A Seminar Report on

GI-FI TECHNOLOGY
Submitted to

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad in partial

fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
by

DUVVA VIKAS (19831A0542)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Dr. SHEETAL KIUNDRA

Professor

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

GURUNANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(AFFILIATED TO JNTUH-Hyderabad)
Ranga Reddy District -501506
January, 2023
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to JNTUH-Hyderabad)
Ranga Reddy District -501506

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar entitled “GI-FI TECHNOLOGY” is being presented with
report by DUVVA VIKAS (19831A0542) in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering, to Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Hyderabad.

INTERNAL GUIDE COORDINATOR

(DR. SHEETAL KUNDRA) (Mrs. P. ANUSHA)

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL

(DR. B. SANTHOSH KUMAR) (DR. S. SREENATHA REDDY)

i
 GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam, R.R. Dist. – 501506.

VISION OF GNIT
To be a world – class educational and research institution in the service of humanity by
promoting high quality Engineering and Management Education.

MISSION OF GNIT
M1: Imbibe soft skills and technical skills.

M2: Develop the faculty to reach the international standards.

M3: Maintain high academic standards and teaching quality that promotes the analytical thinking
and independent judgment.

M4: Promote research, innovation and Product development by collaboration with reputed
foreign universities.

M5: Offer collaborative industry programs in emerging areas and spirit of enterprise.

ii
 GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Ibrahimpatnam, R.R. Dist. – 501506.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

VISION OF DEPARTMENT

To be recognized as a leading department of Computer Science and Engineering in the region by

students, employers and be known for leadership, Ethics, and commitment to fostering quality
teaching–learning, research, and innovation.

MISSION OF DEPARTMENT

 Nurture young individuals into knowledgeable, skill-full and ethical professionals in their
pursuit of Computer Science and Engineering.
 Nurture the faculty to expose them to world-class infrastructure.
 Sustain high performance by excellence in teaching, research and innovations.
 Extensive partnerships and collaborations with foreign universities for technology upgradation.
 Develop Industry-Interaction for innovation and product development.

iii
 GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Ibrahimpatnam, R.R. Dist. – 501506.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Program Educational Objectives (PEO’s)

PEO-1: Graduates shall have the ability to apply knowledge and technical skills in emerging
areas of Computer Science and Engineering for higher studies, research, employability, product
development and handle realistic problems.
PEO-2: Graduates shall maintain ethical conduct, sense of responsibility to serve the society and
protect the environment.
PEO-3: Graduates shall possess academic excellence with innovative insight, soft skills,
managerial skills, leadership qualities, knowledge of contemporary issues for successful
professional career.
Program Outcomes (PO’s)

PO-1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO-2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO-3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration
for public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

PO-4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.

iv
PO-5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO-6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO-7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.

PO-8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.

PO-9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO-10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.

PO-11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO-12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

PSO1- Professional Skills: The ability to understand the principles and working of computer
systems. Students can assess the hardware and software aspects of computer systems.
PSO2- Problem Solving Skills: The ability to apply standard practices and strategies in
software project development using open-ended programming environments to deliver a
quality product for business success.
PSO3- Successful Career and Entrepreneurship: The ability to employ modern computer
languages, environments, and platforms in creating innovative career paths to be an
entrepreneur, and a zest for higher studies.

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 GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Ibrahimpatnam, R.R. Dist. – 501506.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

MAPPING WITH PO’S AND PEO’S

Subject SEMINAR 15710

COURSE OUTCOMES:
CO No. On completion of this course, students will be able to: Level
1 Identify recent technical topics from interested domains. L3
2 Analyze the applicability of modern software tools and technology. L4
3 Develop Presentation and Communication skills. L3
4 Develop Technical report preparation skills. L3

CO-PO-PSO MAPPING
P
CO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO PSO
PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 O
No. 1 2 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
6
1 1 3 - - - - - - - 1 - 2 - - -
2 1 3   1 2 - - - - - - 2 2 1 2
3 1 - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 - - -
4 1 - - - - - - - - 2 - 2 - - -

vi
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that seminar report entitled “GI-FI TECHNOLOGY ” is the work done
by DUVVA VIKAS bearing the roll no. 19831A0542 towards the fulfilment of the requirement
for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and
Engineering, to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, is the result of the
work carried out under the guidance Dr. SHEETAL KUNDRA, Professor, Guru Nanak
Institute of Technology, Hyderabad.

