ABSTRACT

1
 ABSTRACT

The 21st century has faced a lot of industrial revolutions. The

traditional machines are now replayed by most advanced modern machine
with new technology and complete automation. This is due to development
in science and technology and on going research and development process.
That has been carried out in various engineering industries in order to
develop invocate new machines.

Since we, the project mates have this innovate quality and knowledge
we have decided to design and fabricate a new machine namely “Multi Drill
Head” at an economical cost, which was not available in the market.
Drilling is one of the important operation that one likely to perform in
various components for the purpose of fixing one component with the
another component.

The aim of this project is to form mass production set up at a

affordable lost and to save production time.

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INTRODUCTION

3
 CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION

The very essence of our economic life and growth is dependent in a

great part upon the continued improved of Electronic and Mechanical fields.
To aid these fields, we have designed MULTI SPINDLE DRILL HEAD
[Eccentric Drive] Which can be widely used to drill products like printed
Circuit Boards, Engine heads and other Automobile components. Extreme
care should be there to drill multi holes at different layouts. The MULTI
SPINDLE DRILL HEAD [Eccentric Drive] helps to achieve accurate and
identical drilled layouts in mass production.

We have designed this MULTI SPINDLE DRILL HEAD

[Eccentric Drive] model to drill five holes of various diameters in an un-
symmetrical layout .In case of drilling large layouts in mass production, we
can apply this type of drill holder.

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DRILLING MACHINE

5
 CHAPTER - 1
DRILLING MACHINE
1.1. WORK HOLDING DEVICES
Before performing any operations in a drilling machine it is absolutely
necessary to secure the work firmly on the drilling machine tabel. The work
should never be held by hand, because the drill while revolving exerts so
much of torque on the work piece that it starts revolving along with the tool
and may cause injuries to the operator.
The devices commonly used for holding the work in a drilling
machine are:
T – bolt and clamps
Drill press vice
Step block
V – bolt
Angle plate
Drill jigs

1.2. TOOL HOLDING DEVICES

The revolving spindle of a drilling machine can hold different cutting
tools for different operations. The different methods used for holding tools
in a drill spindle are:
 By directly fitting in to the spindle
 By a sleeve
 By a socket
 By a chucks
 By special attachments
 Tapping attachment
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  Floating holder
1.3. TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINE
 Portable drilling machine
 Sensitive drilling machine
 Bench mounting
 Floor mounting
 Upright drilling machine
 Round column type
 Box column type
 Radial drilling machine
 Plain type
 Semi universal type
 Universal type
 Gang drilling machine
 Multiple spindle drilling machine
 Automatic drilling machine
 Deep hole drilling machine
 Vertical type
 Horizontal type
Drilling Machine Operations
The different operations that can be performed in a drilling machine
are:
1. Drilling 6. Spot spacing
2. Reaming 7. Tapping
3. Boring 8. Lapping
4. Counter boring 9. Grinding
5. Countersinking 10.Trepanning
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1.4. DRILLING MACHINE TOOLS
A drill is a fluted cutting tool used to originate or enlarge a hole in a
solid material. Drills are manufactured in a wide variety of types and sizes.
The types of the drill commonly used are:
1. Flat or spade drill
2. Straight fluted drill
3. Two – lip twist drill
i. Parallel shank (short series or “Jobbers” twist drill)
ii. Parallel shank (stub series) twist drill
iii. Parallel shank (long series) twist drill
iv. Taper shank twist drill
4. Taper shank core drill (Three or four fluted)
5. Oil tube drill
6. Centre drill

