ARCHT 33-A NOTES Electricity flows through a substance or over

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM its surface in the form of an electric current.

2. STATIC ELECTRICITY (Electrostatics)
ELECTRICITY The form of electricity that appears to
A physical entity associated with the atomic remain on the surface of a body as a
structure of matter which occurs in polar charge.
forms (positive and negative) and which are MAGNET AND MAGNETISM
separable by the expenditure of energy; 1. Magnet
invisible energy capable of moving 186,000 An ore that had the property of attracting
miles per second. From the word 'elektron’ pieces of iron, steel, or other metals.
- an amber, a hardened tree resin. It bums 2. MAGNETISM
and also attracts light objects when rubbed. The attractive power of a magnet.
3. ARTIFICIAL MAGNETS
Electrons- negatively charged particle When a bar of hardened steel is rubbed
Protons- positively charged particles a natural magnet.
4. MAGNETIC POLES
George Simon Ohm (1787, 1854) German The pole of a magnet that will point toward
Michael Faraday (1791-1867) Englishman the geomagnetic poles of the earth.
Joseph Henry (1797-1873) American 5. MAGNETIC ATTRACTION AND
Wilhelm Edward Weber (1804-1891) REPULSION
Getman Like magnetic poles repel and unlike
James Maxwell (1831-1879) Scottish magnetic poles attract each other.
Werner von Siemens (1816•1892) 6. ELECTROMAGNET
German Essentially a coil of wire in which magnetic
Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) American circuit is partly or entirely completed
Nikola Tesla (l Serbian through a magnetic material such as iron.
George Westinghouse (1846-1914)
American CLASSES OF MAGNETS
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1094) German
1.NATURAL MAGNETS
KINDS OF ELECTRICITY Iron called magnetite
2. PERMANENT MAGNETS
1. DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY These are bars or hardened steel which
(Electrodynamics) have been permanently magnetized

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3. ELECTROMAGNETS 4. THERMOELECTRIC
Softcore wound with a coil or By heating, the junction of two dissimilar
insulated wire. metals such as an iron welded Ito"9
copper wire such junction is called a
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY thermocouple.
5. PIEZOELECTRIC
1.MECHANICAL By. mechanical pressure (compression,
1.1 ELECTROSTATICS (by friction) stretching, twisting) of certain crystals
When certain materials are rubbed together, Such as quartz and Rochelle salts,
electrons are transferred by friction from e.g. Microphone, radio transmitter,
one to the other, hence it becomes telephone receivers, hearing aids.
electrically charged/
1.2 ELECTROMAGNETISM ELECTRIC CURRENT
elative motion of a conductor with respect to 1. DIRECT CURRENT (DC):
a magnetic field, a process known as Flows in one direction only. The flow is
induction. said to be from negative to positive. The
Example common source of DC current ate the
AC generator (alternator) - KVA dry cells or storage batteries.
DC generator - KW Continuous Direct Current- if it remains
AC --> DC - Rectilifier steady or uniform
DC -- >AC - Inverter Pulsating or Fluctuütlng Direct
2. CHEMICAL Current - if the strength varies at different
By insertion of two dissimilar metals periods.
such as zinc and copper in a conducting 2. ALTERNATING CURRENT
A solution called an electrolyte, A current that changes in both strength
e.g Dry cells and direction in a given time.
Storage battery EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
3. PHOTOELECTRIC 1.MAGNETIC EFFECT - used in electric
By light (sunlight or artificial illumination) motors, generators, doorbells, relays, and
falling upon a photosynthetic material other devices
such as cesium or selenium. 2. THERMAL OR HEATING EFFECT -
The process is known as photoelectric percolators, electric ranges, toasters, etc.
emission. 3. LIGHTING EFFECT - lamps, television
E.g. Photocell, Photovoltaic cell

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4. CHEMICAL EFFECT - storage batteries 14. JOULE - unit of electrical energy; also
and electroplating system called watt-second

ELECTRICAL UNITS OTHER ELECTRICAL TERMS

1. OHM - unit for measuring electrical 15. RESISTANCE - the flow of current
resistance in a conductor. Symbol Q impeded by wire, Friction in DC.
2. AMPERE - unit for measuring current, or 16. IMPEDANCE - resistance in transformer
the number of electrons past a given point and other devices in AC
in a conductor in a given period 17. CONDUCTANCE / ADMITTANCE - the
of time. reciprocal of impedance
3. VOLT - unit of electrical potential/ 18. RESISTIVITY (Specific resistance) - a
potential difference/ electromotive force measure of the ability of a material to resist
(emf).The electrical pressure causes the the flow of current
electrons to move through the conductor. Symbol - Ω
4. WATT - unit for measuring power Unit - Ωm or ΩCM/ft.
produced 19. CONDUCTIVITY - the reciprocal of
Electrical power - Watts/ VA resistivity
Mechanical Power - Hp 20. CAPACITANCE - the ratio of the charge
5. KILOWATT-HOUR - unit for measuring on one of the conductors of a capacitor to
amounts of energy consumed. the potential difference between the
6. COULOMB - unit for quantity passing conductors.
through a circuit; 1 ampere-hour = 3600 21. INDUCTANCE - The property of an
coulomb, 1 coulomb = 1 ampere-second electric circuit or of two neighboring circuits
7. FARAD - the unit of capacitance in S.I whereby an emf is generated
−6
8. MICROFARAD - 1𝑥10 farad (electromagnetic induction) by a change of

9. HENRY - the unit of inductance in S.I current in itself.

−3
10. MILLIHENRY - 1 𝑥 10 henry
OHM’S LAW
11. HERTZ - unit of frequency
In 1826, Georg Simon Ohm discovered the
Symbol - Hz
relationship between current, voltage, and
1 Hz = 1cps
resistance. It states that the current through
12. TESLA - unit of magnetic flux density
the material varies directly with the applied
and magnetic induction
voltage and inversely with the resistance of
13. WEBER - unit of magnetic flux
the material.

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Formulas: A path of low resistance connection across
E = IR a voltage. Resistance is zero; too much
I = E/R current.
R = E/I
BASIC ELEMENTS OF AN ELECTRIC
POWER FORMULA CIRCUIT
Power - the rate at which work is done; the 1. Source of Electricity
rate at which heat is generated 2. Conducting path
Formulas: 3. Electrical Load
P = IE
I = P/E TYPES OF CIRCUITS
E = P/I 1.SERIES CIRCUIT
When all parts of the circuit are electrically
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT connected end-to-end
An electric path composed of a conductor or 2. PARALLEL CIRCUIT
of several conductors and conducting When two or more electrical devices are
electric devices joined together, through connected so that each one offers a
which an electric current flows when the separate for the flow of current between two
path is complete and an emf ( electromotive points.
force) is applied. 3. SERIES- PARALLEL CIRCUIT
An arrangement where several devices are
CLOSED (complete) CIRCUIT connected in series groups and these
A circuit is closed or complete when its groups are connected in parallel with each
conducting elements are so connected as to other.
form a continuous path from the source of RESISTANCE
the current back to the same point. The resistance is directly proportional to the
length of the conductor, inversely
OPEN ( Broken or Incomplete) CIRCUIT proportional to the cross-sectional area of
When its conducting elements are the conductor, and a function that is
disconnected in such a manner as to independent of the material of which the
prevent the flow of electricity conductor is made.
SHORT CIRCUIT Formula :
Rrho (Ω) = ρL/A
Where ;

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R - resistance, Ω FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE OF
ρ- resistivity or specific resistance, m ( METALLIC CONDUCTORS
CM/ft) 1. LENGTH - the resistance is directly
L - length, m (ft proportional to the length, i.e short

