Republic of the Philippines

ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY
Miagao

ACTIVITY SHEET
Unit II: Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources
Lesson 1: First Voyage Around the World (of Magellan) by Antonio Pigafetta

Name: Donita Ann Paredo Score: (Apply) (Assess)

BSED SCIENCE 1C
Course: _Year & Section:

Let’s Do This!

APPLY
Document Analysis: Analyzing a Written Document

You choose one event from the voyage of Magellan and you are expected to describe it
as if you are explaining to someone who cannot see it. Limit your answer to three (3)
sentences.

1. Who wrote it?

This manuscript volume, dating from around 1525, details Ferdinand

Magellan's voyage around the world in 1519-22. The work is attributed to
Antonio Pigafetta, a Venetian scholar who was born in Vincenza, Italy,
around 1490 and who accompanied Magellan on the voyage. Pigafetta
kept a detailed journal, the original of which is lost. However, an account of
the voyage, written by Pigafetta between 1522 and 1525, survives in four
manuscript versions: one in Italian and three in French.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao

2. When is it from?

In September 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain with five ships. Three
years later only one ship, the Victoria (depicted on a 1590 map), made it
back to Spain after circumnavigating the world. Five hundred years ago,
Ferdinand Magellan began a historic journey to circumnavigate the globe.

3. What is it talking about?

Ferdinand Magellan set sail from Spain with five ships to find a western
route to the Moluccas. Battling storms, mutinies, and the unknown,
Magellan died before reaching his destination. One ship ultimately returned
to Spain after circumnavigating the world. Spain with one ship

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 2

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao

4. What was happening during the time in history this document was created?

Magellan set sail from Spain in an effort to find a western sea route to the
rich Spice Islands of Indonesia. In command of five ships and 270 men,
Magellan sailed to West Africa and then to Brazil, where he searched the
South American coast for a strait that would take him to the Pacific.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 3

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao

Let’s Do This!

ASSESSMENT
Write a critical essay based on the excerpts of Antonio Pigafetta’s work, First Voyage
around the world. Write your essay discussing a) the importance of the text: b)
background of the text author; c) context of the document; and 4) contribution to the
understanding of the Philippine history.

Antonio Pigafetta was a key player of one of the most amazing world exploration
trips.He was born in Vicenza in 1492, and he was an Italian seafarer and geographer.

The relevance of his own venture, fundamentally lies in the fact that he took part to the
first globe circumnavigation, between 1519 and 1522, and he was able to accomplish it
after the murder of Ferdinand Magellan, leaving a detailed description of the journey in
the Report of the first trip around the world, a lost manuscript that was rescued later, in
1797, and today is considered one of the most important documentary evidence
relating the geographical discoveries of the Sixteenth Century.

Antonio Pigafetta, fascinating and fleeing personality, for scholars he still represents a
partial mystery. About him too little is known to define a satisfactory profile on the
biographical side. Documents and the testimony of contemporaneous are scarces, and
his own character primarily appears from what he wrote in his own report.

His own narration about the first world circumnavigation was one of the greatest
achievements in the history of navy exploration and discovery.
In this narration can be found descriptions of peoples, countries, goods and even the
languages that were spoken, of which the seafarer was trying to assemble some brief
glossaries.

Pigafetta tells how, being in Barcelona in 1519, he heard about Magellan’s expedition,
and being wishful to learn about the world, he asked for and obtained the permission to
join in the voyage.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 4

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao

ACTIVITY SHEET
Unit II: Content and Contextual Analysis
Lesson 2: The Kartilya of the Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto

Name: Donita Ann Paredo Score: (Apply) (Assess)___

Course: BSED SCIENCE Year & Section:1-C

Let’s Do This!

APPLY
Rewrite a portion or one principle of the Kartilya ng Katipunan in such a way that it
encourages millennials like you to practice its teachings. Limit your answer to three (3)
sentences.

Principle of the Kartilya:

1. Which code from the Kartilya did you choose? Why did you choose that code?

EQUALITY. We are all born to be equal no matter what race, status, and
educational background we have. Our society may have divided us into
groups but we must all understant that no one is a superior of anyone.
Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in
knowledge, wealth and beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by
nature. 