Twist drill elements: The following are the twist drill elements.
Axis : The longitudinal centre line of the drill.
Body: That portion of the drill extending from its extreme point to the
commencement of the neck, if present, otherwise extending to the
commencement of the shank.
Body clearance : That portion of the body surface which is reduced in
diameter to provide diametral clearance.
Chisel edge : The edge formed by the intersection of the flanks. The
chisel edge is also sometimes called dead centre. The dead centre or the
chisel edge acts as a flat drill and cuts its own hole in the workpiece. A
great amount of axial thrust is required to cut a hole by the chisel edge. In
some drills chisel edge is made spiral instead of a straight one. This reduces
8
the axial thrust and improves the hole location. Chances of production of
oversize holes is also reduced.
Chisel edge corner : The corner formed by the intersection of a lip
and the chisel edge.
Face : The portion of the flute surface adjacent to the lip on which
the chip impinges as it is cut from the work.
Flank: That surface on a drill point which extends behind the lip to
the following flute.
Flutes : The groove in the body of the drill which provides lip the
functions of the flutes are:
1. To form the cutting edges on the point.
2. To allow the chips to escape.
3. To cause the chips to curl.
4. To permit the cutting fluid to reach the cutting edges.
Heel : The edge formed by the intersection of the flute surface and
the body clearance.
Lands : The cylindrically ground surface on the leading edges of the
drill flutes. The width of the land is measured at right angles to the flute
helix. The drill is full size only across the lands at the point end. Land
keeps the drill aligned.
Lip (cutting edge) : The edge formed by the intersections of the flank
and face. The requirements of the drill lips are:
1. both lips should be at the same angle of inclination with the drill
axis, 59o for general work.
2. both lips should be of equal length.
3. Both lips should be provided with the correct clearance.
Neck : The diametrically undercut portion between the body and the
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shank of the drill. Diameter and other particulars of the drill are engraved at
the neck.
Outer corner : The corner formed by the intersection of the flank and
face.
Point : The sharpened end of the drill, consisting of all that part of the
drill which is shaped to produce lips, faces, flanks and chisel edge.
Right hand cutting drill : A drill which cuts when rotating in counter-
clockwise direction viewed on the point end of the drill.
Shank : That part of the drill by which it is held and driven. The most
common types of shank are the taper shank and the straight shank. The taper
shank provides means of centering and holding the drill by friction in the
tapered end of the spindle.
Tang : The flattened end of the taper shank intended to fit into a drift
slot in the spindle, socket or drill holder. The tang ensures positive drive of
the drill from the drill spindle.
Web : The central portion of the drill situated between the roots of the
flutes and extending from the point toward the shank; the point end of the
web or core forms the chisel edge.
Liner dimensions : the following are the liner dimensions of the drill.
Back taper (longitudinal clearance) : It is the reduction in diameter of
the drill from the point towards the shank. This permits all parts of the drill
behind the point to clear and not rub against the sides of the hole being
drilled. The taper varies from 1 : 4000 for small diameter drills to 1 : 700
for larger diameters.
Body clearance diameter : The diameter over the surface of the drill
body which is situated behind the lands.

10
 Depth of body clearance : The amount of radial reduction on each
side to provide body clearance.
Diameter : The measurements across the cylindrical lands at the outer
corners of the drill.
Flute lent : The axial length from the extreme end of he point to the
termination of the flute at the shank end of the body.
Lead of helix : The distance measured parallel to the drill axis
between the corresponding point on the leading edge of the flute in one
complete turn of the flute.
Lip length : The minimum distance between the outer corner and the
chisel edge corner of the lip.
Overall length : The length over the extreme ends of the point and the
shank of the drill.
Web (core) taper: The increase in the web or core thickness from the
point of the drill in to the shank end of the flute. This increasing thickness
gives additional rigidity to the drill and reduces the cutting pressure at the
point end.
Web thickness: The minimum dimension of the web or core measured
at the point end of the drill. Considerable power is required to force this
portion through the work, and web thinning is employed to reduce the web
thickness.
Drill angles : Following are the drill angles which are ground on a
twist drill for efficient removal of metal.
Chisel edge angle : The obtuse angle included between the chisel edge
and the lip as viewed from the end of the drill. The usual value of this angle
varies from 120’ to 135’.

11
 Helix angle or rake angle : The helix or rake angle is the angle formed
by the leading edge of the land with a plane having the axis of the drill. If
the flute is straight, parallel to the drill axis then there would be no rake; if
the flute is right handed then it is positive rake; and if it is left handed then
the rake is negative. The usual value of rake angle is 30’ although it may
vary up to 45’ for different materials. Smaller the rake angle, greater will be
the torque required to drive the drill at a given feed.
Point angle : This is the angle included between the two lips projected
upon a plane parallel to the drill axis and parallel to the two cutting lips. The
usual point angle is 118’ but for harder steel alloys, the angle increases.
Lip clearance angle : The angle formed by the flank and a plane at
right angles to the drill axis. The angle is normally measured at the periphery
of the drill. Lip clearance is the relief that is ground to the cutting edges in
order to allow the drill to enter the metal without interference. The lip
clearance angle should increase towards the center of the drill than at the
circumferences. This is due to the fact that different points on the drill
cutting edge follow different helical paths. Any point on the cutting edge at
the circumference moves through a smaller helical angle than a point on the
cutting edge near the center. This happens to be such due to the lead of the
helix being same in each case and hence the clearance angle given to the
drill cutting edge should increase towards the center. The clearance angle is
12” in most cases. The clearance angle should be minimum to add rigidity
and strength to the cutting edge.
Drill size :
In metric system, drills are commonly manufactured from 0.2 to 100
mm. In British system the drills are manufactured in three different sizes.
The size are
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Number sizes
The drill sizes range from No.1 to No.80 Number 80 is the smallest
having diameter equal to 0.0135 inch and the number is 1 is the largest
having diameter equal to 0.228 inch. Number 1 to number 60 are the
standard set of drills. The number 61 to 80 sizes drills are not so commonly
used. The diameter of drills increases in steps of approximately by
0.002inch.

