Survey Report

EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT B-2 BATCH 1
PROJECT REPORT ON EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT

CONDUCTED AT KAIWARA, CHINTAMANI TALUK,
CHIKKABALLAPUR DISTRICT
Submitted by:
Shridhar M Malipatil - 1MS18CV105
Ujjwal Agrawal - 1MS18CV111
Ullas M - 1MS18CV113
Varnit Rathore - 1MS18CV114
Vedh Patil -1MS18CV116
Vivekanand -1MS18CV120
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Under the guidance of
Mr.Manjunath R
(Assistant Professor)
Department of Civil Engineering
M. S. RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous, Affiliated to VTU) M.S.R.I.T. Post,
BANGALORE - 560 054
AUGUST 2021
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 1

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous, Affiliated to VTU) BANGALORE - 560 054
CERTIFICATE
Certified that BATCH B2 has successfully completed “EXTENSIVE

SURVEY PROJECT” towards fulfilment of the requirement in the survey
project work in 8th semester for the award of B.E in Civil engineering
prescribed by the “Ramaiah Institute Of Technology” during the academic
year 2020-21.
Mr. Nambiyanna B Dr. M C NATARAJA Dr. N V R NAIDU

(Faculty) (Prof.& Head) (Principal)
Name of Examiners: Signature with Date

1.
2.

DECLARATION
We hereby, declare that the entire work embodied in this report,
has been carried out by us at MS RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY under the guidance of Manjunath R, Assistant
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering.
This is to certify the following students, who were working under

my guidance, have completed their work as per our satisfaction
with the topic “EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT”. To the
best of our understanding, the work to be submitted in this report
does not contain any work, which has been previously carried out
by others and submitted by the candidates, for themselves for the
award of any degree anywhere.
Shridhar M Malipatil - 1MS18CV105

Ujjwal Agrawal - 1MS18CV111
Ullas M - 1MS18CV113
Varnit Rathore - 1MS18CV114
Vedh Patil -1MS18CV116
Vivekanand -1MS18CV120

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude and
indebtedness to each and every one who has helped us make this
project a success.
We heartily thank our Principal, Dr. N V R Naidu, M S Ramaiah

Institute of Technology, for his constant encouragement and
inspiration in taking up this project.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to the Head of the

Department, Dr. M C Nataraja, Department of Civil Engineering,
M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, for his constant support
and inspiration in carrying out the project.
We wholeheartedly thank our project guide Manjunath R

(Assistant Professor) Department of Civil Engineering, M S
Ramaiah Institute of Technology, for her invaluable help,
appropriate advice throughout the course along with his constant
encouragement without which the work would have been
incomplete.
Special thanks to all the staff members of Civil Engineering

Department for their help and kind co-operation.

CONTENTS
• NEW TANK PROJECT
• HIGHWAY PROJECT
• PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION

EXTENSIVE SURVEY CAMP
1. INTRODUCTION:
As survey camp is imperative part of course curriculum for B.E Civil students o
relate the class room learning with real world situations. To accomplish the
requirement of the course curriculum, the department of civil engineering
organized 1-week survey camp in Kaiwara village, located 74.6km away from
MSRIT Bengaluru. The survey camp was organized to give the students an
opportunity to feel the difference between theoretical knowledge and practical
work. The main aim of survey camp for civil engineering students was to
promote them for essential knowledge of different surveying techniques relevant
to their professional and real work practice in civil engineering. The camp also
aimed to encouraged leadership and team work skills in the students.
Our Extensive Survey Camp (CV64) was conducted in the 3rd week of February
2019 for 7 days. Prior to the camp, introduction classes were conducted for 2
days. The camp was conducted in the batch wise at Kaiwara town, located at
74.6km away from Bengaluru.
Projects at the camp were completely conducted with the Total Station. The
students were grouped into 7-8 members in each, which were monitored by
faculty coordinator. At the end of each day, brief report of the day works and
projects which were performed by the students in the place of work under the
guidance of faculties was carried out. There were total of five projects – 1. New
Tank Project
2. New Canal Project
3. Old Tank Project
4. Highway Project
5. Public Health Engineering
After the successful completion of the survey camp, students were asked to submit a
detailed project report on the work during camp, individually. Kaiwara, is a small
town in chickballapur district of Karnataka state, located northeast of Bengaluru, India.
Kaiwara is a popular place to visit, as it is a very close to Bengaluru (about 74.6km
away), the capital of Karnataka. Chintamani Town is the nearest Taluka Centre and a
business hub of this part of Karnataka.

Elevation(m) of the place:919.00m

Weather: 29°C
Wind: NW AT 7mph(11kmph)
Humidity: 53%
Latitude: 13.3516°N
Longitude: 77.9938°E
1.1 TOTAL STATION:
A total station or TST (Total Station Theodolite) is an electronic optical instrument

used in modern surveying and building construction. The total station is an electronic
theodolite(transit) integrated with an electronic distance measurement (EDM) to read
slope distances from the instrument to a particular point, and an on-board computer to
collect data and perform advanced coordinate-based calculations. Total station is a
compact instrument and weighs 50-55N
1.1.1 Functions:
a. Distance measurement
b. Angle measurement
c. Coordinate measurement
d. Data processing
1.1.2 Capability of a Total Station:
Microprocessor unit in a total station processes the data collected to compute:
1. Average of multiple angles measured.
2. Average of multiple distances measured.
3. Horizontal distance.
4. Distance between any two points.
5. Elevation of objects and
6. All the three coordinates of the observed points.
Data collected and processed in a Total Station can be downloaded to computers for
further processing.