A - cross-sectional area, 𝑚 ( CM )
2 length, low resistance
2 2. CROSS SECTIONAL AREA - the
R rho (Ω) = 𝑝𝑉/𝐴
resistance of a conductor is
2
R rho (Ω) = 𝑝𝐿 /𝑉 inversely proportional to the
Where : cross-sectional area, i.e small
V - volume ( cross-sectional area x length) cross-sectional area, higher
3 3
𝑚 ( 𝑓𝑡 ) resistance; large cross-sectional
ρ - ( resistivity or specific resistance) - area, lower resistance.
resistance offered by a unit cube of the 3. NATURE OF MATERIAL
material 4. TEMPERATURE - the higher the
Resistivities at 20C in Ωm and Ω𝐶𝑀/𝑓𝑡 of temperature, the higher the
some common metals resistance.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND
INSULATORS
Material ρ(Ω𝑚) ρ(Ω𝐶𝑀/𝑓𝑡)
resistivity ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS - are
substances that allow the flow of electric
Silver 1. 68 𝑥 10
−8 9.8
current.
BARE CONDUCTOR - a conductor having
Copper 1. 7 𝑥 10
−8 10.4
no covering insulation.
COVERED CONDUCTOR- encased within
Gold 2. 3 𝑥 10
−8 14
a material of composition and thickness not
recognized by code.
Aluminum 2. 8 𝑥 10
−8 17 INSULATED CONDUCTOR - encased
within a material of composition and
Tungsten 5. 6 𝑥 10
−8 33.8 thickness recognized by code.

Iron −8 58 Some good conductors

10 𝑥 10
1. Silver
2. Copper
3. Zinc

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 4. Aluminum 1. Moisture and heat resistant rubber
5. Nickel 2. Heat resistant rubber
6. Brass 3. Silicon rubber
7. Platinum 4. Thermoplastic
8. Iron 5. Thermoplastic and asbestos
9. Tin 6. Flame resistant,moisture, and heat
10. Lead resistant thermoplastic
7. Moisture resistant
INSULATOR - a material or substance that 8. Perfluoroalkoxy
does not permit electric current to pass or
flow easily. SOME INSULATING MATERIALS
1. Rubber
CLASSES OF INSULATION 2. Porcelain
1. CLASS A INSULATION 3. Varnish
Class A insulation consists of; (1) cotton, 4. Slate
silk, paper and materials of paper 5. Glass
composition impregnated or immense in an 6. Mica
insulating liquid; (2) molded or laminated 7. Latex
materials with cellulose filler, phenolic resin, 8. Asbestos
or resin or similar resins; (3) films or sheets 9. Thermoplastic
of cellulose products; and (4) varnishes or 10. Oil
enamel applied to conductors. 11. Wax
2. CLASS B INSULATION 12. Dry air
Consists of mica, asbestos, or fiberglass, all 13. Paper
with a binder. 14. Silk
3. CLASS C INSULATION 15. Wood
Consists entirely of mica, porcelain, glass,
quartz or similar materials Good Fair Partial Insulators
4. CLASS O INSULATION conductors conductors conductors

Consists of cotton, silk, paper or similar Silver Charcoal Water Slate

and coke
materials that are not impregnated or
Copper Carbon The body Oil
immersed in an insulating liquid.
Aluminum Plumbago Flame Porcelain
( Graphite)
CONDUCTOR INSULATION

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 Zinc Acid Linen Dry paper telegraph, telephone, and other electrical
solutions
equipment and devices.
Brass Sea water Cotton Silk

Platinum Saline Mahogany Sealing WIRES AND CABLES

solutions wax
Wires are those electrical conductors which
Iron Metallic Pine Guttae
ores percha
are 8 mm^2 (No. 8 AWG) or smaller while
cables are those larger than wires. They are
Nickel Living Rosewood Ebonite
Vegetables either solid or stranded. A single conductor
substances
number 14 AWG, 12 AWG, 10 AWG and 8
Tin Moist Earth Lignum Mica
Vitae AWG are called wires.
Note: AWG (American Wire gauge)
Lead Teak Glass
AWG is preceded by a number which
Marble Dry air
indicates the size of the wire, e.g. 14 AWG
means American Wire gauge Number 14.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS
AWG numbers are used In reverse order,
Historical Note: The use of wire can be
The bigger the number the smaller the size,
traced as far back as 3000 BC when metal
Hence, a 12 AWG is bigger than a 14 AWG.
was hammered into sheets then cut into
Smaller size AWG wires we available
strips and again shaped to form wires.
(16,18,20,22 AWG, etc.) but they are not
Drawing as a method of producing wire
permitted to be used in electrical circuits.
started in Europe In the 13th century. The
MCM (Thousand Circular bill), M- Roman
process is characterized by having metal
numeral for thousand
drawn into a series of holes on a drawplate
or hole on a drawing plate or die of varying
SOLID WIRE
diameters, from larger to smaller holes. The
STRANDED WIRE
process is done until the desired diameter is
Consists of a group of wires twisted to form
achieved. In 1831, Ichabod Crane, an
metallic string. The total circular mil area is
American, introduced drawing of wire as a
found by multiplying the circular mil area of
manufacturing process by using the
each strand by the total number of strands.
waterwheel to provide mechanical power.
CORD
The process he introduced had been
A term is given to an insulated wire.
adopted as a method for manufacturing until
CABLES
today. The use of wire as a practical
are electrical conductors larger than
material for conducting electricity had
escalated especially with the invention of

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wires. A single number 6 AWG to 0000
AWG is called cable. Also, two or more
wires assembled in a single jacket are
called cables. Conductors with sizes from
number 6 AWG and larger are stranded.
For AWG zeros the following notations may
be used:
0 AWG = 1/0 AWG
00 AWG = 2/0 AWG
000 AWG = 3/0 AWG
0000 AWG = 4/0 AWG
BUS, BUSBAR
A rigid electric conductor, usually a metal
bar, hollow tube, or rod which forms a
connection between electric circuits.
CIRCULAR MIL (CM)
This is the unit of the cross-section in the
American Wire Gauge (AWG). The term
"mil” means one-thousand of an inch (0.001
Conversion factor
in.). It is the area of circular wire having a
Square mil= square inch x 0.000001
diameter of 1mil. To find the number of
Square inch= square mil x 1,000,000
circular mils in a circle of a given diameter,
Square mil = circular mils x 0.7854
square the number of mils in the diameter.
Circular mil = square mils x 1.273
Area in CM = (diameter in mils)^2
Millimeter = inches x 25.4
CM = (mils)^2
Square mm = circular mils x 0.0005067
1inch= 1000mils
1mil = 1/1000 in.
MATERIALS USED FOR CONDUCTORS
Square Mil (SM)
1. COPPER
It is the area of a square having its side
Properties of copper; Ductile, malleable and
equal to 1mil.
an excellent conductor of heat and
electricity. It is harder than zinc and softer
Square Mil (SM) = 0.7854 x CIrcular Mils
than iron. Approximately 50% of Its total
SM = π/4 𝑥 𝐶𝑀
output is used for manufacturing electrical
SM = 0.7854 x CM
apparatus and conductors.