I further declare that this report has not been previously submitted before either in part or
full for the award of any degree or any diploma by any organization or any universities.

Mr. DUVVA VIKAS (19831A0542)

vii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

"Task successful" makes everyone happy. But the happiness will be

gold without glitter if we didn't state the persons who have supported me to
make it a success.

I would like to express our sincere thanks and gratitude to our Principal,
Dr. S. SREENATHA REDDY and Head of the Department Dr. B.
SANTHOSH KUMAR, Department of Computer Science and
Engineering ,Guru Nanak Institute of Technology for having guided me in
developing the requisite capabilities for taking up this seminar.

I thank our Coordinator Mrs.P.ANUSHA CSE, GNIT for providing

seamless support and right suggestions that are given in the development of the
seminar.

I specially thank our internal guide Dr. SHEETAL KUNDRA for her
constant guidance in every aspect of seminar. I would also like to thank all our
lecturers for helping me in every possible way whenever the need arose.
On a more personal note we thank our beloved parents and friends for their
moral support during the course of our seminar.

viii
 GI-FI TECHNOLOGY
ABSTRACT
For many years, cables ruled the world. Optical-fibbers' played a dominant role because
of its higher bit rates and faster transmission. But the installation of cables caused a greater
difficulty and thus led to wireless access. The foremost of this is Bluetooth, which can cover 9-
10metres. Wi-Fi followed it having coverage area of 91metres.

No doubt, introduction of Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) has brought a revolutionary solution

to "last mile" problem. However, the standard's original limitations for data exchange rate and
range, number of channels, high cost of the infrastructure have not yet made it possible for Wi-Fi
to become a total threat to cellular networks on one hand, and hard-wire networks, on the other.
But the man's continuous quest for even better technology despite the substantial advantages of
present technologies led to the introduction of new, more up-to-date standards for data exchange
rate i.e., GI-FI.It will help to push wireless communications to faster drive.

GI-FI (Gigabit Fidelity) or Gigabit Wireless is the world's first transceiver integrated on a
single chip that operates at 60GHz on the CMOS process. It will allow wireless transfer of audio
and video data up to 5 Gigabits per second, ten times the current maximum wireless transfer rate
at one-tenth of the cost, usually within a range of 10 meters. It utilizes a 5mm square chip and a
1mm wide antenna burning less than 2 mw of power to transmit data wirelessly over short
distances, much like Bluetooth.

KEYWORDS:

 Bluetooth

 Wi-fi

 Gi-Fi

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE NO.
CERTIFICATE i
VISION OF GNIT iii
MISSION OF GNIT iii
VISION OF DEPARTMENT iv
MISSION OF DEPARTMENT iv
PROGRAM EDUCATION OBJECTIVES (PEOs) v
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs) v
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES(PSOs) v
MAPPING WITH PEOs AND POs vii
DECLARATION viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ix
ABSTRACT xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 OVERVIEW
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
CHAPTER 2: HISTORY 25
2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUD
2.2 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION
CHAPTER 3: IMPLEMENTATION 33
3.1
3.2
CHAPTER 4: WORKING MODEL 36
4.2
4.3
CHAPTER 5: COMPARISONS 43
5.1 43

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 5.2 43
5.3 44
5.4 45
CHAPTER 6: APPLICATIONS 53
6.1 53
6.2 53
CHAPTER 7: ADVANTAGES 56
7.1 56
7.2 56

CHAPTER 8: LIMITATIONS 64
8.1
8.2

CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 69

9.1 CONCLUSION 69
9.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 69
REFERENCES 70

xi
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

For many years cables ruled the world. Optical fibres played a dominant role for its higher bit
rates and faster transmission. But the installation of cables caused a greater difficulty and thus
led to wireless access. The foremost of this is Bluetooth which can cover 9-10mts. Wi-Fi
followed it having coverage area of 91mts. No doubt, introduction of Wi-Fi wireless networks
has proved a revolutionary solution to “last mile” problem. However, the standard's original
limitations for data exchange rate and range,number of channels, high cost of the infrastructure
have not yet made it possible for Wi-Fi to become a total threat to cellular networks on the one
hand, and hard-wire networks,on the other. But the mans continuous quest for even better
technology despite the substantial advantages of present technologies led to the introduction of
new, more up-to-date standards for data exchange rate i.e., Gi-Fi.Researchers of Melbourne
University has come up with a wireless technology which promises high speed short range data
transfers with a speed of up to 5Gbps within a radius of 10 meters. The new wireless technology
is named as Gi-Fi and operates on the 60GHz frequency band, which is currently mostly unused.
The Gi-Fi Chip developed by the Australian researcher’s measures 5mm square and is
manufactured using existing complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology,
the same system that is currently used to print silicon chips. The best part about this new
technology is its cost effectiveness and power consumption, it consumes only 2watts of power
for its operation with antenna (1mm) included and the development of Gi-Fi chip costs
approximately $10(Rs380) to manufacture.