1.2 Brief Description of Important Operations of Total Station:

1.2.1 Distance measurement:
Electronic distance measurement (EDM) instrument is a major part of total station. Its
range varies from2.8km to 4.2km. The accuracy of measurement varies from 5mm to
10m per km measurement. They are used with automatic target recognizer. The
distance measured is always sloping distance from instrument to the object.
1.2.2 Angle measurement:
The electronic theodolite part of total station is used for measuring vertical and
horizontal angle. For measurement vertical upward(zenith) direction is taken as
reference direction. The accuracy of angle measurement varies from 2 to 6 seconds.
1.2.3 Data Processing:
This instrument is provided with an inbuilt microprocessor. The microprocessor
averages multiple observations. With the help of slope distance and vertical and
horizontal angles measured, when height of axis of instrument and targets are supplied,
the microprocessor computes the horizontal distance and X, Y, Z coordinates.
The processor is capable of applying temperature and pressure corrections to the
measurements, if atmospheric temperature and pressures are supplied.
1.2.4 Display:
Electronic display unit is capable of displaying various values when respective keys
are pressed. The system is capable of displaying horizontal distance, vertical distance,
horizontal and vertical angles, difference in elevations of two observed points and all
the three coordinates of the observed points.
1.2.5 Electronic Book:
Each point data can be stored in an electronic note book (like compact disc). The
capacity of electronic book varies from 2000 pints to 4000 points data. Surveyor can
unload the data stored in note book to computer and reuse the note book.

1.3 Advantages of Using Total Station:

The following are some of the major advantages of using total station over the
conventional surveying instruments.
1. Field work is very fast.
2. Accuracy of measurement is high.
3. Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.
4. Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even corrections for
temperature and pressure are automatically made.
5. Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and cross
sections. Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no time.
1.4 Target
The target consists of a prism fixed to rod of variable length which can be levelled. The total
station emits laser rays which hits the prism and reaches back to the total station and the
distances are measured accurately.
1.5 Tape
A nylon tape for measuring distances at every 15m ,30m and 5m.
1.6 Arrows
Arrows are used for locating a particular reference points at different distances of the site.

TOTAL STATION PRISM AND TARGET
TAPE ARROWS

NEW TANK
PROJECT

.1 Introduction
Tank irrigation may be defined as storage irrigation scheme which utilize the
water stored on upstream side of a smaller earth dam, called a bund (generally
less than 12m). These earthen dam reservoirs are thus, in fact called as tanks,
specifically in South India where such works are very common. This
technology is thus limited to India only.
Hence there is no technical difference between a reservoir and a tank

except that a large sized tank will be termed as a reservoir. Moreover, a
reservoir will generally be formed by dams of any materials such as masonry
dam, concrete dam, earthen dam, etc.; whereas a tank is generally said to be
formed by earth bunds only. These bunds spanning across the stream are called
tank bunds or tank banks. Most of the existing tanks of South India possess a
maximum depth of 4.5m, while a few are around 7.5 to 9.0 meters.
Like all earth dams, tank bunds are generally provided with sluices or
other outlets for discharging water from the tanks for irrigation or other
purposes. These sluices may be pipes or rectangular or arch opening passing
near the base of the bund and through the body of the bund and carrying the
water into the downstream channel below the bund or transporting distances
where required through pipes and canals. Sometime the supply sluices may not
be panel through the body of the bund, and may be carried adjacent to it through
some hillside at one end of the bund.
Similarly, in the case of all dam reservoir projects, tanks are provided
with arrangements for spillway to dispose the surplus water, in order to avoid
overlapping of the tank bund. This surplus escape weir (waste weir) provided in
the body or at one end of the Tank Bund, or some other arrangement like

Siphon Spillway, may be provided as it is done in the case of Earthen Dam

Projects.
The surplus escape weir is Masonry weir with its top i.e. Crest level at or
equal to the full Tank level (FTL), when the tank is full up to the FTL, and extra
water comes in it is discharged over the surplus escape weir. The length or
capacity of this Surplus weir escape will be so designed that water in the tank
never exceeds the maximum water level (MWL). The top of the tank bund will
be kept at a level, so as to provide a suitable free board above this MWL
Since the Surplus escape weir is a masonry weir it will have to be properly
connected to the Earthen Bund by suitable designed bank connections.
.2 Isolated Tanks And Tanks In Series
Most of the existing small sized tanks of South India from part of groups of
tanks which are connected together in series such that any tank whether requires
surplus water of the upper tank(s) or sends its own surplus into some lower
tanks or do with, However, when a tank neither receives water from the upper
tank nor discharges its own surplus into a cover tank, it is called an Isolated
Tank. Their do exist some isolated tanks in South India.
Grouping of tanks are found to be economical due to the fact that the surplus
water of each tank and also the drainage of each net cultivation are caught by
the next lower tank. Each tank of the group takes a share in the yield of the
whole catchments. Above it this can be classified as follows:
1. The free catchment, which is the catchment area, which only drains into the
tank under consideration.
2. The combined catchments, which is the area of the whole catchments above
the tank.

The differences between the combined and the free catchments thus give
the area of the highest tank on each drainage shall be its free catchments. One of
the disadvantages of grouping of tank or tank in series is that, it exposes all the
tanks downstream to risk of similar failures.
2.3 capacity of water spread of a dam

The gross capacity of a tank may be defined as the content of water tank
up to FTL. The effective capacity of a tank will however be the cubic content of
water stored between FTL and the bottom or sill level of the lowest supply
sluice.
These storage capacities can be computed easily by using the contour
plan of the area of the water spread the total capacity being the sum of the
capacities between successive contours. The smaller the contour interval (∆h);
the more accurate the capacity computation will be. This is because, if A1 and
A2 represent the areas enclosed between these contours is roughly taken as:
4. Designing The Section Of The Tank Bund

The tank bund is nothing but a small sized earth dam and hence strictly
speaking its design and construction should be carried out in accordance with
the principle applicable to earth dams.
The tank bunds may be three types i.e. homogeneous, embankment,
zoned types of embankment and diaphragm type of embankment.
Most of the tank bunds of South India are homogeneous types and had
been constructed with the soil at the site.
The commonly adopted standards used for fixing the dimensions of the
tank bunds in South India are given in table below:

Sl. Depth of deep bed below FTL Free board in Width of top bund
no. in
(i.e. maximum water depth) In meters meters
‘m’
1 1.5 to 3.0 0.9 1.2
2 3.0 to 4.5 1.2 1.5
3 4.5 to 6.0 1.5 1.8
4 Above 6.0 1.8 2.7
Table 2.1: Dimensions Of Tank Bunds In South India
In favourable soils, such as red and white gravel, red and black loams etc, the
side slope of the bund may be kept as 0.5H:1V.
For smaller tanks with water depth not exceeding 2.5m and 2:1for larger ones
up to about 5, in depth. In light sandy or black cotton or clayed soil however,
the slope may be kept between 2:1 to 2.5:1.
The upstream face of the tank bund is generally reverted with apron or rip and
rap so as to protect it against erosion and if this is done then the upstream slope
is generally adopted as 1.5:1 even up to 6m depth for inferior soils or greater
depths, however the riveted slope may be flatter adopt 2:1.

5.The Tank Weirs Or Surplus Weirs And Their Design

Principles:
Definition
The excess or surplus water is spilled from a tank into the downstream channel
so as to avoid the rise of water in the tank above the MWL. In fact, water will
actually start spilling over the crest of this weir as and when it rises above FTL
and the discharging capacity of this weir will be design so as to pass the full
maximum flood discharge likely to enter the tank with a depth over the weir
equal to the difference between FTL and MWL.
Although the effective storage capacity of a tank is limited by FTL, but the area
submerged by the tank bund and revetment are all dependent or MWL and
hence in order to resist the dimension of these, it is desirable to keep the
difference between FTL and MWL to a smaller value. On the other hand,
smaller is the difference, the longer will be the surplus weirs. Hence, the
difference between FTL and MWL is fixed on a compromise basis, in each
project so as to obtain overall largest economy and efficiency. In small and
medium sized tanks, usual difference between FTL and MWL is kept from 0.3
to 0.6m and rarely allowed to exceed 0.9.
2.6 Surplus Weir

The surplus or the excess water is spilled from a tank into the
downstream or the channel, so as to avoid the rise of water in the tank above the
MWL. In fact, the water will generally start spilling over the crest of this as and
when it rises above the FTL and the discharging capacity of this weir will be
design so as to pass the maximum flood discharge.

It is always desirable to select a site for a location of a weir where the

stream or the river has fairly straight course. The site should be such that with a
min height of weir, water has to be explored to verify its nature, i.e. whether it
is pervious or impervious and whether it can bear the weight of the structure
without settlement.
2.7 Flood Discharge
If the stream gauge records are available over a large period and yearly
floor discharges are available, then using any of the various statistical methods
the future one in 100-year flood can be computed. Sometimes observed flood
records on the banks of the stream may indicate the level to which flood has
come. Local enquires also gives useful information in the absence of any such
data empirical formulae may6 be used.
8. Type Of Tank Weirs
Type-A: masonry weirs with a vertical drop.
Type-B: rocks fill weirs with a sloping apron.
Type-C: masonry weirs with a sloping masonry apron (GLACIS).

Besides these three kinds, one more type which is a combination of type A and
C can also be used. This type D is known as a weir with step apron.
2.9 Tank Outlets And Sluices
It is an opening in the form of a culvert or a pipe running through or

under the tank bund and supplying water from the tank to the distributor

channel below to meet the irrigation or other water requirements, as and when
needed.
Suitable wing walls and other bank connections are also provided as
required at the head and tail end of the culvert.
The vent way of sluice depends upon the type of irrigation proposed. If
the sluice has to serve as a head sluice for feeding tanks, then the water way has
to be fixed with reference to that discharge with a head way of about 15cms.
(between crest level of arch cut and FSL of the channel).
If the stream is perennial one and can be depended upon for supply to the
layout right through the crop period, then the vent way can be fixed with
reference to the duty at which water is required for the arch cut during the
transplantation period.
2.10 Location
Depending upon the convenience the head sluice can be treated
perpendicular to the weir at an angle to the weir axis.
2.11 Scour Sluices

In order to prevent deposition of silt and sand at the head of the off taking
sluice, it is customary to locate scour vent in the body wall of the weir itself.
This sill these vent has to be sufficiently lower than the sill of the off taking
sluices so that when operated the bed will be clear.
If the head sluices are located in line with both the head sluice shutters and
scour sluice shutter can be operated from a common operating platform resting
on press construction over the weir body weir. It is always better to have two
vent ways at least double capacity of the head sluice.

12 Selection Of Site For The Reservoir

While selecting the site for the reservoir, following characteristics points
should be taken into account.
Geological Factors:
1. Geology of the catchment areas: losses in the catchment area should be
minimum, silt and sand load must not be excessive.
2. Geology of the dam site: it should be ideal one, entire length of the dam
must be around water tight rock foundation. Percolation below the
structure must be minimum.
3. Geology of the reservoir basin: There should not be serious leakages from
the reservoir to any outlet. Soil should not contain any objectionable
soluble materials and soft.
4. General direction of the dip of the rock bed should be in the upstream
direction.
Topographical Factors:
1. The reservoir should have narrow opening in the valley. It will reduce the
length of the bund to be constructed and consequently the cost of the
project will be reduced.
2. Though the narrow opening is best suited, the valley should be wide
above the site of the bund to store more water per meter height of the
basis or the bund.
3. The side slope should be step throughout the basis. It will reduce the
surface area per unit volume, so that undesirable shallow water depths
and surface evaporations may be reduced.
Cultural Factors:

In the reservoir basis, there should not be much growth of trees

vegetation and marshy lands, which might impart objectionable odours, colours,
and taste to the water stored.
Land Acquisition Factors:

The reservoir basis covers large area. It is very essential to see that the
land going to be submerged is not valuable. There should not be real estate. (Ex:
Railways, highways, towns, and villages).
Economic Considerations:
1. The bund to be constructed should be close to the area to be irrigated. It
reduces the cost of conveyance system.
2. The bund to be constructed should not be of greater height. If the height
is more, cost of the project will increase.
1.13 Investigations For Reservoir And Bund Site

Following methodical investigations are generally carried out for selecting a
suitable site of the storage works.
1.14 Reconnaissance Survey

A site of the new project will be fixed after preliminary investigations and
study of the following points
Catchment area of the place. Average rainfall for the year. Yield from the
catchment. Suitable site for the land, which should be of least length with good
foundation. A good subsidiary valley for the waste weir draft channel with
assured good foundations for the weir. Position of sluice and favourable
alignment for the irrigation channel from there on. Extent of land proposed for
irrigation channel from there on. Extent of land proposed for irrigation with
nature of crop.