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 2. ALUMINUM Mils and in Circular Mils (CM).
Properties of Aluminum: Aluminum is 4. Number 000 wire (AWG) has a diameter
produced by the formation of many metals of 0.3648 inch. Determine its diameter in
such as feldspar. mica. Sum, cryolite, day CM
bauxite, and several loans of aluminum area.
oxide (alumina) Aluminum Is tough. fairly 5. A certain wire has a cross-section of
high strength and lightweight. 52,640 CM. Determine its diameter in mils,
Advantages and disadvantages of in. and nun.
Aluminum as an electrical conductor.
I. Lighter In weight than copper conductors. CHARACTERISTICS OF INSULATED
2. Cost loss than copper conductors. CONDUCTOR FOR DIFFERENT
3 Aluminum have approximately 80% of the APPLICATIONS
conductivity of copper conductors.
4. Copper conductors up to 4 AWG require TEMP And Use
smaller conduits hence the cost of Is
Heat RH 75C Dry
generally lower than aluminum within a
conduit. Resistant 167F Locations

5.Aluminum conductors can create electrical Rubber

problems if installed Improperly.
Moisture RW 60 C Dry and Wet
locations
Resistant 140 F
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM
1. A transmission line cable consists of 16 Rubber

identical copper conductors, each 1.5 mm in Heat and RHW 75C Dry and Wet
locations
diameter. The actual length of the cable is 2
Moisture 167F
km but is reduced by 5% of its original
Resistant
length due to twisting of strands during its
Installation. What is the resistance of the Rubber

conductor? Heat RUH 75C Dry

locations
2. Number 10 wire has a diameter of 2.59
Resistant 167F
mm. What is the length of this wire if its
Latex Rubber
−8
resistivity rating is 2. 8𝑥10 Ω𝑚Urn and has
Moisture RUW 60 C Dry and Wet
a resistance of 8Ω. Resistant Latex locations
3. A copper conductor has a cross-sectional Rubber 140F

area of 8 sq. mm. Determine its diameter in

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Thermoplastic T 60C Dry Heat and XHHW 75C Wet and dry
locations Moisture locations
140F Resistant 167F
Cross-linked
Moisture TW 60C Dry and Wet Polyethylene
locations
Resistant 140 F Moisture THW-M 60C Wet and dry
TW locations
Thermoplastic Heat and Oil- 140F

Heat THHN 90C Dry Resistant

locations
Resistant 194F Thermoplastic

Thermoplastic

Moisture and THW 75C Dry and Wet

Heat Resistant locations Allowable Ampacities of Insulated
167F
Thermoplastic
Copper Conductors (Not more than three
conductors in raceway)
Moisture and THWN 75C Dry and Wet
Types Area, Size
Heat Resistant locations
Thermoplastic 167F
T, TW (diameter, AWG (MCM)
mm)
Mineral MI 85C Dry – Wet
(60˚C)140˚F
locations
Insulation 185F
15 amperes 2.0 Number 14

(Metal
(0.6mm)
Sheathed)
20 3.5 (2.0) 12
Thermoplastic TA 90C Switchboard
wiring only
30 5.5(2.6) 10
And Asbestos 194F
40 8.0(3.2) 8
Varnished V 85C Dry
Cambric locations 55 14 6
185F only
70 22 4
Asbestos and AVA 110C Dry
Varnished locations 80 30 3
Cambric 230F only
95 38 2
Asbestos and AVL 110C General
Varnished Use and 110 50 1
Cambric 230F Wet
locations 125 60 0

Asbestos and AVB 90C Dry 145 80 00

Varnished locations
Cambric 194F only 165 100 000

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 195 125 0000 1/4 5.8 2.9

1/3 7.2 3.6

Note: T- Thermoplastic, TW – Thermoplastic
Moisture resistant ½ 4.8 4.9

The ampacity of the connected load ¾ 13.8 6.9

shall exceed 80% of the amperage 1 16 8
capacity of the conductor and fuse.
1 1/2 20 10
Number of Wires in a Conduit
2 24 12

Size of Number of Wires in a Conduit 3 34 17

(mm)
wire
1 2 3 WIRING METHODS

Number 14 13 mm 13mm 13mm

1.0 Conductors-on-Insulators
12 13 13 20
1.1 Open Wiring on Insulators
10 13 20 20

8 13 20 25 Open wiring on insulators is an exposed

wiring method using cleats, knobs, tubes
6 13 20 32
and flexible tubing for the protection and
5 20 32 32
support of single insulated conductors run in
4 20 32 32
or on buildings, and not concealed by the
3 20 32 32 building structure

2 20 38 38
1.2 Concealed Knob-&-Tube
1 20 38 38
Concealed knob and tube wiring is a wiring
0 25 50 50
method using knobs, lubes and flexible
00 25 50 50
nonmetallic tubing for the protection and
000 25 50 50 support of single insulated conductors
0000 32 50 63 concealed in hollow spaces of walls and
ceilings of buildings.
AIRCON LOADS
Horsepower 115 volts 230 volts 2.0 Cable Wiring Methods
Rating

1/6 4.4 amps 2.2 amps

2.1 Armored Cable (Type AC)

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Type AC cable is a fabricated assembly of moisture-resistant, flame-resistant
insulated conductors in a flexible metallic nonmetallic material, covered with an
enclosure. Often Called BX Cable, overlapping spiral metal tape and wire
shield and jacketed with an extruded
2.2 Metal Clad Cable (Type MC)
moisture-, flame-, oil-, corrosion-, fungus-,

Type MC cable is a factor/ assembly of one and sunlight-resistant nonmetallic material.

or more conductor, each individually

insulated and enclosed in a metallic sheath
of interlocking tape, or a smooth corrugated
tube.
2.3 Mineral Insulated, Metal Sheathed
Cable (Typo MI)
2.6 Service Entrance Cable (Types SE
and USE)
Service entrance cable is a single conductor
or multiconductor assembly provided with or
without an overall covering, primarily used
for services and of the following types: 2.6.1

Type MI Mineral-insulated, metal sheathed

2.6.1 Type SE. Type SE, having a
cable is factory assembly of one or more
flame-retardant, moisture-resistant covering.
conductors insulated with a highly
compressed refractory mineral and 2.6.2 Type USE Type USE, identified for
enclosed in liquid tight and gastight underground use, having a
continuous copper or alloy steel sheath. moisture-resistant covering, but not required
to have a flame-retardant covering.
2.4 Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable (Type
'NM and NMC) 2.7 Underground Feeder and Branch
Circuit Cables (Type UF)
Nonmetallic-sheathed cable is a factory
assembly of two or more insulated Description: Underground feeder and
conductors having an outer sheath of branch circuit cables shall be an approved
moisture-resistance, flame- retardant, Type UF cables in sizes 2,0 mm? copper
nonmetallic material. and 3.5 mm? aluminum or copper clad
aluminum through 100 mm The overall
2.5 Shielded Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable
covering shall be flame-retardant,
(Type SNM)
moisture-resistant, fungus-resistant,