DRILLING ANGLES AND COOLANTS USED IN DRILLING

Material Coolant Point Lip Chisel Helix
angle deg. clearance point deg. angle
deg. deg.
Aluminium 2/3 lard oil, 90 –140 12 – 17 125 – 135 24 – 48
1/3
Kerosene
Brass 2/3 lard oil 118 12 – 15 125 –135 0 – 17
1/3
Kerosene
Cast iron Soluble oil 118 10 – 12 125 –135 24 – 32
hard
Copper Soluble oil 100 – 118 12 – 15 125 – 135 28 –40
Nickel Pure Lard oil 118 12 125 – 135 24 – 32
Stainless
steel Sulphur
base oil 125 – 135 10 –12 120 – 130 24 – 32
Steel Soluble oil, 118 12 - 15 125 - 135 24 -32
sulphurised
and
chlorinated
oil

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Letter sizes
The drill sizes range from A to Z, A being the smallest having
diameter equal to 0.234 inch and Z being the largest having diameter equal
to 0.413 inch, increasing in steps of approximately 0.010 inch.
Fractional sizes
The drill sizes ranges from 1/64 inch to 5 inch in steps of 1/64 inch
upto 1 ¾ inch, then the steps gradually increases.

1.5. DESIGNATION OF DRILL

In Indian standard system, twist drills are designated by the series to
which they belong, the diameter, the I.S. number and the material of the
drill. Unless mentioned in the designation, it should be presumed that the
drill type is N and point angle 118’. The drills are made in three types,
namely, normal (N), hard (H) and soft (S). These designation are based on
the material to be cut and design requirements of the drill. Thus a parallel
shunk twist drill by long series, 10 mm dia, conforming to I.S. standard,
made of carbon steel, of type S and point angle 80’ is designated as:
Parallel shank twist drill (long) 10.00 – IS : 599 – CS – S – 80.

1.6. DRILL MATERIAL

The materials for the manufacture of twist drills are as follows
1. One piece construction : High speed steel or carbon steel
2. Two piece construction :
Cutting portion – High speed steel.
Shank portion - Carbon steel with a minimum tensile
strength of 70 kg per sq mm.
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 High speed drills are more widely used due to its greater cutting
efficiency. Cemented carbide tipped drills are also used in mass production
work.

1.6.1. DRILL JIGS

A Jig is a device which holds and locates the workpiece and guides
the drill. Drill jigs are used in mass productions.
The various types of drills jigs used are
1. Plate Jig
2. Channel Jig
3. Diameter Jig
4. Leaf Jig
5. Box Jig
6. Indexing Jig

1.6.2. ADVANTAGES OF DRILL JIGS

1. Marking out, measuring and other setting are not necessary. So
time is saved.
2. The work piece is correctly located and tool is guided. Hence the
workpiece is machined accurately.
3. Rate of production is more
4. Cost of production is less
5. Less rejections.

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1.6.3. CUTTING SPEED
The cutting speed in a drilling operation refers to the peripheral speed
of a point on the surface of the drill in contact with the work. It is usually
expressed in meters per minute. The cutting speed (V) may be calculated as
V = π / 1000 m per min
Where, V is the cutting speed in m/min
d is the diameter of the drill in meter
n is the rpm of the drill spindle.

Cutting Spped For Drilling In Meter Per Minute

Material H.S.S. Drills C.S. Drills
Soft cast iron 30 –45 12 – 23
Medium cast iron 21 – 30 9 - 15
Malleable iron 24 – 27 9 – 14
Mild steel 24 – 25 9 – 17
Stainless steel 18 – 21 7.5 – 10.5
Aluminium and Alloys 60 – 90 24 – 45
Brass and Bronze 60 – 90 24 – 45
Copper 18 – 30 7.5 - 15

1.6.4. FEED
The feed of a drill is the distance moved by the drill into work for one
revolution of the spindle. It is expressed in millimeters per revolution. Feed
also can be expressed in millimeters per minute.

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Cutting speed and feed depends upon the following factors.
1. Workpiece material.
2. Cutting tool material.
3. Surface finish required.
4. Type of cutting fluid used.
5. Rigidity of the machine and work holding device.
6. Range of speed available.
7. Depth of hole.