Proximity of construction materials. Financial feasibility of the project

including avoiding submission of valuable lands and inhabited area. Any other
points of specific importance to be considered.
Intensive Survey
Presuming all the above factors have been preliminary examined for a
new tank at the place shown to you and found feasible to take up the project,
conduct the intensive survey on the field as noted below to enable preparation
of project drawing subsequently with suitable proposals, calculations and
reports etc based on these survey details.
Prepare a key plan of the full area base on reconnaissance indicating the
positions of several components of the proposed tank with sufficient reference
sketches for spot guidance at a later date. Select a suitable bench mark (by
referring to the top sheet) and indicate its assumed reduced level (RL) clearly
with location sketches.
Centre line alignment of the bund from the permanent bench mark (post
office, kaiwarra-1103) carry out fly levels and estimate a temporary bench mark
on left or right bank
(wherever work is to be started). Locate the top bund RC’s on either side of the
bund. Using the theodolite is the centre line of the dam, drive wooden pegs at
regular intervals.
Note down the bearings of the centre line using prismatic compass. Also take
bearing to permanent objects (such as transmission towers, electric poles,
buildings etc.) for both the banks. Along the centre line of the dam already
fixed, take L-section at every 15m (i.e. RL along centre line only) and cross
sections at every 30m up to or beyond the embankment edges on either side at
every 5m intervals.

Height of bund at centre line H= (TBL-GL)

Therefore,
Similarly calculate the bottom width at the respective cross section and
fix the number of points 5m intervals for taking the levels at that section.
Complete or close the day work by taking fly levels to the permanent bench
mark (near the cause way).
Block levelling at the waste weir site: The top of the weir should be at
the FTL. Fix the centre line of the waste weir and note down its bearings with
respect to north line and also fix the left- and right-hand corner of the centre
line of the waste weir with reference to the permanent bench mark. Construct a
block of 30m length (along the centre line), extending 20m each on upstream
and downstream sides. Carry out block levelling work at every 5m interval.
Note that work is started after fly levels are taken from the permanent bench
marks. Similarly carry out levelling works along the approach channel and draft
channel. Close the day’s work on the permanent bench mark.
Block levelling at the sluice the RL of the top of the canal at take-off points. Is
located on the centre line of the dam. Consider a block of 20m (along the centre
line) and 20m on either side of the centre line. Divide the entire area into
smaller block of 5m*5m. Carry out block levelling along these points; start and
close the work with reference to the permanent benchmark.
Capacity contours: locate the points (RL’s specified for your batch) on the
centre line of the dam, either on the left bank or right bank. Locate the positions
of these points with reference to permanent objects, either by taking bearings or
by measuring the distances accurately. Locate the points at every 30m on the
upstream side of the centre line either using a compass or a plane table.

Continue the procedure until you reach the other bank. While conducting the
above work, note down the bearing to permanent objects in order to facilitate
easy fixation of points.
1.15 Design Of Waste Weir And Sluice

1.15.1 Waste Weir Or Surplus Weir
1.Mark the approximate position of the position of the proposed site of the new
tank project.
2.Mark the direction of flow of the stream.

3.Search and mark the ridge points on the top sheet on the upstream side of the
centre line of the proposed bund.
4.Search and mark the beginning points of tributaries or nallas, which contribute
flow for the stream.
5.Joint the consecutive points by a curve parallel to the nearest contour.
6.After marking the curve, check, if the boundary is a water dividing line.
7.If the boundary of the catchment area is not a dividing line at some zone, read
just the boundary by repeating step (c) and (d).
8.The area so formed is called the catchment area or water shed area.
9.The catchment area or water shed is determined either by using a planimeter
or by the construction of squares.
1.15.2 Calculation of annual yield from catchment

From the rainfall records determine the average rainfall.
Considering two third of this average annual rainfall in a bad year, the annual
yield from the catchment-is calculated.

1.15.3 Calculation of flood discharge

Generally, the flood discharge can be easily calculated using Ryve’s formula as:
Q=C x M2/3
Where, Q is in m3/sec
M is in km2
Usually the value of the Ryve’s constant c varies from 7 to 15, larger the value
better is the yield.
1.15.4 Length of the weir

H= head over weir=(MWL-FTL)
Cd = coefficient of discharge 0.6
L= Length of the weir.
1.15.5 Protection works
1.Wing walls
2.Return wing wall
3.Abutments for all the above protection work adopt a minimum top width of
0.5m and bottom width= 0.4*height.
1.15.6 Sluice
1.Calculate the command area A (in hectare) i.e., the cultivable command area
(CCA) of the canal from the canal project.
2.Noting the type of crops grown in the command area, the duty (i.e., the
irrigation capacity for unit of water) can be obtained from the standard.
3.Calculate the discharge requirement at the field, from the definition of duty
i.e. a. Duty
= Area/Discharge.