Type SM shielded nonmetallic- sheathed corrosion-resistant, and suitable for direct

cable is a factory assembly of two or more burial in the earth,

insulated conductors in an extruded core of

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2.8 Power and Control Tray Cable (Typo
TC)
Type TC power and control tray cable is a
factory assembly of two or more insulated
conductors, with or without associated bare
or covered grounding conductor under a
nonmetallic sheath, approved for installation
in cable trays, raceways or where supported
by a messenger wire.
2.9 Flat Cable Assemblies (Type FC)
Type FC, a flat cable assembly is an
assembly of parallel conductors formed
integrally with an insulating material web
specifically designed for field installation in
metal surface raceway.
2.10 Flat Conductor Cable (Type FCC)
Type FCC cable consists of three or more
Rat copper conductors placed edge-to-edge
and separated and enclosed within an
insulating assembly. t
2.11 Nonmetallic Extensions
Nonmetallic extensions are an assembly of
two insulated conductors within a
nonmetallic jacket or an extruded
thermoplastic covering. The classification
includes both surface extensions, intended
for mounting directly on the surface of walls
or ceilings, and aerial cable, containing a
supporting messenger cable as an integral
part of the cable assembly.
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2.12 Medium Voltage Cable (Type MV)
Type MV Medium voltage cable is a single
or multiconductor solid dielectric cable rated
at 2001 volts or higher. They are used for
power system up to 1 35,000 volts,
2.13 MESSENGER SUPPORTED
WIRING
Messenger supported wiring is an
exposed support system using a
messenger wire 1o support insulated
conductors by any one of the following;
(1) a messenger with rings and saddles
for conductor support; (2) a messenger
with a field-installed lashing material for
conductor support; (3)
factory-assembled aerial cable; (4)
multiple cable utilizing a bare conductor,
factory assembled and twisted with one
or more insulated conductors, such as
duplex, triplex, or quadruplex type of
construction.
2.14 INTEGRATED GAS SPACER
(TYPE IGS)
Type IGS is a factory assembly of one.
or more conductors, each individually
insulated and enclosed in a loose fit
nonmetallic flexible conduit as an
integrated gas spacer cable rated at O-
600 volts.
3.0 RACEWAY METHODS
RACEWAY
An enclosed channel designed
expressly for holding wires, cables or
busbars with additional functions.
3.1 INTERMEDIATE METAL CONDUIT
(IMC)
Intermediate metal; conduit is a metal
raceway of circular cross section with
integral or associated couplings,
connectors and fittings approved lor the
installation of electrical conductors.
3.2 RIGID METAL CONDUIT (RMC)
A raceway specially constructed for the
purpose of pulling in or the withdrawing
of wires or cables after the conduit is in
place and made of metal pipe of
standard weight and thickness
permitting the cutting of standard
threads.
3.3 RIGID NONMETALLIC CONDUIT
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A type of conduit and fittings of suitable
nonmetallic material that is resistant to
moisture and chemical atmosphere, For
use underground, it shall also be
flame-retardant, resistant to impact and
crushing, resistant to distortion from
heat under conditions likely to be
encountered in service, and resistant to
low temperature and sunlight effects.
3.4 LIQUIDTIGHT FLEXIBLE METAL
CONDUIT
Liquidtight flexible metal conduit is a
raceway of circular cross section having
an outer liquidtight, nonmetallic,
sunlight-resistant jacket over an inner
Nexible metal core with associated
couplings, connectors, and fittings and
approved for the installation of electric
conductors.
3.5 FLEXIBLE METALLIC TUBING
(FMT)
Non-rigid metal conduit into which
conductors may be drawn. Flexible
metallic tubing may be used on the
following locations: (1) dry locations; (2)
in accessible locations protected from
physical damage or concealed above
ceiling; (3) for 1000 volts or more; (4) in
branch circuits.
surface metal raceway shall be
permitted in dry locations. They shall not
be used: (1) where subject to severe
physical damage unless otherwise
approved; (2) where the voltage is 300
volts or more between conductors
unless the metal has thickness of not
less than 1 mm; (3) where subject to
corrosive vapors: nor (4) concealed.

3.6 ELECTRICAL METALLIC TUBING

(EMT)
metal pipe into which electrical
conductors may be drawn and it has a
thinner wall thickness than a rigid metal
conduit. The use of electrical metallic
3.8 SURFACE NONMETALLIC
tubing shall be permitted for both
RACEWAY
exposed and concealed work. Electrical
A type of nonmetallic raceway and
metallic tubing shall not be used: (1)
fittings of suitable nonmetallic material
where, during and after installation, it
that is resistant to moisture and
will be subject to severe physical
chemical atmospheres. It shall also be
damage; (2) where protected from
flame-retardant, resistant to impact and
corrosion solely by enamel; (3) in
crushing.
hazardous locations.

3.9 UNDERFLOOR RACEWAY

3.7 SURFACE METAL RACEWAY
A raceway type suitable for use under
(SMR)
floor. The installation of underfloor
A raceway consisting of an assembly of
raceways shall be permitted beneath the
metal backing and capping. The use of
surface of concrete or other flooring

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material or in office occupancies, where
laid flush with concrete floor and
covered with linoleum or equivalent floor
covering.
the factory. A steel or metal troughing
(usually with removable cover) and
fitting, so formed and constructed that
insulated conductors may be readily
drawn in and withdrawn, or laid in and
removed with injury either to conductor
or covering.

3.10 CELLULAR METAL FLOOR

RACEWAY
The hollow spaces of cellular metal
floors together with suitable fittings
which may be an approved enclosure
for electrical conductors. A cell shall be
defined as a single, enclosed tubular
space in a cellular metal floor member.
3.13 BUSWAY
An approved, completely assembled
metal troughing and fitting, containing
bare conductors intended for use as
feeders, the conductors being suitably
supported on insulators.

3.11 MULTI-OUTLET ASSEMBLY

A type of surface flush raceway
designed to receive conductors and
receptacles assembled in the field or in

PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS

3.14 CABLE TRAY
A unit or assembly of units or sections
and associated fittings forming a rigid
structural system used to support
cables.
3.15 CABLE BUS
An approved assembly of insulated
conductors with fittings and conductors
terminating in a completely enclosed fit
ventilated metal housing.
PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS
<3 END OF JENJENS PART <3
OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES
Overcurrent
Due to mechanical overload or internal or
external electrical faults
Overvoltage
Due to short circulating between primary
and secondary writing or due to lightning
strike.
Causes of overcurrent
1. Overload of the equipment or
conductors
2. Short circuit or ground fault
Types of Overcurrent Devices
 1. Fuse
2. Circuit Breaker (CB)
Fuse
An overcurrent protective device with a
circuit opening fusible element, which is
heated and severed by the passage of
overcurrent through it.
Note: A fuse comprises all the parts
that form a unit capable of performing the
prescribed functions. It may or may not be
the complete device necessary to connect it
into an electrical circuit.
Expulsive Fuse Unit (Explusion Fuse)
A vented fuse unit in which the expulsion
effect of gases produced by the arc and
lining on the fuse holder, either alone or
aided by a spring, extinguishes the arc.
Power Fuse Unit
A vented, non-vented, or controlled vented
fuse in which the arc is extinguished by
being drawn through solid material, granular
material, or liquid, either alone or aided by a
spring.
2. Cartidge fuse - it is enclosed in
insulatuing tube (e.g porcelain,
rubber, or hard paperboard), with
ratings: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,
35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110,
150, 175, 200, 250, 275, 300, 325,
350, 400, 450, 500, 600, & larger.
3. Fuse Wire - open wire of low
melting point commonly used in the
safety power switch.
Advantages of a Fuse over a Circuit
Breaker (CB)
1. It is reliable ( it can stay in position
for a long period of time and can act
when needed)
2. Initial cost is lesser
3. It does require periodic maintenance

Vented Power Fuse

A fuse with the provision for the escace of Circuit Breaker
arc gases, liquids, or solid particles to the
A device designed to open and close a
atmosphere during circuit interruption.
circuit by non-automatic means and to open
automatically on a predetermined
Controlled Vented Power Fuse
overcurrent without damage to itself when
A fuse with provision for controlling
properly applied within its rating.
discharge circuit interruption such that no
solid material may be exhausted into the
Note: The automatic opening means
surrounding atmosphere.
can be integral, direct-acting with the circuit
breaker or remote from the circuit breaker.
General Classification of Fuses:
1. Plug fuse - it is enclosed in Circuit Breaker Operation (Tripping)
porcelain or rubber commonly used
in various electrical appliances, with 1. Adjustable
ratings: 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 15, 20, 25, & 30
Amps

PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS

 A qualifying term indicating that the
circuit breaker can be set to trip at
various values of current and/or time
within a predetermined range.
2. Instantaneous Trip
A qualifying term indicating that no
delay is purposely introduced in the
tripping action of the circuit breaker.
3. Inverse Time
A qualifying term indicating that
there is purposely introduced a delay
in the tripping action of the circuit
breaker, which dealy decreases as
the magnitude of the current
increases.
4. Non-Adjustable
A qualifying term indicating that the
circuit breaker does not have any
adjustment to alter the value of the
current at which it will trip or the time
required for its operation.
a. Setting - the value of current
and/or time at which an
adjustable circuit breaker is
set to trip
b. Tripping - cutting-off or
disconnection of the supply
current
Classification of Circuit Breakers (CB)
1. Air blast Circuit Breaker
2. Air Circuit breaker (ACB) or Power
Circuit Breaker
3. Oil type Circuit Breaker
4. Gas type Circuit Breaker
5. Vacuum type Circuit Breaker
Circuit Breaker (CB) Ratings
PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS
50 AF (Trip at 15,20, 30, 40, 50, Amperes)
100 AF (Trip at 15,20,30,40,50,70,100
Amepres)
225 AF (Trip at 70-225 Amperes, 25 Amps.
increment)
500 AF (Trip at 125-350 Amperes, 25
Amps. increment & 400,500,600 amps)
Advantages of a Circuit Breaker over a
Fuse
1. It can be used again after the fault
has been corrected
2. Its position (open or close) can
easily be detected or viewed
3. It can act as a switch
Switches
● Switch
An electrical switch is a device
intended for on off control of circuits
and electrical isolation of equipment;
a piece of apparatus or device for
making, breaking, or changing the
connection in an electrical current in
the circuit. Switches are rated
according to current, poles and
throws, voltage, duty, fusibility, and
enclosure
Definitions:
Pole - used for making or breaking a
connection, and which is electrically
insulated from other contact.
Throw - the direction for a giver
position in which the contact is
 made, it also indicates the number of
times a contact is made.
Poles nad Throws
1. Single Pole Single ThroW
SPST
2. Singe Pole Double Throw
SPDT
3. Double Pole Single Throw
DPST
4. Double Pole Double Throw
DPDT
Single Throw Switch - one which will make
a close circuit only when a circuit is thrown
in one position
Double Throw Switch - makes a close
circuit in either one of the two positions
Voltage switches are rated in the following
manner:
120V, 220V, 600V, - Normal Building
Equipment
5 KV, 15 KV - Special switches and
switchgear
Duty - general use or safety switches
intended for general light and power circuits
may be of Heavy Duty (HD), Normal Duty
(ND), or Light Duty (LD)
Fusibility - a switch may be constructed
with or without provision for fusing
Enclosure - all switches except snap
switches or knife switches mounted on a
switchboard must be enclosed in an
appropriate cabinet as a protection from
external damage.
PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS
Classification of Switches
1. General Use Switch
A switch intended for use in general
distribution and branch circuits. It is
rated in amperes and is capable of
interrupting its rated current at its
rated voltage.
2. General Snap Switch
A form of general switch so constructed that
it can be installed in flush device boxes or
on outlet box cover, or otherwise used in
conjunction with wining systems recognized
by the authority
3. Isolating Switch
Intended for isolating an electric circuit from
the source of power. It has no interrupting
rating and it is intended to be operated only
after the circuit has been opened by some
other means.
4. Motor Circuit Switch
A switch, rated in horsepower, capable of
interrupting the maximum operating current
of the motor of the same horsepower rating
as the switch at the rated voltage
5. Transfer Switch
A transfer switch is a device for transferring
one or more load conductor connections
from one power source to another.
Types of Switches
1. Single Pole Switch
Opens and closes only one side of a circuit
2. Double Pole Switch
Designating two contacts of connections in
a device, for instance, a double knife switch
3. Three Way Switch
Used when desired to control lights from
two different locations; the light may be
turned on or off from either point.
4. Four Way Switch\
Used in conjunction with 2 three way
switches, are used wherein it is desired to
control lights from three or more locations
5. Multi-circuit Switch
Used for the control of lights in a multi-lamp
fixture
6. Momentary Contact Switch
Used when it is desired to open or close a
circuit for a short length of time. The switch
is provided with a Spring so that it will turn
to its original position as soon as the handle
or button is released
Switch Types (According to manner of
mounting)
1. Surface Switch
Designed for mounting on the surface of the
wall so that switch body extends beyond the
mounting surface
2. Flush type
Consists of a switch mechanism mounted in
a porcelain or composition moulded case
with the complete unit to be mounted inside
a switch box, outlet box so that the
operating handle or button is the only
PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS
portion of the switch which extends beyond
the cover of the switch box.
3. Pendant Switch
Used for control of lamps and other devices
which are mounted overhead
4. Canopy Switch
This is a small compact switch for
mounting in canopies of lighting fixtures
for the control of lamps directly at the
fixture.
Switch Operation
Switches may be operated by
electromagnets, by motors, or by
solenoids and referred to as manual or
electromagnetic operated switches.
Switches may also be classified according
to the type of operating mechanism.
1. Lever Switch
Most power switches are operated
by means of simple lever action or
by means of a lever attached to the
switch through a mechanical
device
2. Drum Switch
Set of contact segments mounted on a
moveable drum and a set of stationary
contact fingers. These are used for motor
starting control and instrument switches
3. Dial Switch
Consists of a moveable contact mounted 5 locations - 2 three way switches and 3
on an arm that can be rotated and with four way switches
several contacts arranged in circular form
Outlet
4. Snap Switch
A point in the wiring system at which
Small capacity switch in which the circuit current is taken to supply utilization
is made broken with a quick motion equipment.
independent of the speed of the operation
of the operator. Kinds of Outlets:

Types of Snap Switches: 1. Convenience Outlet

1. Rotary Switch Device which by insertion in a receptacle

establishes a connection between the
The switch blades move in rotary motion conductor at the flexible cord and the
by means of a handle through a spring conductors connected permanently to the
and cam mechanism. receptacle.

Types of Convenience Outlets:

2. Push Button Switch 1. Blank

2. Single Outlet
Blades of a button switch are operated by 3. Duplex Outlet
rocking action through a spring and cam 4. Duplex Split Wire Outlet
mechanism 5. Triplex Outlet
6. Waterproof Outlet
3. Tumbler Switch (Toggle Switch)
7. Fan hanger Outlet
Operates in a manner similar to the push 8. Range Outlet
button switch except that the blades are 9. Special Purpose outlet
activated by a lever instead of a button. 10. Clockhanger outlet
11. Interchangeable outlet
Switch Combinations Relative to 12. Combination gang
13. Floor outlet
Location

1 location - 1 single pole switch

2 locations - 2 three way switches
3 locations - 2 three way switches and 1
four way switch
2. Lighting Outlet
Intended for direct connection to a lamp
holder, a lighting fixture or a pendant.
Cord terminating in a lamp holder.

