GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

Module 8: Ways of Expressing Concentration of Solutions

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1. B
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. B

Lesson 1: Percent by Mass and Percent by Volume

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CONCENTRATION

SOLUTION

Question:
1. Based on the answers that you have provided, how are the two words related with
each other?
 We need to concentrate or focus to different aspects and factors that are given so, we’ll
eventually approach a conclusion and reach a solution. In chemistry, the concentration
of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a given
amount of solvent or solution. A concentrated solution is one that has a relatively large
amount of dissolved solute.

EXPLORE
Questions:
2. If you were to choose a better alcohol disinfectant, which will you prefer, 70%
solution or 40 % solution? Why?
 I will choose the alcohol disinfectant with 70% solution because it is more
effective to kill bacterias than the 40% solution. 70% IPA solutions penetrate the
cell wall more completely which permeates the entire cell, coagulates all proteins,
and therefore the microorganism dies.
3. What do the 70% and the 40% on the label of alcohol represent in the solution?
 40% means that for every 100 mL, the product contains 40 mL alcohol. Hence ,
for a 70% label, every 100 mL of the product you buy has 70 mL alcohol.

4. Why do you think 100% alcohol is not used for sterilization or disinfection?
 It evaporates quickly, which prevents it from penetrating cell walls and killing
bacteria, making it less effective for disinfecting surfaces.

DO THIS!
1. Solution: Cup of coffee
A. Caffeine: Solvent
B. Water: Solute

2. Solution: Vinegar
A. Acetic acid: Solute
B. Water: Solvent

3. Solution: Ocean water

A. Salt: Solute
B. Water: Solvent

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1. Black 6. Light blue
2. Dark green 7. Orange
3. Light green 8. Purple
4. Yellow 9. Brown
5. Red 10. Dark blue
APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
1. All portions of a solution have the same concentration. The composition of one
part is also the same as the composition of the other parts but you can change
the concentration of solutions. This means you can prepare different solutions of
sugar in water of different concentrations (for example, 10%, 20% or 30%).

What is percent by mass and percent by volume? What makes it important in

our daily life?
 Percent by mass refers to the mass of the solute and the mass of the solution. It
is the ratio of the solute’s mass to the total mass of the solution, whereas percent by
volume is in terms of the volumes of the solute and the solution. This is significant
because it allows us to calculate the percentage of each element in a compound.

2. Tabak-making is one of Tabaco’s main industries. It thrives most at Brgy. Cobo

where most of the city’s blacksmiths are found. Bolo or Tabak is an example of a
metal alloy in solid solution made up of two or more metals. Aside from “Tabak”,
what other solutions can you give? Describe its concentration
 Brass is a solution of zinc and copper. The composition of brass, generally 66%
copper and 34% zinc, makes it a good substitute for copper-based jewelry because it is
more corrosion resistant.

REFLECT

 I have learned the definitions and the use of percent by mass and percent by
volume. I also have learned that concentration measures how much of a given
substance is mixed with another substance. Having a knowledge about these concepts
is significant because it allows us to calculate the percentage of each element in a
compound.

 I wish to ask my teacher about the other concepts and other variables that will be
measured in the next module related to these lessons.

Lesson 2: Expressing Concentration of Solutions through Molarity, Molality, Mole

Fraction and Parts per Million (ppm)
LET US START
ELICIT: When we look at the labels of commercial food items, we often find
concentrations expressed as a percentage (%) in terms mass or volume. A popular
vinegar brand indicates 4.5% natural acidity on its label. What does it mean?
 Percent acid is defined as the number of grams of acetic acid per 100 mL of
vinegar. So, the 4.5% vinegar you buy in the store has 4.5 g of acetic acid per 100 mL.

YOU CAN DO IT
 Parts per million

EXPLORE ON THIS
Sample 1.
Solution Moles solute (mol) Volume of solution Concentration
(L)
1. NaOH 0.2 0.100 2M
2. HCl 0.35 0.250 1.4 M
Questions:
1. How is the concentration of NaOH solution determined?
 Divide the moles solute (mol) by the volume of solution (L).
2. How many moles of HCl are present in 0.250 L of 1.4 M HCl solution?
 0.35 moles
3. What method of expressing concentration of solution is illustrated in sample 1?
 Molarity

Sample 2.
Solution Moles solute (mol) Mass of solvent Concentration
(in kg)
1. NaOH 1.5 1.3 1.15 m
2. HCl 0.85 1.7 m
Questions:
1. How is the concentration of NaOH solution determined?
 Divide no. of moles by kg solvent
2. How many kilograms of HCl are present in 0.85 mol of 1.7 m HCl solution?
 0.5 kg
3. What method of expressing concentration of solution is illustrated in sample 2?
 Molality

Sample 3.
A solution contains 10.0 g pentane, 10.0 g hexane and 10.0 g benzene. What is the
mole fraction of hexane?
Here are some clues for you to compute for the mole fraction:
1.) You need to determine the moles of pentane, hexane and benzene. To do this, you
need the molar mass of each substance. (Remember: To get the MM, you need to
multiply each element’s atomic mass by the number of atoms of that element in the
molecule. Then add these values together for each different atom in the molecule.
Pentane, C5H12: MM = 72.146
Hexane: C6H14: MM = 86.172
Benzene: C6H6: MM = 78.108

2) When you have the moles of each, add them together.