4.Calculate the discharge (Qs) at the head works or the sluice. I.e., Qs=
Discharge at the field/losses. Losses are due to evaporation, conveyance,
seepage etc.=20%.
5.Calculate the sluice vent area (a) from the continuity equations.
Where, Cd = Coefficient of discharge = 0.6
Q = discharge at the head work in m3/sec

h = minimum driving head over the sluice
= 0.3m g = acceleration due to gravity =
9.81m/sec2
6.Fix the dimension of the sluice barrel, the minimum size of the barrel must be
0.75m height
and 0.6m width.
7.Calculate the dimension or cross section of the protection works such as head
walls, wing walls, return wall etc.
1.16 Drawing Prepared

Longitudinal section (L- section) of the bund
This has to be drawn such that the ratio of scale in the vertical direction
to that in the horizontal direction is maintain as 1:10. On this drawing the silent
lines such as TBL, MWL, FTL, sluice and waste weir are to be worked.
In this project for the sake of convenient the longitudinal section is drawn such
that the scale in the vertical direction is 1:20 and that in the horizontal direction
is 1:200.
Cross sections of the embankment

This must be to a scale of 1:1 i.e. 1cm=1m along both axes; showing the
bund section with necessary detail.
Block levelling at waste weir and sluice

These are drawn to a convenient scale depending on the size of the block.
Contours are drawn by the method of interpolation. Contours interval is chosen
depending on the difference between the maximum RL and minimum RL.
Capacity contours
All the capacity contours are drawn to a convenient scale and the area
enclosed is measured, in order to calculate the volume of live water storage and
dead water storage in the tank. The contours are drawn for an interval of 0.5 or
1m. The capacity of the tank is calculated using trapezoidal rule.
1.17 DESIGN CALCULATIONS OF NEW TANK PROJECT:

Top of Bund Level (TBL)=910.6m
Free-Board required for the dam=1m
Maximum Water Level (MWL)=909.6m
Deepest Bed Level=902.209m
Full Tank Level (FTL)=908.60m
Maximum Depth of water storage H=MWL-Deepest Bed Level=909.6-
902.209=7.391m
Top Width of the bund=𝟎.𝟑√𝑯 +1.5=2.31m=2.0m
Upstream slope of Bund-1.5H :1V
Downstream slope of bund=2H:1V
DESIGN OF WASTE WEIR:

DATA AVAILABLE:
Catchment Area= 1.75𝑘𝑚2
FTL level of the proposed waste weir=908.60m

Level at which the foundation is available (FL)=907.40m

Top Width of the bund=2.0m
Top Bund Level=910.60m
Free Board=1m
Side slopes:
Upstream slope of Bund-1.5H: 1V
Downstream slope of bund=2H:1V
Full Tank Level (F.T.L) =910.60m
Maximum water level (M.W.L) =909.60m
Ryve's co-efficient=12
Hydraulic Gradient= 1 in 5
d. Base width(B):
In such cases, the maximum over turning moment due to water
thrust is equal to = 1.33kN-m
Where p=specific gravity of stone

masonry 2.25 H = Height of weir =
5.30m a = Crest width of weir =
1.82m b = Base width of weir
S = Height of shutters above crest weir = 1m
1.33
=
1.864m=2.0m
3)Design of Aprons:
a. Upstream Apron:

Generally, no apron is required. If desired a suitable apron

can be provided. b. Downstream Apron:
Stepped Apron is provided if the ground level is rapidly falling.
Design for the length and thickness of solid Aprons
Length Apron
Maximum uplift pressure occurs when upstream water level is at
MWL and no water on the downstream side
Let the total length of Apron= 𝐿′ = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2

Average ground level for 15m on D/S side=905.581
Maximum uplift=MWL-D/S GL=909.6-905.581=4.019m
Hydraulic Gradient (H.G) =1 in 5
Therefore, the length of seepage= Max. uplift * H.G
=4.019*5=20.095m=20.0.m
Actual length of seepage = Average G.L- FL + Thickness of
foundation+width+(2 * Foundation offset)
+Length of Apron= 905.581-905.500+0.6+2.0+(2*0.3) =16.7m=17.0m
(Take thickness of foundation as 0.6 and foundation offset as 0.3) L'=17.0m

Divide it into 2 steps (If required 3 steps)

Length of Apron1, 𝐿1=8.5m
Length of Apron2, 𝐿2=8.5m
c. Thickness of Apron:
i. Thickness of Apron 1(𝒕𝟏):
Length of seepage up-to the edge of the foundation= Avg. G.L-F. L + Thickness
of foundation + bottom width+(2 x foundation offset) =905.581-
905.5+0.6+2+(2*0.3) =3.50m
Uplift loss= =0.70m

Residual uplift=Max Uplift-Uplift loss =4.019-0.70=3.319m
=2.059m=2.0m
ii. Thickness of Apron 2(𝒕𝟐):

Length of seepage up to edge of Apron 1 =Avg. G.L - F.L +Thickness of
foundation +bottom width+(2 * foundation offset) +Length ofApron1
=905.581-905.500+0.6+2.0+(2*0.3) +8.50
=11.8m
Uplift loss= =2.36m

Residual uplift=Max Uplift-Uplift loss =3.419-2.36=1.059m
=0.84m
4) Protection Works:

a. Abutment:
Height of Abutment=𝑯𝟏𝟏= TBL-FL=910.6-905.500=5.100m
Bottom Width=0.4* 𝑯𝟏𝟏= 0.4*5.1=2.04=2.0m
Minimum top width=0.5m
The Abutment is provided with water face
vertical. b. Upstream Wing Wall:
Height of wing all on upstream side=MWL+0.3 - F.L =909.6+0.3-
905.500=4.400m
Bottom width=0.4 * Height of wing wall=0.4*4.4=1.76m

In order to give easy approach, the upstream side wing wall may be
splayed as shown (i.e. generally, 1 in 3 and a return wall of 2m is
provided)
c. Downstream Wing Wall:
Height of wing all on upstream side=FTL-F. L =908.6-905.5=3.100m