1.1 OVERVIEW
Gi-Fi or Gigabit Technology is a wireless communication technology that has been tested to
transmit data at a rate more than one billion bits per second. That is to say it can transmit one
billion bits in a second. This term was first used in 2004 by some trade press to refer to faster
versions of IEEE 802.11 standards marketed under the Wi-Fi trademark while in 2008, at the
University of Melbourne, researchers demonstrated a transceiver integrated on a single
Integrated Circuit that operated at 60 GHz on the CMOS process. This communication
technology will allow transfer of audio and video data of up to 5 GB/s which is equivalent to ten

1
times the current maximum wireless transfer rate, at one-tenth the cost. According to Antone
Gonsalves (2008), Gi-Fi technology transmits data wirelessly at 5Gbps over a distance of
11yards and this could have a major impact on consumer technology and electronics.
Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11b) and Wi-Max (IEEE 802.16c) are the most recent trends in wireless
communication until Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) a Visible Light Communication Technology,
developed by Prof. Harald Haas. In recent times, Gi-Fi happens to be the most recent wireless
communication technology and it was developed after a long time research at the University of
Melbourne. It is developed on an integrated wireless transceiver chip with a small antenna used
and both transmitter and receiver integrated on a single chip fabricated using the CMOS process.
Furthermore, Gi-Fi technology happens to be the world’s first transceiver integrated on a
single chip that operates at 60 GHz on the CMOS process, it was developed by NICTA
researchers and satisfies the IEEE 802.15-3C standards which is a standard for Information
Technology Telecommunication and Information Exchange between Systems-Local and
Metropolitan Networks-specific requirements while part 15-3: Is the wireless medium access
control (MAC) and Physical layer (PHY) specifications for high rate wireless personal area
network (WPANs).
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
With constant need for internet access and wireless communication between devices, the
demand for wireless communication technology has increased exponentially. The need for a
wireless communication technology that will satisfy this exponential demand is imperative. It is
this need that warranted the choice of this topic “Gi-Fi technology”, it is a technology that will
serve as a new generation wireless technology tool that will help tackle the problem posed by the
heterogeneity of Wi-Fi spectrum.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

This piece of literature is aimed at:

 Edifying the meaning of Gi-Fi technology

 Enhancing the audience’s knowledge on various wireless technology available
 Enabling the researcher and targeted audience get a broad knowledge on how most
wireless technology work
 Helping the student understand how to write academic reports effectively.

2
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The findings of this study will be of benefit to the society, the student and her researcher
considering the fact that wireless communications play a very vital role in Information and
Communication Technology. The increased demand for wireless communication services on a
daily basis explains and justifies the need for a more effective, faster, secured and reliable
technology.

Thus, if the recommended technology that will be stated in the results section of this
work is adhered, the wireless communication technology service need of the society will be duly
satisfied. The student will gain more knowledge on various wireless communication technology
and academic/technical writing.

3
 CHAPTER 2
HISTORY

2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

An upcoming technology is one that is still new and has not been fully implemented or
worked on. This technology has not also gotten much attention by researchers only some
selected researchers that are working to see it is actualized. This entails that information
regarding that technology will be in limited supply.

(S. Dheeraj and S. Gopichand, 2002) proposed a model in which they implemented a
technology which gain flexibility of infrastructure, reduce capital expenditure, gain advantages
over competitors and to solve business problems.

In 2006, Gotham S Shetty et.al, proposed that wireless dual band router and wireless dual
band USB adapter are based on the next generation Wi-Fi technology, which is a new wireless
computer networking standard in the 802.11 ac family.

As time elapses, Ross and John et.al, (2007) proposed a model that MIMO (Multiple
input Multiple output) increase the capacity 10 times or more and simultaneously improve the
radiated energy efficiency of the order of 100 times and the system enables significant reduction
of latency on the radio interface using the low numbers and be forming in order to avoid feeding
pipes.

