ASSGINMENT NO: 6

SUBMITTED BY: M.HAMZA

AKBAR
SUBMITTED TO:DR.MARIA
ANWAR KHAN
SUBMISSION DATE:20-10 -
2022.
TOPIC:
Emotion
a. Definition and Nature
b. Physiological changes during
Emotions (Neural, Cardial,
Visceral,
Glandular), Galvanic Skin
Response; Pupilliometrics
c. Theories of Emotion
d. James Lange Theory;
Cannon-Bard Theory
e. Schachter –Singer Theory
-----------------------------------------
a. Definition and Nature:
Emotions are often confused with
feelings and moods, but the three
terms are not interchangeable.
According to the American
Psychological Association (APA),
Emotion is defined as “a complex
reaction pattern, involving
experiential, behavioral and
physiological elements.”
Nature of emotions:
Emotions are how individuals deal
with matters or situations they find
personally significant.
Emotional experiences have three
components:
a subjective experience,
a physiological response and
a behavioral or expressive
response.
Feelings arise from an emotional
experience. Because a person is
conscious of the experience, this is
classified in the same category as
hunger or pain. A feeling is the
result of an emotion and may be
influenced by memories, beliefs
and other factors.
b. Physiological changes
during Emotions (Neural,
Cardial, Visceral, Glandular),
Galvanic Skin Response;
Pupilliometrics:
Physiological Changes during 
emotions:
 Psychologists believed that
emotions can be measured
quantitatively by
observing different physiological
responses of the individual =
indicators of emotions.
 They also believed that they thems
elves are different emotional state
physiological changes that occur 
during emotions are:
1. Respiratory Changes: The most a
pparent and obvious change during 
emotions.
During emotions, respiration increa
ses; occurs also when the person is
happy or excited.
But the production and secretion of 
saliva decreases as the process of
respiration increases.
2. Pupillometrics: Darwin was the
 first person who identifies this
phenomenon.
1.Pupil of the eye is
very responsive during emotions
.2. Dilates at
favorable stimulus and contracts at
unfavorable stimulus.
3. Our pupil is also very responsive,
favorable and unfavorable sounds
and taste.
3. Changes in
Blood Pressure and heart rate:
1. Variations in blood pressure occu
r during emotions; usually increases 
during an emotional state.
2. Heartbeat also increases during 
emotions.
3.Increased blood pressure and hei
ghtened heart rate for prolonged p
eriods may lead to coronary
heart disease.
4. Glandular Responses
1.During strong emotional states su
ch as anger or fear, excessive amou
nts of hormones adrenaline and
nor adrenaline are secreted into th
e blood stream.
2. Due to this secretion; Liver secret
es excessive amounts of glucose dir
ectly into the blood stream that
causes the blood to clot rapidly in c
ase of injury or damage.
3. Blood pressure and sugar level
 rises, air-pulse become fast and air
passage of the
lungs enlarges and causes more air
into the lungs, pupil enlarge, sweat 
appears all over the body particulal
y on hands, and temperature of the
skin rises.
4. Nor adrenaline helps to constrict
the blood vessels, thus making
it available to other parts of
the body in case of injury.
5.Pituitary and thyroid glands are al
so responsive to emotional states.G
landular responses help to cope 
with the emotional as well as 
in emergency situations.
Gastrointestinal Function:
Stomach and intestines are also
very responsive.
They either start working at
a very high rate or stop entirely.
During strong emotional arousal, its 
working speed decreases and flow 
of blood is towards the brain and th
e skeletal muscles rather than thes
e organs.
6. Neural Reactions:
Besides affecting visceral organs of 
the body, emotions also bring chan
ges in the neural/ nerve activity.
Autonomic division of the P.N.S. is 
more effective in this regard it is
sympathetic and parasympathetic 
nervous systems work successively.
7. Galvanic Skin Response:
When perspiration appears during 
emotions, two important changes o
ccur in skin's electrical stimulation:
Rapid generation of electromotive 
energy
The electrical resistance of skin
changes. These changes can be me
asured
through a measurement of Galvanic 