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 5

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao

2. What is its implication to the youth?

order to build a better world for all, we need to address gender inequality
and discrimination at an early age. Depending on their gender, girls and
boys face significant differences in opportunities and constraints. These
differences tend to become even more pronounced in adulthood.
Therefore, we work actively with indigenous and non-indigenous youth
groups in order to raise awareness of gender issues. Testimonies and
experiences show us that young people, compared to adults, often are
more open to collaborate despite social, cultural, and physical barriers. For
this reason, they often make good promoters of gender equality.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 6

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao

Let’s Do This!

ASSESSMENT
As a student, how will you embody the main teaching and guiding principle of
the Kartilya? Concretize your answers through examples and by citing specific lines
from the document.
(Note: Limit your answer to five (5) to seven (7) sentences.)

As a student that is taking an education course. I will embody the

teaching and guidelines of the Kartilya by deeply give importance
to the right conduct that we must have and disobeying it is like a
crime for me. Love God with all your heart. Bear always in mind
that the love of God is also the love of country, and this, too, is
love of one's fellowmen. A quote from the Kartilya is this “Good
work that comes from selfish desires and not from a true desire
for excellence is not kindness.” Work as you will, without waiting
for the payment. Work by your heart and you will be happy
serving others with your whole heart.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 7

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao

ACTIVITY SHEET
Unit II: Content and Contextual Analysis
Lesson 3: The Act of Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People

Name: Donita Ann Paredo Score: (Apply) (Assess)___

Course: BSED SCIENCE Year & Section:
1-C

Let’s Do This!

APPLY
Speech Analysis Worksheet: Analyzing a written document
Note: Limit your answer to three (3) sentences.

1. Who wrote it?

Emilio Aguinaldo was born on March 22, 1869 in Kawit, Cavite. He is the
second to the youngest of eight children of Carlos Aguinaldo and Trinidad
Famy. Aguinaldo was of Chinese and Tagalog parentage.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 8

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao

2. Who read/ listened to or received it?

The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared, written, and

read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish. The Declaration was
signed by 98 people, among them a United States Army officer who
witnessed the proclamation.

3. What was happening at the time in history when this document was written or
delivered?

“During the Spanish-American War, Filipino rebels led by Emilio

Aguinaldo proclaim the independence of the Philippines after 300 years of
Spanish rule. By mid-August, Filipino rebels and U.S. troops had ousted
the Spanish, but Aguinaldo’s hopes for independence were dashed when
the United States formally annexed the Philippines as part of its peace
treaty with Spain.”

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 9

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao
4. What are the historical information that you have learned from the speech?

It also contains a brief history of hardship of the Philippines under the

Spaniards and using it as justification for cutting or ceasing their
allegiance to the Spanish crown. Lastly this I learned that this document
introduced a provided a brief background of National Flag.

5. What did you feel or realize after reading the speech?

After reading the act of proclamation of independence of the Filipino I

realized that it played a massive role in shaping Philippine from a
former colony, to a sovereign nation. I learned that the document shows
how unsatisfied are the masses to unjust and tyrannical rule of Spain in
the Philippines.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao

Let’s Do This!

ASSESSMENT
Fill in the box
1. Who were the inspirations of the revolution as cited by the speech of Emilio
Aguinaldo?

On December 30 we will mark the centennial of the

martyrdom of Dr. Jose Rizal, whose life and work more than
anything else inspired our national revolution—which led to
General Emilio Aguinaldo’s proclamation of independence
from Spain on June 12,1898. From these revolutionary
beginnings the first republic in Asia was born. Rizal wrote on
the eve of his execution, in his Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last
Farewell): “When my death is forgotten, my grave
unmarked, let the plow turn the earth where I lie. May my
dust make fertile the fields. Where the grass grows thickly,
there I dwell.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao
ACTIVITY SHEET
Unit II: Content and Contextual Analysis
Lesson 4: The Philippines During the American Period from the Caricatures
Compiled by Alfred McCoy

Name: Donita Ann Paredo Score: (Apply)_ (Assess)___

Course: BSED SCIENCE Year & Section:
1-C

Let’s Do This!

APPLY
Directions: Given the skills of analyzing comics as presented to you in the earlier caricatures,
you are now expected to give your own three to five sentences containing your interpretations
about the two selected caricatures during American occupation.

1.

The American worker represents how convenient their jobs are using
tools and equipment that they even barely sweat at work.The Filipino
worker shows how Filipinos struggle while working without any
equipment to use and the undeniable heat of the tropical country.The
price tags symbolizes the daily salary rate and its huge difference
between American and Filipino workers. An American worker at the left,
with cigar in his mouth, and carrying a load effortlessly using an
equipment. A Filipino worker at the right, struggling in carrying a load in
his back, in the middle of the scorching heat of the pacific sun.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao

2.