Depth of cut
The depth of cut in drilling is equal to one half of the drill diameter.
Thus if ‘d’ be the diameter of the drill, the depth of cut (t) may be expressed
as:
t = d/2 mm.

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PARTS OF THE PROJECT

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 PARTS OF THE PROJECT

1. Base

2. Column

3. Table

4. Step cone pulleys

5. Spindle

6. Chuck

7. Chuck key

8. Rack & pinion

9. Casing

10.Gears

11.Limit switches

12. Relays

13.Drill Jig

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DESCRIPTION OF THE PARTS

20
 DESCRIPTION OF PARTS

1. Base
Cast iron
Size : length = 30 cm
Breadth = 18 cm
Thickness = 2 cm
2. Column :
Height = 600 mm
Dia = 60 mm
Mild steel
3. Table :
Cast iron
Dia = 225 mm
Thickness = 20 mm
With slots
4. Step cone pulley
Cast iron –2 Nos
Bore = Φ.15 mm
No. of Steps = 4
Step Dias = Φ 45 mm
= Φ 80 mm
= Φ 105 mm
= Φ 130 mm

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5. Spindle
Mild steel
Dia = Φ35 mm
Length = 200 mm
Bore = Φ 15 mm

6. Chuck
Mild steel
With 3 jaws to hold drill bit.

7. Chuck key
mild steel.

8. Rack & Pinion

Cost iron
Pinion Dia = 40 mm
No. of teeth = 30
Module = 1.2
Rack : Length: = 60 mm
Module = 1.2

9. Casing
Cast hollow

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 With 4 slots
10. Synchronous motor
A synchronous motor is a machine which connect 8 electrical Energy
in to Mechanical Energy. That rotates at a constant speed equal to
synchronous speed.
An alternator can run as a synchronous motor of A.C. supply is given
to armature winding and D.C. supply is given to the field winding. Such type
of motor is known as synchronous motor.

11. Gears
Cast iron
Smallest gear dia = 40 mm
Teeth = 15 T
Larger gear Dic = 80 mm
Teeth = 50 T

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FABRICATION OF PARTS

24
 FABRICATION OF PARTS

1.Base
Base is made up of cast iron. It has a slots to bolt with a table and a

hole for inserting the column.

2. Column

Column is made up of mild steel. It is turned in lathe and fixed to the

base. This will support the Motor, calling, spindle etc.

3. Table

Table is made up of cast iron. It is fixed with the column with a

support, It rotate in column and can move up and down. It has 4 slots to hold

the work piece (or) vice.

4. Step cone Pulley

Step cone pulley is mode up of cast iron. 4 steps with A section V

groove is turned in lathe and a bore is made at lathe to fix it to the shaft.

5.Spindle

Spindle is made up of mild steel. Spindle is turned in lathe with a hole

to insert a shaft. Rack teeth is cut at the circumference of the spindle for

feeding.

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6. Chuck

chuck is made up of mild steel. It is fixed with the spindle. It is used

to hold the given tool bit.

7. Chuck Key

Chuck key is made up of mild steel. It is used to fixing and removing

of the tool bit.

8. Pinion

Pinion is made up of mild steel. Teeth are cut by milling operation at

the circumference of the pinion.

9. Casing

Casing is made up of cast iron which has a hollow portion. The

spindle, Rack, Pinion are fixed at this hollow portion.

10. Drill jig

Drill jig is nothing but a small plate with clamps to hold the work

piece. It is made up of mild steel.

26
WORKING PRINCIPLE

27
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The MULTI SPINDLE DRILL HEAD (Eccentric Drive) is one,

which can be used to drill a number of holes at various large and even
unsymmetrical layouts according to our requirements, where the
conventional Multi spindle Drill Heads cannot be used. This is an
improvement over geared drill heads and drill heads adopted with universal
joints. This is an improvement over geared drill heads and drill heads
adopted with universal joints.
The drill head is mounted on the drilling machine table. The drill head
spindle is inserted in to the machine spindle. It is used to drill a number of
holes in different layouts according deals with a proper idea of usage of
eccentrics in the field of drilling. The report furnishes a cost estimation of all
the components of the equipment by careful considerations of all factors
such as cost of material, labour, machining and purchased components
A multi spindle-drilling machine will drill a number of parallel holes
simultaneously in a work piece. Multi spindle drilling machines are
employed for work of a light character, especially repetition work, such as
drilling small components for the Automobile and Aircraft industries. A
Multi spindles drilling machine has a number of drill spindles driven by a
single motor. All the spindles holding the drills are fed in to the work piece
at the same time. For this purpose, either the drill heads can be lowered onto
the work piece or the worktable is raised.