Skin Response (GSR); formally
 called " Psycho Galvanic Response 
(PGR).
Galvanic skin response, in combina
tion with the
respiration and blood pressure, and
used for lie detection
with people who are supposed to
be guilty of some crime.
8. Emotional Intensity and State of
Arousal:
Most of the times we are aware of 
our emotional states such as angry 
excited orafraid, in all these states, 
the physiological conditions are the 
same e.g., heart beat
increases, face blushes or becomes 
pale.
That is why we are unable, at times, 
to differentiate between different e
motions and
the associated arousal.
Other Common Bodily Changes
during emotions:
Dryness of throat and mouth,
Muscle tension, Weakness or
Fainting, Trembling, and
Sinking feeling in heart or stomach.
c. Theories of Emotion:
The major theories of emotion can
be grouped into three main
categories:
Physiological theories suggest
that responses within the body
are responsible for emotions.
Neurological theories propose
that activity within the brain
leads to emotional responses.
Cognitive theories argue that
thoughts and other mental
activity play an essential role in
forming emotions.
d. James Lange Theory; Cannon-
Bard Theory:
According to the James-Lange
theory of emotion, an external
stimulus leads to a physiological
reaction. Your emotional reaction
depends upon how you interpret
those physical reactions.
For example, suppose you are
walking in the woods and see a
grizzly bear. You begin to tremble,
and your heart begins to race. The
James-Lange theory proposes that
you will conclude that you are
frightened ("I am trembling.
Therefore, I am afraid"). According
to this theory of emotion, you are
not trembling because you are
frightened. Instead, you feel
frightened because you are
trembling.
The Cannon-Bard Theory of
Emotion
Another well-known physiological
theory is the Cannon-Bard theory
of emotion. Walter Cannon
disagreed with the James-Lange
theory of emotion on several
different grounds. First, he
suggested, people can experience
physiological reactions linked to
emotions without actually feeling
those emotions. For example, your
heart might race because you have
been exercising, not because you
are afraid.
According to the Cannon-Bard
theory of emotion, we feel
emotions and experience
physiological reactions such as
sweating, trembling, and muscle
tension simultaneously.
Cannon first proposed his theory in
the 1920s, and his work was later
expanded on by physiologist Philip
Bard during the 1930s.
More specifically, the theory
proposes that emotions result
when the thalamus sends a
message to the brain in response to
a stimulus, resulting in a
physiological reaction. At the same
time, the brain also receives signals
triggering the emotional
experience. Cannon and Bard’s
theory suggests that the physical
and psychological experience of
emotion happen at the same
time and that one does not cause
the other.
e. Schachter-Singer Theory:
Also known as the two-factor
theory of emotion, the Schachter-
Singer theory is an example of
a cognitive theory of emotion. This
theory suggests that the
physiological arousal occurs first,
and then the individual must
identify the reason for
this arousal to experience and label
it as an emotion. A stimulus leads
to a physiological response that is
then cognitively interpreted and
labeled, resulting in an emotion.5
Schachter and Singer’s theory
draws on both the James-Lange
theory and the Cannon-Bard
theory. Like the James-Lange
theory, the Schachter-Singer theory
proposes that people infer
emotions based on physiological
responses. The critical factor is the
situation and the cognitive
interpretation that people use to
5
label that emotion.
The Schachter-Singer theory is a
cognitive theory of emotion that
suggests our thoughts are
responsible for emotions.
Like the Cannon-Bard theory, the
Schachter-Singer theory also
suggests that similar physiological
responses can produce varying
emotions.
For example, if you experience a
racing heart and sweating palms
during an important exam, you will
probably identify the emotion as
anxiety. If you experience the same
physical responses on a date, you
might interpret those responses as
love, affection, or arousal.
THE END.

COMPOSED BY: M.HAMZA AKBAR.