4 locations - 2 three way switches and 2

four way switches

PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS

 3. Receptacle Outlet
All outlets where one or more
receptacles are installed.
Wiring Accessories
Junction Box
A box with a blank cover which serves the
purpose of joining different runs of
raceways or cables, and provides
sufficient space for connection, and
branching of the enclosed circuit.
A box with a blank cover which is inserted
in one or more runs or raceways to
facilitate the pulling of wires.
Raceway
Metal molding or conduit that has a
thinner wall than a standard rigid conduit
used in exposed wiring.
Receptacle
Contact device installed at the outlet for
the connection of a single attachment plug

Note: A junction box is not an outlet Mounting Heights:

Parts of a Typical Junction Box 1. Residential Dwellings - 300 - 400

mm above finish floor line
1. Box 2. Shops, workrooms, etc - 1050 -
2. Cover 1100 mm above finish floor line
3. Ear 3. GFI or GFCI (Ground Fault
4. Knockout Circuit interceptor) installed on
5. Bushing damp or wet areas to avoid electric
6. locknut shock

Types of Junction Boxes HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR

CONDITIONING (HVAC) SYSTEMS
1. Octagonal
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
2. Round
3. Rectangular Definitions:
4. Square
● Heat - a form of energy that is
transformed by temperature
difference
● Enthalpy - the quantity of heat in
Pullbox BTU/ min. In a fluid gas
● Condenser - a heat exchange
device in a refrigeration system; it

PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS

 consists of a vessel or
arrangement of popes of tubing in
which refrigerant vapor is liquefied
by the removal of heat
● Compressor - a machine for
drawing refrigerant from the
evaporator at a relatively low
pressure, compresses it, and then
discharges it to the condenser
● Evaporator - that part of the
refrigeration system in which
refrigerant is vaporized, thereby
taking up external heat and
producing cooling
● Convection - heat transmission,
either natural or forced (by means
of a fan or blower), by currents
resulting from differences in
density due to temperature
differences in the heated space.
● Humidity - water vapor within a
confined space
● Relative Humidity - the ratio of
the weight of water vapor actually
in humid air to the maximum
possible weight of water vapor that
the air could contain at the same
temperature
● Humidity Ratio - weight of water
vapor in a mixture per pound of dry
air.
● Humidistat, Hygrostat - a
regulatory device actuated by
changes in humidity
● Thermostat - a device that
responds to changes in
temperature, directly or indirectly
● Adiabatic Saturation -
introduction of water into an
unsaturated air to increase
humidity ratio but without transfer
PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS
of heat to or from an outside
source
● Dew Point - Temperature at which
air-water vapor mixture will
become saturated and begins to
yield drops of condensed water
● Latent Heat - The amount of heat
that is absorbed or evolved in
changing the state of the
substance without changing its
temperature,
● Latent Heat of Fusion - change is
from liquid to solid state
● Latent Heat of Vaporization -
change is from liquid to gas
● Sensible Heat - heat in BTU
absorbed by a substance in
changing its temperature without
changing its state
● Wet Bulb Temperature -
temperature shown by a
thermometer with a wetted bulb
rotated rapidly in the air to cause
evaporation of its moisture
● Dry Bulb Temperature -
temperature of air-water vapor
mixture as measured in the normal
way with a Fahrenheit
thermometer.
● Desiccant - an absorber which
could be liquid or solid that can
remove water vapor from a
material
● Damper - a device used to vary
from the volume of air passing
through an air outlet, inlet, or duct
● Duct, Air Conditioning Duct, Air
Duct - a passageway usually
fabricated of metal fiberglass,
concrete or cement and asbestos
fibers used to translate air from
one location to another
 ● Filter - a device used to separate
solids such as dirt, dust, and other
particles from air
● Refrigerant - a substance which
produces refrigerating effect by
absorbing heat while expanding or
evaporating
○ Dichlorodifluoromethane
○ Dichloromonofluoromethan
e use for large installations with the use of
○ Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
○ Tricholomonofluoromethane
● Freon - a synthetic chemical
refrigerant
(END OF JOSEPH BATOCAEL’S
PART)
START OF JACOB’S PART
Ventilation - the process of supplying or
removing air by natural method or
mechanical means to or from any space
Ton of Refrigeration - the useful
refrigerating effect equal to 211 KJ/min or
288,000 BTU/24 hrs or 12, 000 BTU/hr
Condensing Unit - a specific refrigerating
machine combination for a given refrigerant
Expansion Coil - an evaporator
constructed with a pipe or tubing
Generator - any device equipped with
heating element used in the refrigerating
system to increase the pressure of the
refrigerant
Air Conditioning Machinery - equipment
including any or all of the following:
compressor, condenser, generator,
evaporator, absorber, receiver, connecting
pipe, air handling units, dehumidifier,
humidifier, and heat exchanger
PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS
Unit Air Conditioner - a type of system
used for small installation such as
residences and small offices
Split Type Air Conditioner - composed of
two separate section, one installed inside
the room while the other is mounted outside
the building
Centralized Type Air Conditioning
System- a type of air conditioning system
ducts
Cooling Tower - a structure, usually on the
roof of the building over which water is
circulated so as to cool it evaporatively in
contact with air
AFUE (Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency)
The ratio of annual fuel output energy to
annual input energy
COP (Coefficient of Performance)
For cooling - the ratio of the rate of heat
removal to the rate of energy input
For heating - the ratio of the rate of heat
delivered to the rate of energy input
EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio)
The ratio of net equipment cooling capacity
in BTU/hr to the total rate of electric input in
watts
IPLV (Integrated Part Load Value)
A single number figure of merit based on
part-load EER or COP
SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio)
The total cooling output of an air conditioner
during its normal annual usage, in BTU/hr,
divided by the total energy input during the
same period, in watt-hours.
Heat transmission
1. Conduction
 The transfer of heat from one place
of higher temperature to a place of
lower temperature of the same body
to another which it is in contact with.
2. Convection
The transfer of heat by motion of the
particles of the heated substance.
3. Radiation
The process of transmitting rays of
heat through air
Air Conditioning
Air Conditioning is defined as the
simultaneous control of air temperature,
humidity, motion, and purity of air in a
confined space.
provide satisfactory condition in spaces
intended for human occupancy
1. Heating and dehumidifying
2. Cooling and dehumidifying
3. Air motion
4. Air supply
Refrigeration and Air conditioning
Standards (Mechanical regulations - NBC)
The temperature and humidity of air to be
used for comfortable cooling shall be
maintained at 68-74° F, effective
temperature at an air movement from 4.57 -
7.60 mpm within the living zone.
Summer Air conditioning
Cooling and dehumidifying

Air conditioner 1. Passing air through sprays of cold

water
A device which provided air conditioning. 2. Passing air through a combination of
cold water sprays and cooling coils
Systems Involved 3. Passing air through refrigeration
coils
1. Cooling and dehumidifying
2. Heating and humidifying of air
3. Cleaning of air (Filtration) Mechanical refrigeration
4. Circulation of air Based upon the alternate liquefying and
evaporating of a volatile liquid refrigerant
Regulation of the following are with a low boiling point
considered essential for human comfort
1. Temperature of the surrounding air Cooling by absorption
2. Temperature of the surrounding Form of water chiller recently developed is
surfaces the absorption machine
3. Relative humidity of air
4. Motion of air
5. Odors Thermoelectric cooling
6. Dust A direct current is passed through the circuit
of a thermocouple than heat is given off at
Air conditioning Standards one junction and absorbed at the other

