims’
Comparison
77
Other Similarities 85
• Both strategists believed that war affects he whole society

and the state
• Both were very calculative and had great respect for the
enemy
• Both are averse to protracted war

• Both recognised the importance of effective leadership
• Both developed the concept of psychological warfare
Hakims’
Comparison
78
Differences Between Sun Tzu and Chanakya 85
Sun Tzu Chanakya

Provides minimal detail on the subject of Provides greater detail including use of
spies internal and external spies.
Hakims’
Comparison
79
Sun Tzu Chanakya

Did not include any concept of religious Highlights the relevance of spiritual
practices in his treatise development to the strength and
character of an individual.
Hakims’
Comparison
80
Sun Tzu Chanakya

Security-centric with no mention of the Provides both geo-economic and
socio-economic aspects of national geostrategic concepts of national
security security
Hakims’
Comparison
81
Conclusion 85
• Both Sun Tzu and Chanakya systematically explored the taxonomy of strategy,
the mechanics of wars and the architecture of peace
• Both strategists were able to utilise lessons from the past to evolve new
fundamentals of war and peace
• Sun Tzu was a general in the Army while Chanakya learned about war through
constant observation and analysis
• The wisdom of these two strategists on how to approach war and peace and
issues of intelligence and foreign policy are still relevant today
• Both Chanakya and Sun Tzu despised unbridled aggression

Hakims’
Comparison
82
85
Thank You
83
Bibliography 85
Georges M. Halpern, Yves P. Huin. "Dr. Georges." The Arthashastra of Chanakya. 2018. https://drgeorges.net/wp-
content/uploads/4-GMH-Arthashastra-nm.pdf (accessed October 02, 2022).
Lumen : Boundless World History." The Maurya Empire. n.d. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-

worldhistory/chapter/the-maurya-
empire/#targetText=The%20Maurya%20Empire%20was%20founded,Alexander%20the%20Great%20's%20armies.
(accessed October 02, 2022).
"New World Encyclopedia." Sun Zi. January 2017. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Sun_Zi (accessed

October 03, 2022).
Thiran, Roshan. Chinese Military Strategist Sun Tzu Reveals Secrets To Success. February 02, 2018.
https://leaderonomics.com/leadership/sun-tzu-secrets-success (accessed October 02, 2022).
https://www.worldhistory.org/Kautilya/
https://scroll.in/article/858304/in-the-21st-century-what-do-we-want-more-the-artha-of-chanakya-or-the-dharma-of-
ram-rajya
https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/chanakya-niti-amit-shah-sharad-pawar-indian-democracy-maharashtra-
election-drama#read-more
https://chanakyaforum.com/chanakya-latent-influence-on-indian-strategic-thoughts/#_ftn1
84
Bibliography 85
Bhattacharya, inaki. "Chanakya: An Empiricist as a Philosopher." Strategic Analysis Vol-5 (2014): 738-740.
Chanakya - Literary Works. n.d. https://www.liquisearch.com/chanakya/literary_works (accessed October 02, 2022).
Editors. "Encyclopedia Britanica." Chanakya. May 28, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chanakya

(accessed September 29, 2019).
McNeilly, Mark. Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
R.P. Kangle, Shan ul Haq Haqqi. Translation of "The Kautiliya Arthashastra". Karachi: M Ismail Zabeeh, 1991.
Tzu, Sun. The Art of War (Tanslated in English by Lin Wusun). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1999.
Usha Mehta, Usha Thakkar. Kautilya and Arthashastra. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd, 1980
85
Bibliography 85
https://qz.com/india/1772614/top-indian-politicians-are-being-called-chanakya-but-who-was-he/
Ingals, Daniel H. "The Cāṇakya Collections and Nārāyaṇa's Hitopadeśa." Journal of the American Oriental Society
Vol-86, no. 1 (1966): 1-19.
Khokhar, Ayaz. "Indian foreign policy in light of Kautilya’s Arthashastra." Daily Times, April 17, 2019.
Siddiqui, Wg Cdr Munawar Alam. Chanakya, The Indian Mechiavelli. " AWC Journal 1992
86
Bibliography 85
87
Bibliography 85
88
Bibliography 85

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1

Ref ; Hakim. Merriuem-Webster accessed 02 Oct, 2022

To discuss the thought process of Sun Tzu and

• Man behind dethronement of Dhana Nanda

• Vishnugupta Kautilya Chanakya

• Lived between circa. 350 to 275 BC

• Born in Taksasila or Kutil or Chanak?

• Education in Taksasila (Astrology, Medicine,

Ref : Lumen : Boundless World History.” The Maurya Empire. https://courses.lumenlearning.com

• Is Chanakya a real person?

• What made Vishnugupta,

• Overthrew Dhana Nanda in nine years

• Became Prime Minister of Chandragupta

• Arthashastra and Neetishastra

• Artha is all about the King

• Neeti is a treatise on behavioural science

• Term ‘King’ signifies the State

• State power driven from three sources

• Prosperous treasury & Strong army

• Diplomat; Instrument of State Policy

• The Ambassador (Open Spy)

 Diplomatic Immunity, Special Treatment

• The Spy (As important as Ambassador)

• Valid advice for 21st century corporate world

• Run a diversified economy actively,

• Consisting of productive forests, water

• Essence of Leadership; subjects acceptance

• Two pillars in Art of Governance

 Justice & Ethics

• Future King be trained in:-

• King to guard against six emotional devils

• War is an instrument of policy

• War should serve the larger ends

• Avoid war through diplomacy

• Subversion, Double-Crossing, Espionage

• There are three types of War

 For a stronger King

• Silent / Clandestine War

 Rebellions; Modern day Proxy Wars

• Rules for higher direction of War

• Supremacy of King over Military

• Circle of Kingdoms (Geo-Pol Assumption)

 Immediate neighbour; Enemy

 Enemy’s Friend; Unfriendly State

 Friendly State; Friend’s friend

• Rules for higher direction of War

• Rules for higher direction of War

• Higher Defence Organization

 Forces under the single commander

 Org for advice on War

• Chanakya’s ideas mostly valid

• Real Powers : Realpolitik

• Weak States : Moralpolitik

• Proof in Indian Polity

 Philosophical Undercurrent has uniquely

 Latent influence on Indian Strategic

 Habitus’ of Indian society

• Proof in Indian Polity

• Diplomacy with immediate neighbours

• Indian Polity’s Akhand Bharat concept

 Incorrectly attributed to Chanakya

 Indo-Pak Wars are a testament

• Six Fold Policy

• Kinetic War is a least priority