Bottom width=0.4 * Height of wing wall=0.4*3.1=1.24=1.25m
The downstream wings are given a splay of 1 in 5
d. Talus:
Rough stone Apron is provided with 30 cm to 50 cm size boulders for

a length of 3m with thickness 0.3m in continuation with the 2nd step
of apron

DESIGN OF SLUICE:
(a) Discharge:
The command area of the earthen bund is given as 300 Ha.
Duty of the crop grown at the proposed project = 800 hectares/cumec
From the definition of Duty, 𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦
Therefore, 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
~ 0.375 m3/Sec
For further expansion for water supply etc assuming the discharges as 2Q,
we get0,
Discharge, Q= 2 * 0.375 = 0.75 m3/sec
(b) Sluice Vent – Way:

The area of the vent-way of the sluice must be such that it can draw normal
supplies of water when the tank is at low water level or a level at which the
tank supply will always be available to be drawn during the normal crop
period.
Assuming a minimum driving head of 0.3m i.e. h = 0.3m above the centre of
sluice barrel, we get discharge by using the formula

Q = Discharge in cumecs = 0.75 m3/sec

Cd = Co-efficient of discharge = 0.6
g = Acceleration due to gravity
9.81 m/sec2
h = Driving head = LWL – Sill of sluice
= 904.218 – 903.218
= 1.0 m
A = Area of opening
Where, d = Diameter of opening in meters
Substituting these values, we get
0.75 = 0.6 x A x √2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1
Therefore, A = 0.282 m2
But A =
0.282
√4 ∗
Therefore, d= p
d = 0.599 m
~ 0.600 m
Thus, the diameter of the orifice = 600 mm

(c) Sluice Barrel:
The sluice barrel is buried under the tank bund. The barrel will have
masonry side walls. The roof can be either of R.C. slab laid in situ or precast
R.C. slabs with a levelling course of concrete laid over it.
Since the vent way required in only 0.599 m2, the size of barrel can be
adopted as 150cms * 120cms. The sluice barrel consists of two masonry

walls covered by an R.C. roof slab. The thickness of the roof slab may be
assumed to be 15cms.
(d)Design of Head Wall:

In order to easy facilities to operate the sluice gearing etc a head wall in
front of the sluice opening with its top level at least 50cms above canal FSL
is necessary. The head wall will be resting on the roof slab directly. Keep the
top of the head wall at TBL i.e. at 910.600m with its front face vertical as it
supports the earth fill from 901.48 m
Minimum Top Width of head wall = 0.5m
910.600 –
Height of earth fill =
901.480
= 9.12 m
Bottom width of head wall = 0.4 * 9.120
= 3.648 m
~ 3.75 m
(e) Wing Walls on the Upstream Side:

The front splayed wings will start at the same level as the front head wall
i.e. at a level of 910.600m
The top of foundation level = 905.5
909.600 –
Therefore, Height of wall =
905.5
= 3.1 m
Base width required = 0.4 * 3.1

1.24 m~1.5
= m
Minimum top width = 0.5m
The wings are splayed 1 in 3 and return wall was provided at the end
(f) Return Wall

The end section of the sloping wing and return will both be at the same
level and have the same section

Top of return = 906.500 m
Top of foundation = 905.5 m
Height of wall = 1.00 m
So, provide a minimum section of 50cms at top and 70cms at bottom,

keeping the front face vertical.
EARTH WORK CALCULATIONS

VOLUM
SL.N CHAINAG AVG.ARE DISTANC E
O E AREA A E (𝒎𝟑) TYPE
1 0 60.239 0 0 FILLING
2 30 0.413 0 0 FILLING
3 30 1.957 29.348 30 880.44 CUTTIN
G
4 60 85.642 41.277 30 1238.31 FILLING
5 90 128.51 107.08 30 3212.4 FILLING
7
6 120 124.72 126.621 30 3798.63 FILLING
4
7 150 102.80 113.765 30 3412.95 FILLING
6
8 180 77.366 90.086 30 2702.58 FILLING
9 210 59.071 61.219 30 1836.57 FILLING
10 240 7.863 33.467 30 1004.01 FILLING
648.59 18085.89
8

CAPACITY CONTOURS
Area Avg. Interval
RL (𝒎𝟐) Area(m ) (m)
2
Volume (𝒎𝟑)
902.5 12.52 0.5
903.0 32.02 22.27 0.5 11.13
903.5 58.35 45.18 0.5 22.59
904.0 87.40 72.87 0.5 36.43
904.5 125.96 106.68 0.5 53.34
905.0 156.05 141.00 0.5 70.50
905.5 185.48 176.76 0.5 85.38
906.0 207.77 196.62 0.5 98.31
906.5 227.30 217.53 0.5 108.76
907.0 236.53 231.91 0.5 115.95
907.5 259.03 247.78 0.5 123.89
908.0 266.09 262.56 0.5 131.28
908.5 175.89 220.99 0.5 110.49
VOLUME(CUM) 971.24 968.11

HIGHWAY
PROJECT

5.1 Objective:
Proposal for connecting two important stations through obligatory points by
NEW HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT. A comprehensive study for a detailed
proposal involves extensive database fieldwork and designs. The study,
however, aims at making a model proposal at best for a new highway alignment
due to various limitations.
5.2 Survey For Highway Alignment:

This study involves various surveys like:
1) Transportation planning surveys: for traffic highway inventory geometric

and accident studies.
2) Map studies: for identifying possible routes using top sheet.
3) Reconnaissance survey for route locations of alterative alignment by
using simple instruments and collecting essential information which affect
design construction traffic and economics.
4) Preliminary survey is carried out in order to assess the various alternatives
and finalize the best alignment by collecting all necessary details either by
conventional approach or using modern approach. This survey includes
open traversing, collecting of topographical features, levelling work,
hydrological data for CD work, soil survey etc… For pavement design.
5) Final location and detailed survey are conducted to establish centre line
alignment for the best route chosen and to collect detailed information for
the preparation of plans and drawings and finalization of the design and
construction details for the highway project. Soil and drainage studies also
form apart of detailed survey, based on soil analysis and testing pavement
design is finalized.