As the english translation says while the chinese merchants progress,

Filipinos are suffering.This cartoon depicts how the Chinese and
Filipinos both starter as water carriers in 1907 in Manila. However, by
1912, the Chinese were already minding their own business(shops) as
merchants and the Filipinos continues to be a water carrier. The cartoon
made a strong point on just how the Chinese established themselves
from being the immigrants cast away in a place called Parian
somewhere in Manila during the Spanish era into one of the biggest
economic pioneers in the Philippines but also just how they successfully
won over the political aspects of the country. This became an
opportunity for the Chinese to control 80 percent of Manila’s retail price
by having an informal rice exchange in Tutuban. Eventually, just as the
Chinese became successful, they were fond and protected by the
government and eventually gaining their political rights in the country,
faster than the Filipinos.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao

Let’s Do This!

ASSESSMENT
Every July 4 of the year is commemorated as the Philippine-American Friendship
Day. It disguises as the actual day when America granted Filipino independence on July
4,1946. Several years passed by but the influences of America from the culture to the
language are still manifested down today. You describe the Filipino society through an
artwork depicting American influences that are still occurring in the country today. In at
least three to five sentences provide a brief description of your work. Choose from any of the
following:
a. Cartoon c. Photo essay
b. Painting d. Collage

Free Education

Americans introduced the idea of free education to the Philippine islands. The
United States even sent teachers to help establish schools where the Filipino
children could have a free education. A large group of these teachers were
called “Thomasites,” named after the boat that they came on, called Thomas.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao

ACTIVITY SHEET
Unit II: Content and Contextual Analysis
Lesson 5: The Speech of Corazon Aquino before the US Congress

Name: Donita Ann Paredo Score: (Apply)__(Assess)___

Course: BSED SCIENCE Year & Section: 1-C_

Let’s Do This!

APPLY
Many millennials student today can easily be deceived by what they see and hear in
different social media platforms may it be on YouTube, Twitter, Tiktok, Instagram or
Facebook. Different politicians with big political machinery are also using these platforms as
avenues for their propagandas and disguising some of what you read and view as believable
only to realize in the end that these are fake.
Create a two to three-minute short video providing your own views about any of the
following claims surrounding the Marcos or Aquino Administrations.
1. During Marcos time, the people are much disciplined.
2. During Marcos time, the Philippines was the 2nd wealthiest country in Asia.
3. During Cory’s time, cronyism drastically diminished.
4. During Cory’s, agrarian reform greatly helped the poor peasants.

NOTE: Make sure to validate your perspective by citing a reference and primary source at
the end of your video or the credits part of your video. You can have yourself expressed in
any of the following languages: Filipino, English, Hiligaynon, or Kinaray-a.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao

Let’s Do This!

ASSESSMENT
Directions: Kindly write your answer in a bulleted or sentence format. In the explanation or
discussion part, kindly limit your sentences or bullets to three to five sentences only.

1. What are the salient points of Cory’s speech? Cite five.

 In burying Ninoy, a whole nation honored him. By that brave and

selfless act of giving honor, a nation in shame recovered its own. A
country that had lost faith in its future found it in a faithless and
brazen act of murder. So in giving, we receive, in losing we find, and
out of defeat, we snatched our victory.
 Archibald Macleish had said that democracy must be defended by
arms when it is attacked by arms and by truth when it is attacked by
lies. He failed to say how it shall be won.
 The people vindicated me in an election shamefully marked by
government thuggery and fraud. The opposition swept the elections,
garnering a clear majority of the votes, even if they ended up, thanks
to a corrupt Commission on Elections, with barely a third of the seats
in parliament. Now, I knew our power.
 You saw a nation, armed with courage and integrity, stand fast by
democracy against threats and corruption. You saw women poll
watchers break out in tears as armed goons crashed the polling
places to steal the ballots but, just the same, they tied themselves to
the ballot boxes. You saw a people so committed to the ways of
democracy that they were prepared to give their lives for its pale
imitation. At the end of the day, before another wave of fraud could
distort the results, I announced the people’s victory.)
 As President, I will not betray the cause of peace by which I came to
power. Yet equally, and again no friend of Filipino democracy will
challenge this, I will not stand by and allow an insurgent leadership
to spurn our offer of peace and kill our young soldiers, and threaten
our new freedom.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Miagao

2. What is the phrase from the speech that struck you the most? Explain.

As President, I will not betray the cause of peace by which I came

to power. Yet equally, and again no friend of Filipino democracy
will challenge this, I will not stand by and allow an insurgent
leadership to spurn our offer of peace and kill our young soldiers,
and threaten our new freedom.