28
 The main eccentric is driven by the drilling machine spindle, which is
driven by a single motor. The main Eccentric through a Revolving plate
drives the several drill-holding eccentrics. Eccentric is a mechanism, which
is usually used to convert rotary motion into sliding motion. It shall be noted
that an Eccentric cannot convert Reciprocation motion into rotary motion.
Here we are converting the rotary motion into revolutionary motion and in to
rotary motion. (i.e.) When the main spindle rotates, the rotor/motor of the
spindle is converted into revolutionary motion of the Revolving plate.

Drill bits can be fed by lowering the Drill head. The pillars provided
with springs guide the Driller head in motion. Springs secure the Drill head
with drill bits, from a rapid fall, While releasing the Drill head from the
machine spindle. It is designed to drill five holds of various diameters in
unsymmetrical layouts. The art of ECCENTRICITY plays a major role in
the principle.

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ADVANTAGES

30
ADVANTAGES

a. Can be used for very center distances.

b. Presetting for definite depth is possible prior to mounting on
machine
c. Outputs shall be obtained at high precision
d. Outputs shall be obtained at high precision
e. High productivity can be achieved
This drill head shall be applied in Mass production process and mostly
suited for drilling printed Circuit Boards, pipe Flanges, pump housings.
.
APPLICATIONS

In this type of machine number of holes is drilled in the work piece at

a time. This machine is used in mass production. The work pieces drilled in
this machine are as allows.
 Printed Circuit Boards
 Pipe Flanges
 Pump housings
 Production works such as Drilling, Boring ,Reaming and
Tapping.

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APPLICATIONS

32
 APPLICATIONS

In this type of machine number of holes is drilled in the work piece at

a time. This machine is used in mass production. The work pieces drilled in
this machine are as allows.

 Printed Circuit Boards

 Pipe Flanges
 Pump housings
 Production works such as Drilling, Boring ,Reaming and
Tapping.

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BILL OF MATERIALS

34
 BILL OF MATERIALS

S. No Parts No. Material

1. Base 1 C.I
2. Column 1 M.S
3. Dc motor 1 C.I
4. Spindle 1 M.S
5. Chuck 3 M.S
6. Chuck key 1 M.S
7. Casing 1 C.I
8. Gears 4 C.I
9. Drill bit 3 H.S.S
10. Drilling machine 1 electrical

35
COST ESTIMATION

36
 COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST

LATHE, DRILLING, WELDING, GRINDING, POWER HACKSAW,

GAS CUTTING:
Cost = 1000/-

2. OVERHEAD CHARGES

The overhead charges are arrived by “Manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost = Material Cost + Labour cost

= 4500 + 1000
= 5500/-

Overhead Charges = 20% of the manufacturing cost

= 1100/-

TOTAL COST

Total cost = Material Cost + Labour cost + Overhead Charges

= 4500 + 1000 + 1100

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 = 6600/-
Total cost for this project = 6600/-

DRAWINGS

38
 SPINDLE

CHUCK

DRILL BIT

39
 ASSEMBLY DIAGRAM

Handle

TOP BEARING WITH TOP PLATE

CAP

CENTER
PREWHEEL

SPIDLE PRE-
WHEEL

BOTTOM
PLATE

BOTTOM BEARINGS
WITH CAP
DRILL CHUCK

40
CONCLUSION

41
 CONCLUSION

We conclude Our Project work with the following points in mind this

project automatic drilling machine is very much useful for mass production

set up.

This machine is a new kind which may be modified and may be used

for all purposes like drilling, taping, boring, counter boring, Counter sinking

etc. On any type of work piece. This project may be having unlimited

productions

We are very much satisfied with our project which is working as per

the design.

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IMPORTANCE OF PROJECT WORK

43
 IMPORTANCE OF PROJECT WORK

The importance of Project work were as follows.

1. Project work is allotted for the individuals to their ability, knowledge

and skill.

2. To be familiar with commercial rate of materials.

3. To improve ability of designing and develop.

4. To utilize method of work study and time study.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

45
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

ELEMENTS OF WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY

VOLUME : II MACHINE TOOLS

- S.K. HAJRA CHOUDHURY

- S.K. BOSE

- A.K. HAJRA CHOUDHURY NIRJHAR ROY

A TEXT BOOL OF ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

- B.L . THERAJA

GENERATION TRANSMISSION AND SWITCH GEAR

- KRISHNA MOORTHY

CONTROL MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

- S. KANNADASAN

PRINCIPLE OF POWER SYSTEM

- V.K. METHA

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PHOTOGRAPHY

47