Instruments Required For Survey:

1. TOTAL STATION with accessories
2. TAPE (30m length)
5.3 Office Work From Field Data:

Reduced level is computed from field data by HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENTS
method or RISE AND FALL method for all the observed levels of longitudinal
sections, cross sections and block levelling in the field book. Page checks for
RL computed must be carried out to ensure correct entry and calculations.
Details pf physical features, computed RL, observed bearing for the centre line
etc. are to be transferred to drawing as required in a standard format.
5.4 Drawing To Be Prepared:

5.4.1. Index Map:
Detailed are to be presented by a neat and proportionate free hand sketch,

showing various alignments considered for connection station points, physical
features like land, obligatory points, valleys, ponds, stream, buildings etc using
appropriate symbols on a sheet of size 30x20cm.
5.4.2. Initial Alignment Plan:
This is drawn to scale of 1cm=20m generally or as specified. The plan shows

centre line alignment with bearings RL along L/S and C/S chainages, stream
crossing and all the physical surveyed. The details are symbolically represented
on a standard size drawing sheet suing India ink in BLACK, North line is
represented for reference.
5.4.3. Final Alignment Plan:

Finalized alignment details after the designs are shown in RED ink on the initial
alignment plan sheet only. Horizontal curves, transition curves designed are
presented in RED ink with radius, length etc and are numbered. Final centre line
alignment with design curves is marked clearly from station point connecting
obligatory points.
5.4.4. Road Plan:
Road plan is drawn on a separate sheet to a scale of 1cm=20m by transferring

the final alignment (drawn in Red) preferably showing existing features and
formation widths and right of way along the alignment finalized.
5.4.4.1. Longitudinal Profile:
This is drawn to a vertical scale of 1 in 100 and a horizontal scale of 1 in 100.

The details presented include changes, ground levels, formation levels, height of
bank, depth of cutting, datum nature of ground, gradients and vertical curves
along the centre line of alignment. Height of banking and depth of cutting can be
shown after finalizing the proposal of formation levels for the alignment.
Vertical curves are design and incorporated based on formation gradients (to be
shown in red ink). Existing ground profile is shown in Black ink.
5..4.4.2. Cross-Sectional Details:
These may be drawn to scale of 1cm=2m, on a drawing sheet (STD size). At

least three cross sections each for sections in full cutting, complete filling, level
stretch, partial cutting and filling must be shown. The cross sections are shown
either on the drawing sheet or on the graph sheet for computing earth work
quantities. Each cross section must contain details of the ground profile,
chainages, formation level and standard cross-sectional elements adopted for a
village road like width of pavement (3.75m), shoulders, formation width (7.5m),

side slopes (1:1 to 1:2) and right of way (12m). The road level must be shown in
red ink and embankment slopes to be indicated.
5.5 Survey Objectives:

a) To trace the initial and final alignment of highway in the field.
b) To obtain the longitudinal and cross-sectional profile of existing
ground for the alignment.
c) To obtain details of drawings works, soil types, terrain and the other
essential features important for highway alignment and design.
5.6 Detail Of Field Works:

General:
Survey work is started with carrying fly levels from a specified reference B.M.
to starting point from a local B.M. (as specified).
Starting point is fixed with reference to three permanent objects by taking

bearings and measurements.
5.6.1. Centre Line Alignment:
This is carried out by stretching one chain length (30m) fully in the direction of
survey as guided by gentle and flowing gradients of the terrain. Ceylon ghat
tracer may initially be used to fix or check gradient (for one chain length).
Generally ruling gradient of 1 in 30 or a limiting gradient of 1 in 16.5 is
provided for plain and rolling terrains. After ensuring the direction and gradient,
bearing (FB) are taken for the center line thus fixed by using compass, frequent
zigzags, sharp and reverse turns are avoided for center line alignment.
5.6.2. Details Of Physical Features:

Physical features surrounding the center line(up to 15m on either side) like
buildings, land(agric), pond, wells, telephone lines etc are surveyed by cross
staff and compass. Objects surveyed are noted down in the field books with
chainages and measurement using proper symbols.
5.6.3. Gradient Measurements:
This is important especially for mountainous and sleep terrains. Ghat tracer is
used to fix the ruling gradients for center line. Preferably ruling gradients are
provided for any terrain if unavoidable, limiting gradients for a shot stretch (not
exceeding 60 m/km) may be allowed. However exceptional gradients for short
stretches are provided if there is no other possibility (but usually it is avoided).
IRC suggests a maximum gradient of 1 in 15 for plain/rolling terrain and
slightly gradients not exceeding 1 in 12.5 for steep terrains. Generally, gradients
of the terrains indicate the directions of center line.
5.6.4. Levelling Work:
To start with, fly levels are carried from a permanent B.M. to the starting point
of survey. At beginning of days work similarly fly levels can be carried back
from the terminal point of survey at the end of day’s work(to check errors in
field work). Leveling work for highway alignment includes
1.Longitudinal sections L.S. Taken at every 15m intervals along the center line
as the survey proceeds.
2.Cross section are taken at 20m intervals and the cross levels taken at 2m
intervals extending up to 10m on either side of center line.
3.Block leveling: At stream ornala or specified a block of 30*30m is constructed

for leveling work and the levels are observed at 3m intervals on either sides of

and along the center line with reference to crossing point. Leveling work
extends up to 15m on either side of center line.
Representative samples of soil are collected from different stretches of the

alignment for analysis and testing in the laboratory. Sampling procedure and
quantities to be obtained as specified at site.
5.6.5. Block Level Contours For C.D Works
Computed values of R.L. are plotted and contours are drawn @0.5m interval
specified. The position of the center line of the alignment and the chainages at
which the C.D. work is proposed must be indicated early. Cross section of the
culvert or C.D work proposed must be indicated in detail in the same sheet. It
must contain details like sizes of pipes or box number and its location etc.
5.6.6. Pavement Thickness Details:
Minimum of three cross sections of the pavement showing the thickness of

individual layers of flexible pavement must be indicate on a separate sheet,
after the designs are finalized. It contains details of different layers like sub-base
,base and wearing coarse, stretches where such thickness are proposed are also
indicated (by chainages).
5.7. Design Data And Specifications (IRC)