Furthermore, Sachin Abhyankar et.al in 2009 proposed a model that the introduction of
Wi-Fi wireless network has proved a solution to Bluetooth problem, the limitations for
data exchange rate and range.

Ramirez et.al (2011) proposed that the radio links can be operated in indoor environments
with low power transmission and with reduced fading margin, making ultra-wide band systems.

(Jyoti Tiwani., Swati Arya, June, 2013) Discussed basic ideas about Gi-Fi technology in
their study conducted in 2013. They said this technology in the next five replace other
technologies presently accessible.

In 2014, Desai Vaishali and Ramani Shrusti in their paper titled, “Gi-Fi: The technology
of new era”, emphasized on the advantage of Gi-Fi technology. Amongst these advantages is the
removal of the need for too much cabling, insecurity of contents and power consumption.

During all these researches, Stan Skafidas and his team have been working on a
technology that will help curb the problem of heterogeneity of already existing spectrum. This
research took decades as reported by NICTA when they were releasing the prototype for the
technology. After completion, the name Gi-Fi was coined for the technology.

4
2.2 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION

Figure 1: Image showing the evolution of wireless technologies (Bahl & Rai, 2015)

 BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is the first wireless technology designed to connect devices for transmission of
data over short distances. This technology is based on the IEEE 802.15 standard and uses two
basic networks namely: Piconet and Scatternet. A piconet is formed by the combination of a
primary station with many secondary stations. All the secondary stations can synchronize their
clocks and hoping sequence with the primary station. Piconet can have only one primary and
maximum of seven secondary stations. If there are more than seven secondary stations, then the
eighth can be in parked state. When we talk about parked state, it means the secondary station
can synchronize with the primary station but no communication will take place. This means that,
in a piconet, only eight stations can be active. Scatternet is a combination of several Piconets.
The secondary station in a piconet can be the primary station in another piconet.

Bluetooth is an open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short
distances (using short wavelength radio transmissions) from fixed and mobile devices, creating
personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security. Created by telecoms vendor
Ericsson in 1994, it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It
can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization. Today Bluetooth is
managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group. Bluetooth uses a radio technology called
frequency-hopping spread spectrum, which chops up the data being sent and transmits chunks of
it on up to 79 bands (1 MHz each) in the range 2402-2480 MHz . This is in the globally
unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency band.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using

5
short-wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400–2480 MHz) from fixed and
mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security. Created by
telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994, it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative data
cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.Bluetooth is
managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, which has more than 17,000 member
companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics.
The SIG oversees the development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and
protects the trademarks. To be marketed as a Bluetooth device, it must be qualified to standards
defined by the SIGA network of patents is required to implement the technology and are licensed
only for those qualifying devices

This technology has many applications such as communication of wireless mouse or

keyboard with computer, home security devices to connect different sensors with main security
controller, synchronization of computers at a conference and many other devices.

 WI-FI
Wi-Fi is an upgraded Bluetooth technology and follows The IEEE802.11 standard that
provides secure, reliable and fast wireless connectivity. IEEE802.11 standard includes three
radio technologies to transmit and receive data at high speed: IEEE802.11a, IEEE802.11b and
IEEE802.11g. 802.11b standard developed in 1999 that provides the speed of 11Mbps and
operates at 2.4GHz radio spectrum. 802.11a standard was developed in 2001, which provides
the speed of 54Mbps and operates at 5GHz. This standard is more expensive and it is not
compatible with 802.11b. 802.11g combines the feature of both standards, providing the speed of
54Mbps. It operates at 2.4GHz radio frequencies and is compatible with 802.11b.

A device that can use Wi-Fi (such as a personal computer, video-game console,smart
phone, tablet, or digital audio player) can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a
wireless network access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters
(65 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can comprise an area as small
as a single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square miles — this is
achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.

Wi-Fi can be less secure than wired connections (such as Ethernet) because an intruder
does not need a physical connection. Web pages that use SSL are secure but unencrypted internet
access can easily be detected by intruders. Because of this Wi-Fi has adopted various encryption
technologies. The early encryption WEP, proved easy to break. Higher quality protocols (WPA,
WPA2) were added later. An optional feature added in 2007, called Wi-Fi Protected Setup
(WPS), had a serious flaw that allowed an attacker to recover the router's password.[2] The Wi-
Fi Alliance has since updated its test plan and certification program to ensure all newly certified
devices resist attacks.