The following standards have been found to

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Design considerations
1. Type, usage and hours of occupancy
of building or structure
2. Number of occupants and type of
activity
3. Area and volume of materials in
conditioned space
4. Building orientation
5. Types of shades and glass exterior
cladding
6. Ventilation requirements
7. Amount and type of artificial lighting
and hours of use
Heat gains in building
Heat lost during cold seasons must be
made up by the heating system, in summer
heat gained through conduction, convection,
and radiation must be removed by the air
conditioning system. Heat may arise from
any of the following:
1. Heat transmitted through walls,
roofs, floors, partitions, ceilings and
glass owing to differences between
indoor and outdoor temperature
differences.
2. Heat from solar radiation striking
upon the exterior surfaces of walls
and glass, absorbed by them and
conducted through the interior
3. Heat carried in by infiltrating or
ventilating outside air
4. Heat given off by occupants
5. Heat given off by lights, cooking
devices, motors, fans and industrial
processes within the conditioned
space
Cooling load calculation factors
1. Internal loads
Lights, occupants, equipment and
PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS
the like
2. Thermal transmission loads
Heat transferring from walls, doors,
floors, ceilings, etc.
3. Infiltration and ventilation load
Entry of outside air into the space to
be conditioned; outside air affects
both temperature and humidity level
in the space to be conditioned
4. Solar load
Heat gained due to the heat energy
incident on the surface and depends
upon the characteristic of the
surface
Types of Air Conditioning Systems
Unit Room Air Conditioner
A self-contained unit which houses the
compressor, condenser and evaporator
in the same cabinet.
Split type Air conditioner
A type of air conditioning system
composed of two separate sections, one
installed inside the room while the other
is mounted outside the building
Package/ Cabinet Type Air
Conditioning System
A type of split type air conditioning unit
Centralized Type Air conditioning
System
A type of air conditioning system used
for large installations using ducts.
Basic concepts on the types of Air
conditioning systems:
Unit type Air conditioning system
composed of the following:
1. Fan coil unit
2. Air cooled condensing
(ACCU)
Fan coil unit is composed of the following:
1. Fan
2. Coil
3. Filter
Air-cooled condensing unit (ACCU) is
composed of the following:
1. ACC fan
2. Condensing coil
Air cooled water chiller (ACWC) is
composed of the following:
1. Air cooled condensing
(ACCU)
2. Evaporator
3. Chilled water pipes
Air conditioning unit (direct expansion
method) is composed of the following:
1. Fan coil unit (FCU)
2. Compressor
Centralized system elements:
1. Air handling unit
2. Method of cooling
3. Source of heating such as boiler of
furnace
4. Air distribution system
5. Control equipment
PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS
Delivery systems
1. Low velocity single duct system
is 2. High velocity dual duct system
3. Induction system
4. Hydronic system
unit 5. Fan coil units
Types of supply duct systems
1. Plenum duct system / perimeter
radial system
2. Extended plenum system
3. Reducing extended plenum system
4. Perimeter loop system
Types of air control
1. Air adjustment by opposed blade
damper
2. Air adjustment by splitter damper
3. Air adjustment by conventional turns
4. Air adjustment by right angle turns
with turning vanes
unit
Air distribution
Correct air distribution contributes much to
an efficient air conditioning as does any
single factor. An air conditioning system
may deliver the required quantity of
conditioned air and still fail to give
satisfactory room condition because of poor
air distribution.
Air conditioning System Components
Evaporator - that part of an air conditioning
system in which refrigerant is vaporized
thereby taking up heat and producing
cooling
Types of Evaporator compresses it and then discharges it to the
1. Stamped Evaporator - a result of condenser
the first designs to create a larger
pipe surface two pieces of metal Type of Compressors
stamped with the impression of pipe
passage through it. 1. Rotary type
2. Finned Tube - this heat exchanger 2. Reciprocating type (commonly
is quite efficient because the fins are referred to as Piston type)
in good contact with the pipe 3. Centrifugal type
carrying the refrigerant. Cooling Capacities
3. Dry Type of Direct Expansion
Room Cooling Ton of Approx.
Evaporator size Cap. refrigeration hp
2
(𝑚 ) (KJ/hr) rating
(Hp)
Evaporators and coolers
10-13 5,275- 0.42- 0.50
There are several methods used in cooling 6,700 0.532
in an air conditioning system
14-16 7,385- 0.59- 0.75
1. Direct cooling of water 8440 0.67
1.1. Shell and tube heat 17-20 9,495- 0.76- 1.0
exchanger 10,550 0.84
1.2. Direct expansion coils
21-25 12,660- 1.0- 1.5
1.3. Coils may also be 13,290 1.055
submerged in the spray
Up to 40 18,990- 1.5- 2.0
collecting tank
20,045 1.59
2. Direct cooling of air
3. Indirect cooling of air
Air conditioning design details

Condenser 1. Air handling unit

A heat exchange device that rejects heat 5% of the gross floor area (per floor)
from the system absorbed by the evaporator 2. Refrigeration equipment room
(located at the basement floor)
-chillers and pumps
Types of Condensers
3.96m - 5.488m hugh
1. Water-cooled condenser
1.1. Double pipe condenser 1,35% of bldg gross floor area
1.2. Shell and tube condenser 3. Cooling tower
1.3. Shell and coil condenser 4% bldg. gross floor area

Compressor (Vapor pump) Mechanical Regulations (NBC)

A machine for drawing refrigerant from the 1. Water from evaporators, condensers
evaporator at a relatively low pressure, and other machinery shall be

PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS

 properly collected into a suitable or
drainage system.
2. Ducts shall be constructed entirely of
non-combustible materials such as
steel, iron, aluminum or other
approved materials. Only fire
retardant lining shall be used on the
inside of ducts.
3. Access doors shall be with
automatic dampers, fire dampers,
thermostats and other apparatus
requiring service and inspection in
the duct system

Air conditioning unit brand names

Alenair
Carrier
Condura
Coolmaster
Dalkin
Fedders
Fujitsu
ELEVATOR/LIFT
Gree
A hoisting and lowering mechanism
Kelvinator
equipped with a car or platform which
Kolin moves in guides in a vertical direction
Koppel serving two or more floors of a building or
LG Collins structure. Movement of the car may be
McQuay controlled by gravitational, manual, or
mechanical power; invented by Elisha Otis
Mitsubishi
(Mechanical lift, 1851 and Hydraulic Lift,
National 1854).
Samsung
Sanyo
DUMBWAITER
Sharp
A hoisting and lowering mechanism
Supreme
equipped with a car not to exceed 3861 sq.
Trane cm. in area and a maximum height of 1.20
Uni-air m., the capacity of which does no exceed
Whirlpool 277 kg., used exclusively for carrying
materials.

PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS

Types of Elevators Accdg. To Use: considered superior to a geared machine
1. Passenger Elevator because it operates quietly, has fewer
2. Service or Freight Elevator moving parts, maintenance becomes less
and has longer life.