With the many negative experiences of our country at her time, one
contribution that you should be thankful for is the full restoration of
democracy.The democracy that Cory planted from the suppressed
democracy existing at the time of Marcos, although not perfect and
still has remnants of the dictatorial influences has allowed the
country to rise little
by little again.

3. What are the points in her speech that you agree/disagree with? Discuss.

“Still, we fought for honor, and if only for honor, we shall pay.”

She emphasized that the fight we started was not wasted and it was
not a nonsense one. That the Filipinos put up a good fight against the
administration.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Miagao Campus
Miagao, Iloilo

ACTIVITY SHEET
Unit III: One Past but Many Histories: Controversies and Conflicting Views in Philippine
History
Lesson 1: Site of the First Catholic Mass

Name: Donita Ann Paredo Score:(Apply)__(Assess)___

Course: BSED SCIENCE Year & Section: 1-C

Let’s Do This!

APPLY
Directions: Discuss comprehensively.
What historical event took place in your town on local community? Discuss
what makes this event relevant and memorable. What are the proofs or evidences that
could prove this?

The battle between the natives of Guimbal and the Muslim pirates.

Guimbal grew to be one of the provinces’ significant towns. The spread of Christianity in
the area in 1703 and the increasing potential of Spain for trade and to gain wealth and
somehow, prestige became common. Spaniards erected magnificent temples of
worship; constructed an intricate network of burial sites, stone bridges and watchtowers.
The town is recognized as one of the Iloilo’s most valuable cultural sites. Mostly, their
origin is from the Christian re-conquest with the purpose of securing their area for
defense and to protect their peaceful community from Muslim marauders who were
responsible for the looting of many communities and capturing the natives in the area
and sell them as slaves in Kolambogan, Mindanao. Some have lasted for centuries with
remarkable strength.The people of Guimbal should be eternally grateful of these sites
that possess significant historic and cultural value since Guimbalanons owe much to
their rich history. It has flourished since its discovery in 1590 to the present. Its existence
testify to the reality of the town’s vision and mission---a beautiful, healthy, progressive,
peaceful, self-reliant, ecologically sustainable and globally competitive town geared
towards the delivery of effective and efficient services through dynamic leadership for
people empowerment and sustainable ecological balance. The rate of economic
progress has been noticeably faster especially in the field of commerce, industry and
tourism.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Miagao Campus
Miagao, Iloilo

Let’s Do This!

ASSESSMENT
What are the evidences that point out to these places as the site of the first mass?
Kindly provide strong evidences of the two places and write these inside each
allotted space.

Butuan Limasawa

According to Bernad “Butuan claims rest upon Although the Limasawa tradition came after the
a tradition that was almost unanimous and Butuan, it was proven with evidences that the first
unbroken for three centuries, namely mass in the Philippines took place in Limasawa
the 17th, the 18th and the 19th. On the strength of Island in Visayas on March 31, 1521. It was also
that tradition and embodying it, a affirmed that in the same date, Magellan with his
monument was erected in 1872 near the mouth of troops planted a cross on the same site (Cebu Living:
the Agusan River at a spot that The good life in the Beautiful Island, 2006). The
was then within the municipal boundaries of tradition, unlike the other, is supported with a number
Butuan, but which today belongs to of solid proofs which includes the Albo’s log book,
the separate municipality of Magallanes named evidences of Pigafetta, and the evidence from
after Ferdinand Magellan.” In Legazpi’s expedition. In Albo’s account, he did not
Father Francisco Colin’s account, he represents mention the first mass and where it took place.
the first mass as well as the However, he mentioned that Magellan planted the
solemn planting of the cross and the formal taking cross “upon a mountain- top from which could be
possession of the Islands in the seen three islands to the west and southwest.” This
name of the Crown of Castile, as having taken best fits the description of the geographical area of
place at Butuan on Easter Sunday Limasawa which is not applicable to Butuan because
of 1521 (as cited in Solmerano, E.T. , Palencia, M. there was no island found in those directions. These
& Galicia R. 2018 ). are very strong proofs since these people
Although, Limasawa has the official title, but there have been part of the expedition (Bernad, 1983).
are also evidences that Albo and Pigafetta both took part in Magellan’s
point to Masao, now a municipality of Butuan, expedition. The former was one of the pilots in
Agusan del Norte as the site of the Magellan’s flagship “Trinidad” and the latter was
first mass. Sonia M. Zaide in her work “Where was a member of the expedition itself. Therefore, it is
the First Kingdom? Masao or based on eyewitness account. In addition to
Limasawa?” (as cited in Rosales, Sebastian, Viray, that, an article byRolando O. Borrinaga (2007) in the
2020) pointed out several Inquirer website says that there is an aerial
evidences for Masao as the site of the first mass, photograph of the prominent hills in Pigafetta’s map.
as follows: It is where Magellan and his troops placed
 The name of the place the cross known today as Magellan’s cross. The
 The route from Homonhon cross, which symbolizes the baptism of Rajah
 The latitude position Humabon, his wife, and his men into Roman
 The route to Cebu Catholic, served today as a tourist spot in
 The geographic features Magallanes, Cebu.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 2