6
  WIMAX
WiMAX is the enhance version of Wi-Fi technology. Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access (WiMAX) is based on IEEE802.16 standard designed to provide high speed
wide area broadband wireless access. Also offers long range connectivity, high security, low
power utilization and excellent quality of service (QOS). 802.16 standards have the better
performance with bandwidth of 100 Mbps and low latency of 25-40ms than 802.11. It has
maximum coverage area with 50kms than Wi-Fi supports only 100m. Flexibility is one of the
main advantages of WiMAX technology. This technology can also operate in licensed and
unlicensed spectrum. WiMAX specifies three techniques for radio link: SC-A, OFDM, OFDM-
A. WiMAX is used for portable broadband connectivity, peer to peer access, varieties VAS and
enterprise data service. Also has the ability to maintain dedicated links, VOIP services at a
reliable and high quality speed.

 GI-FI
Gi-Fi or Gigabit Wireless Fidelity is the world’s first transceiver integrated on a single
chip operating at 60GHz on the CMOS process; allowing wireless transfer of audio and video
data at up-to 5Gbps within a range of 10 meters. To transmit data wirelessly over short
distances, it utilizes 5mm square chip and 1mm wide antenna, and consumes only 2mW of
power. Gi-Fi technology provides many features such as easy to deployment, small form factor,
enabling the future of information management, high speed of data transfer and low power
consumption. This technology is ten times faster than Wi-Fi and it is expected revolution
networking in offices and homes by implementing high speed wireless environments. Gi-Fi
allows a full length high definition (HD) movie to be transferred between two systems in
seconds. With high level of frequency reuse it can fulfil the communication needs of multiple
customers within a small geographical region.

7
 CHAPTER 4
WORKING MODEL
In this we will use time division duplex for both transmission and receiving. Here data files are
up converted from IF range to RF60Ghz range by using by2 mixers and we will fed this to an
power amplifier, which feeds millimetre wave antenna.The incoming RF signal is first down
converted to an IF signal centered at 5GHz and then to normal data ranges. Here we will use
heterodyne construction for this process to avoid leakages due to direct conversion and due to
availability of 7Ghz spectrum the total data will be will be transferred within seconds

How it really works:

 Device Building

This has to do with building the transceiver chip by integrating a transmitter and a receiver
into a single chip.

 Embedding
This entails integrating the built transceiver chip which is 5mm by 5mm in size into any
device it will be used on. These devices can range from TV sets, DVD players, Mobile phones,
Laptops, LCD screens and many more. Once integrated, the device will be setup to communicate
with the chip. (This communication technique has not been disclosed by NICTA)

 Data Transfer
This is the transfer of data from one device to another. This is achieved by picking the data to
be transferred after which the device to receive it will be selected also. The chip now using the
transmitter part in the transceiver of the sending device, picks the message to be transferred,
creates a communication link with the receiver of the transceiver chip in the receiving device.
Once the other chip accepts the communication request, synchronization is ran to ensure the link
is secured before the transfer begins. This synchronization is simply the confirmation of a code
generated by the transmitter found in the transceiver of the sending device with what is contained
in the receiver of the receiving device after the receiving device accepts the communication link
request sent earlier.

 Data Receiving
This is the process involving collation of data sent by the sending device by the receiving
device that passed the synchronization test. Once data has been selected for sending, a
communication request is sent by the sending device, this request once accepted by the receiving

8
device, a code is received and then checked for security purpose. Once passed, the receiving
device prompts the user to grant access to the incoming file.

This whole process is done at a very high speed and the range must not be much..

4.1 TIME-DIVISION DUPLEX:

Time-Division Duplex (TDD) is the application of time-division multiplexing to separate
outward and return signals. It emulates full duplex communication over a half duplex
communication link. Time division duplex has a strong advantage in the case where the
asymmetry of the uplink and downlink data speed is variable. As uplink traffic increases, more
channel capacity can dynamically be allocated to that, and as it shrinks it can be taken away

Gaseous absorption at 60GHz

9
 CHAPTER 5
COMPARISONS

5.1 Distinguish between Bluetooth,Wi-Fi and Gi-Fi

10
5.2 Distingush between Wi-Fi,WiMAX,Gi-Fi and Li-Fi:

11
5.3 Distinguish between Bluetooth and Wi-Fi

12
 CHAPTER 6

APPLICATIONS

13