(Remember: no. of moles= mass in grams/MM)
Pentane, C5H12: no. of moles = 0.139
Hexane: C6H14: no. of moles = 0.116
Benzene: C6H6: no. of moles = 0.128
Total No. of Moles = 0.383

3) Then, divide the moles of hexane by the total to get the mole fraction of hexane.
Pentane, C5H12: Mole fraction = 0.363
Hexane: C6H14: Mole fraction = 0.303
Benzene: C6H6: Mole fraction = 0.334
Total No. of Moles = 1

Sample 4.
A 100.0 g sample of hard water is found to contain 0.012 g of calcium carbonate
(CaCO3). What is the concentration of CaCO3?
Solution:
0.012 g CaCO3
_____________ x 10 6 = 120 ___
100.0 g solution

1. How is the concentration determined from the example? What should be the unit for
the answer?
 Divide mass of CaCO3 by the mass of solution and multiply by 10^6
 Parts per million (ppm)

2. What method of expressing concentration is illustrated in sample 4?

 Parts per Million (ppm)

EXPLAIN
1. If a manufacturer prepares a solution from 10.0 grams of NaOH dissolved in enough
solvent to make a 0.100 liter of solution, what is the molarity of the cleaner?
2. an example in which 18.0 grams of C6H12O6 is dissolved in 1 kg of water. What is
the molality of the resulting solution?
3.What is the mole fraction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in an industrial exhaust gas
containing 128.0 g of sulphur dioxide dissolved in every 1500 g f carbon dioxide?

4.A 123.0 g sample of hardwater is found to contain 0.015 g of calcium carbonate

(CaCO3). What is its concentration in ppm?

ELABORATE
 The most common impurities in tap water are calcium and magnesium ions.
These ions dissolved into water as it runs through soils rich in limestone. Calcium and
magnesium are both essential to proper nutrition, and many people take them as dietary
supplements. Water rich in calcium and magnesium is called hard water and is
characterized by the amount of calcium carbonate that would form if all the calcium ions
in the water reacted to form calcium carbonate.

Classification Hardness (ppm CaCO3)

Very soft < 15
Soft 15-50
Medium 50-100
Hard 100-200
Very hard >200

Although hard water has no adverse health effects, it does have annoying
properties. The calcium and magnesium in hard water leave a white scaly
deposit on pipes, fixtures, cooking utensils, and dishes. Can you give other
disadvantages of having too much concentration of calcium and magnesium ions
in water? It leaves a mineral stain on clothes when washed because of the
harshness of hard water. Feeling a film on your hands after washing them, this is
because the soap is reacting with calcium to form soap scum. Also, the mineral
deposits can form in the pipes, essentially shrinking the interior diameter of the
pipes and reducing water flow.

How can we avoid the undesirable effects of hard water? In general, the only
issue with hardwater is mineral deposits caused by calcium and magnesium.
Therefore, we can avoid its undesirable effects by installing a strainer or filters on
the faucet. Applying some distilled white vinegar can remove hard water stains
and boiling hard water is also a way to cleanse it.

CHEMISTRY ACTION
Consumer Tip

1. You go to the store to buy fruit juice. One brand is half the price of
another. You think, what a great deal! But do not stock up just yet.
Whenever you buy a product that is in solution- chlorine bleach, liquid
cleaners, liquid laundry detergents, vinegar, vanilla extract, and fruit
drinks, to name just a few- you should know the concentration. Why do
you think so?
 It is important to know the concentration of a product we plan to buy
because it tells us how effective it is for certain usage.
 2. If you were to buy a product, which would you choose, less expensive
brands with lower concentration or those with a higher price but with
higher concentration of active ingredient?
 I would rather pay a higher price for a product that will ensure its
effectiveness and my safety.

3. An older home has lead pipes. Should you boil the water that comes out of
the pipes before drinking it? Does boiling lower the concentration of lead in
water? Why or why not?
 No, boiling will not reduce the concentration of lead in water
instead, it will slightly increase its concentration. It is not
recommended to drink a water that comes out of old pipes
especially if it contains lead. Therefore, we must avoid drinking
from hot tap water that is exposed to lead because hot water
dissolves lead faster than cold water.

LET’S CHECK WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

1. B
2. C
3. 760.91 ppm
4. 0.360

REFLECT
 I have learned the different ways on how to express and calculate the
concentration of solutions. I also have learned the importance of knowing how to get the
concentration of solutions in products because it will give us idea on how effective and
safe it is for daily use.

 I wish to ask my teacher about the concentration of various products except the
products and solutions from the module.