Passenger Elevators are Classified Acdg. to 2, Geared Traction Machine

Application: A worm and gear interposed
1. General Purpose between driving motor and hoisting
2. Commercial sheaves. The motor either ac or dc in
3. Residential comparison with the gearless unit which is
4. Institutional always dc. The geared traction machine is
used in some passenger and most freight
elevators with motor horsepower rating
Two types of Elevators in General Use: ranging from 3 to 100 hp.
1. Electric Elevator - used exclusively
in tall buildings and operated by
MOTOR PARTS OF AN ELECTRIC
direct current (dc+) motors.
ELEVATOR
2. Hydraulic Elevator
1. Car- the load-carrying unit of an
elevator including its platform, frame,
Considerations in Elevator Selection
and enclosure
1. Total height of the building 2. Cables- these are steel wire
2. Floor to floor height ropes used for the suspension of a
3. Capacity car and counterweight. These cables
4. Speed Requirement then pass over a motor-driven
5. Type of Structure cylindrical sheave at the traction
machine and pass downward to the
counterweight to which they are
END OF JACOB’S PART
fastened with the cable sockets.
3. Elevator Machine- turns the
PG 23 sheave and lifts or lower the car
(START OF NICO’S PART ) 4. Counterweight- are rectangular
TYPES OF ELEVATOR TRACTION blocks of cast iron stacked in a
MACHINE frame which is supported at the
opposite ends of the cables to which
1, Gearless Traction Machine the car is fastened. It balanced the
Consist of a dc motor, the short of weight of the car and usually equals
which directly connected to the brake wheel weight of car plus 40% of car
and driving sheaves. The elevator hoisting capacity
ropes or cable are placed around this 5. Guide Rails- are vertical tracks that
sheave; the absence of the gear means that guides the car and counterweight
the motor must run at the same speed as 6. Shaft or Hoistway- is the vertical
the driving sheaves. The gearless traction passageway for the car and
machine is prefered and is generally counterweight

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 7. Penthouse or Elevator Machine
Room- the room usually directly
above the hoistway in which the
elevator machine is hoisted.
8. Elevator Pit- is that portion of the
hoist extending below the level of
the bottom landing to provide for
over-travel and clearance for parts
which requires space below the
bottom of car travel.
9. Control Equipment- is the
combination of push buttons,
contract relay cams and devices
which are operated manually or
automatically to initiate the door
operation, starting, acceleration,
retardation, leveling or sloping of the
car.
10. Control Panel-register calls and
govern the response of the elevator
to them.
11. Motor generator- supplies direct
current (dc) to the motor; used with
generator field control.
12. Generator Field Control uses an
individual generator for each
elevator so that voltage applied to
the hoisting motor is adjusted by
varying the strength of the generator
field. It allows wide range of speeds,
including high speeds and permits
smooth acceleration and retardation.
13. Guide Shoes are fastened to car
frame and counterweight at top and
bottom; it is used to guide rails.
14. Compensator: ropes or chains hung
from bottom of car to bottom of
counterweight to balance the weight
of hoist ropes.
15. Buffers a device used to absorb of
car or counterweight at the lower
limit of travel.
16. Governor-stops car and
counterweight (if required) in case of
PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS
emergency by actuating the safety.
17. Secondary Sheave- provides
double wrap of ropes for traction and
leads rope over to counterweight.
18. Safety Switch is a device
incorporated in the bottom beam of
the car frame and counterweight;
exerts retarding force in case of
overspeed by gripping guide rails.
19. Umit Switches are automatic
devices which stop the car within the
overtravel, independently of the
operating device.
20. Operating Device- the car switch,
push button, wheel, lever, etc. which
enables the operator to actuate the
control.
21. Tension Sheave-gives stability to
governor's rope.
22. Car leveling Device- a mechanism
or control which will move the car to
within a limited zone and stop it at
the landing.
23. Landing Zone- within 18" above or
below the landing
24. Rheostatic Control a direct current
(dc) system of control by varying
resistance and reactance in the field
circuit of the hoisting motor.
Alternating current motors starts
across the line.
25. Winding Drum Machino- one in
which the ropes are fastened to and
wound on a drum. No counterweight
is required but
HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
The Hydraulic Elevator is a type of elevator
that is raised or lowered quite simply by
means of a movable rod (plunger) rigidly
fixed to the bottom of the elevator car. The
system is hydraulic and operates very much
the same as a hydraulic jack, where oil from 13. Gate valve
a reservoir is pumped under the plunger
thereby raising it and the car. 14. Controller

15. Motor and Pump with Tank

Normal Application Advantages of Hydraulic Elevator

Speed 40-100 per Traction 1. No Wire Ropes or Cables

CAL 100-500 bs machine 2. No Penthouse

Rose AS Respired 3. No Overhead Equipment

4. Elevator Shaft or Hoistway can be

Under Counter Unit (Rise is mild ta 30 feet
with drus-type nach)
Major Parts of Hydraulic Elevator
smaller
5. Car safety or speed governor are not
needed because the car and its load cannot
fall faster than the normal speed.

1. Car or Cab 6. Buffers need be only heavy springs.

2. Plunger Escalator Brand names

3. Guide rails 1. Otis

4. Guide Shoes 2. Mitsubishi

5. Spring Buffer 3. Schindler

6. Shaft or Hoistway 4. Fuji

7. Elevator Machine Room (located at the 5. Goldstar

lower floor)
6. Hyundai
8. Elevator Pit
7. Westinghouse
9. Control System
8. Hitachi
Other parts of Hydraulic Elevator
ESCALATOR
10. Floor Stop and Limit Switches
A power driven, inclined, continuous
11. Leveling Cam Switch stairway for raising or lowering passengers;
also referred to as moving stairway or as an
12. Car Gate Switch electric stairway: Invented by Jesse Reno
(1892)

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Size, Capacity and Speed
30° from the horizontal axis- ideal
installation angle
125 fpm along the axis of rise escalator
speed but may vary from 90 fpm-120 fpm
(actual practice).
Major Parts of an Escalator
1. Truss- a three (3) section built-up welded
steel tussed framework which supports the
moving stairway equipment.
2. Sprocket Assemblies- include top and
bottom sprocket wheels where the endless
belt of steps pass around when it is on
operation.
3. Driving machine- provides the motive
power of the unit.
4. Balustrade Assembly-designed for
maximum safety of persons stepping on or
off the escalator. It includes all enclosures
consisting of deckboards, concave inside
panel skirt guards, handrails and
combplates.
5. Endless Belt-is a continuous belt (chain)
attached to the handrall and Indirectly
connected to the steps.
6. Step Assembly-a continuous assembly
of steps which supports the passengers.
7 Emergency Brake- is located at the top
sprocket and will stop a loaded escalator
safely in the event of a break in the chain.
8. Controller-consists of relays and a circuit
PROPERTY OWNED BY: BEBS
breaker normally located near the driving
machine.
9. Emergency Stop Button-wired to the
controller and placed near or on the
escalator housing which will stop the driving
inachine and apply the brake.
10 Key Operated Control
Switches-located at the top and bottom
newels, it will start, stop and reverse the
stairway movement.
Escalator Arrangement
1. Parallel (No Walkaround)
2. Parallel (With Walkaround)
3. Crisscross
Mechanical Regulations Elevator
1. Hoistways for elevators shall be
substantially enclosed throughout their
height, with no opening allowed except for
necessary doors, windows or skylights.
2. Ropes, wires or pipes shall not be
installed in hoistways, except when
necessary for the operation of the elevator.
3. Hoistway pits shall be of such depth that
when car rests fully compressed buffers, a
clearance of not less than 600 mm remains
between the underside of the car and the
bottom of the pit.
Escalator
1. The angle of inclination of an escalator
shall not exceed 35o from the horizontal.
2. The width between balustrade shall not
be less than 558 mm nor more than 1200
mm. This width shall not exceed the width of
steps by more than 330 mm.

3. Solid balustrades of incombustible

material shall be provided on each side of
the moving steps. If made of glass, it shall
be of tempered type glass.

4. Each balustrade shall be provided with a

handrail moving in the same direction and at
the same speed as the steps.

5. The rated speed, measured along the

angle of inclination shall not be more than
38 mpm.

6. Starting switches shall be key operated

and located from within sight of escalator
steps.

7. Emergency button shall be conspicuously

and accessibly located at or near the top
and bottom landings but protected from
accidental contact

MANA KO <3

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