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Miagao Campus
Miagao, Iloilo

ACTIVITY SHEET
Unit III: One Past but Many Histories: Controversies and Conflicting Views in Philippine
History
Lesson 2: Cavite Mutiny 1872:

Name: Donita Ann Paredo Score: (Apply)__(Assess)__

Course: BSED SCIENCE Year & Section:1-C

Let’s Do This!

APPLY
How does Gov. General Izquierdo describe Cavity Mutiny compared from the
version of Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera? Through the use of the compare and contrast
graphic organizer represented by a basic venn diagram, kindly cite the differences and the
commonalities of the arguments of Gov. Gen. Izquierdo and Dr. T. Pardo de Tavera on the
events and factors leading to the Cavite Mutiny and Gomburza Martyrdom.

Pardo de Tavera Izquierdo

Tavera had indicated that the General Rafael had described

Cavite mutiny was probably the the Cavite mutiny in a brief
start of the tarnished relationship form too. He started it with
of the Spanish government and thedistrict of Tondo being set
the Filipinos. And that the on fire as a sign of start of the
peaceful reign of the colony was revolution and when the
ruined by that event in which he authorities were distracted by
described as insignificant yet the putting out the fire, the
origin of political influence of the militaryunit sneaked in the Fort
rebels against the Spaniards. Santiago and fired cannons in
order to give signal to the
natives or mutineers of Cavite.

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 3


ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Pardo de Tavera
Tavera had indicated that the
Cavite mutiny was probably the
start of the tarnished
relationship of the Spanish
government and the Filipinos.
And that the peaceful reign of
the colony was ruined by that
event in which he described as
insignificant yet the origin of
political influence of the rebels
against the Spaniards.
GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Republic of the Philippines
Miagao Campus
Miagao, Iloilo
Commonalities
Tavera’s account shows that
the Spanish friars and
Izquierdo used the Cavite
Mutiny as a way to address
other issues by blowing out of
proportion the isolated mutiny
attempt. The Central
government was already to
deprive the friars of all the
powers of intervention in
matters of civil government
and direction and management
of educational institutions
(Candelaria & Alporha, 2018).
Izquierdo
General Rafael had described
the Cavite mutiny in a brief
form too. He started it with
thedistrict of Tondo being set
on fire as a sign of start of the
revolution and when the
authorities were distracted by
putting out the fire, the
militaryunit sneaked in the
Fort Santiago and fired
cannons in order to give signal
to the natives or mutineers of
Cavite.
4
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Miagao Campus
Miagao, Iloilo

Let’s Do This!

ASSESSMENT
Among the versions of Cavite mutiny, which account do you believe tells the
exact happening and motives behind the Cavite Mutiny? Do you think that the
account has no biases? Justify your answer.

Governor General Izquierdo’s version of the Cavite Mutiny.

According to this account, the incident was merely a mutiny by Filipino

soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal to the dissatisfied with the
abolition of privileges. According to Pugay, Tavera indirectly blamed
Governor Izquierdo’s policies such as the prohibition of the founding of the
school of arts and trades for Filipinos, which the general saw as a
smokescreen to creating a political club. Tavera’s account shows that the
Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a way to address
other issues by blowing out of proportion the isolated mutiny attempt. The
Central government was already to deprive the friars of all the powers of
intervention in matters of civil government and direction and management
of educational institutions (Candelaria & Alporha, 2018).

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 5