1. Type of road = Village road.

2. Width of carriage way=3.8m (single lane) Two ways
3. Road way width(Right of way) =8m
4. Land width (R.O.W) =18m (open areas)
5. Terrain type =plain (10-25% cross slope)
6. Rainfall = Light intensity
7. Pavement = Thin bituminous surface
8. Design speeds for village road=40 (Ruling) & 35(Minimum) for rolling
terrain.
9. Minimum radii for village = 60m (ruling) & 45m (abs min).
10. Roads (R) = for plain terrain.
11. Gradients (rolling)= 1in30(ruling), 1in 20(limiting) and 1in 15(exceptional).
12. Coefficient of lateral friction, f = 0.15for 40kmph (max)
13. Coefficient of longitudinal friction, f = 0.40
14. Super elevation (e) = 0.07 (max)

15. Camber =1 in 50 or 2% (depends on rainfall)
5.8. Soil Testing And Pavement Design:
Soil brought site are tested for:
1. Grain size analysis

2. Group index to classify the soil (based on LL & PL)
3. CBR value.
From the results obtained pavement thickness is designed adopting standard

procedure.
5.8.1. Soil Stabilization:
The soil along the proposed road is taken for laboratory testing at regular
intervals and the soil is classified according to any one of the soil classification
system. If the properties of the available soil is not adequate suitable to be used
as a subgrade material, the same are improved by soil stabilization techniques.
Following are the various techniques of soil stabilization:
a) Proportioning techniques: Various locally available soils and

aggregates are mixed in suitable proportions and compacted to serve
the desired objective.
b) Cementing agents: The strength of the stabilized soil can be
considerably increase by the addition of cementing agents like
Portland cement etc.
c) Modifying agents: If the stabilizer is added in small proportion
could modify the undesirable properties of certain soils (such as high
plasticity, swelling etc.) such stabilizer may be called as modifiers.
Eg: Home.
d) Water proofing agents: If the absorption of water can be stopped by
mean of some water proofing agents, it will be possible to make use
of such materials with advantage. Eg: Bituminous materials.
e) Heat treatment: There are desirable changes such as reduction in
swelling properties and treatment soil may be used as a soft

aggregate in mechanical soil stabilization or as a pozzolanic additive

in soil-hoe stabilization.
f) Chemical stabilization: There are several chemicals, which when
added single or combination, even in trace quantities may impart
useful changes n certain types of soils.
5.8.2. Setting Of Final Alignment:
After the design of the alignment (vertical and horizontal), the same will
have to be set in the field and shown to the concerned in charged.
Earth work quantities are computed with the help of details presented from LS
& CS data of final alignment. Batch teachers will give the details as how to
obtain earth work quantities.
5.8.3. Alignment Justification:
The final alignment selected by the batch must be justified in terms of technical
and economic feasibility.
5.8.4. Cross Drainage Work:
If in case, the best-chosen alignment is required to pass through a flowing

stream of nalas, then it is necessary to provide CD work and pipe culvert is the
best choice to provide.
This required the details of the area covering the valley position and 10m
beyond on the both sides of the valley. A grid is created of 5mx5m or 3mx3m
whichever is suitable based onsite condition. Block level is carried out for the
entire area covering the location of the proposed culvert. Knowing the discharge
Q (or assumed) the area is calculated by assuming the velocity of flow. Non-
pressure, RCC pipes are chosen to take the flow. Abutment and site wall (wing
walls) are designed and necessary drawings are prepared incorporating all the

details. One drawing is prepared indicating the contour and location of the
culvert along with the cross-sectional details and elevation.
5.9. Design Of Highway Alignment Project

The horizontal curves are designed as per IRC recommendations
5.9.1. Design Procedure For Horizontal Curve In The Horizontal Alignment
1. To calculate the radius of the curve

1. Angle of Deviation, ∆ = 142°
2. Radius of the curve, R =

2.To find the restricted speed
Ruling minimum radius =

Substituting, e = super elevation
=0.07
f = coefficient of friction =
0.15, we get, V=18.39kmph
So, the speed in the road was restricted to 20kmph
3. To find the super elevation:
Super elevation was calculated by taking the speed as 75% of the design speed.
e = 0.146
Hence a super elevation of 0.07 shall be taken, (the maximum value).
4. Extra widening of the curve
We =
N=number of lanes=1

V=design speed=20kmph
R=radius of curve = 12.11m
Le=wheel of the vehicle=6m
We=0.48
5. Design of transition curve:
Transition curve was given on either sides of the main curve
a)
Ls
Ls =
C = =0.85
Ls = 16.70m
b) Based on the super elevation required
Ls =
We=extra widening
W=width of the road = 3.75m = rate of super elevation=0.07
Ls = 30.66m
c) Based on the IRC recommendations
Ls =
Ls=33.03m. say 34m

Length of the transition curve = highest of the above three
=34m
6. Length of the circular curve
Lc =
=
Lc = 30.01m

Shift of curve(s)
S
S =3.97m
7. Total length of the curve (Ts)
Ts = (R+S) x tan(∆/2)+Ls/2
= (12.11+ 3.97) x tan(142/2)
+34/2
Ts = 63.7m say 64m
8. Tangent length
T=R
T=12.11*tan(142/2)
T=35.16m
Design of the horizontal curves:

curve ∆ Radiu e We Ls Lc S Ts T
s
1 142 12.11 0.07 2.09 34 30.01 3.97 64 35.16
2 132 13.03 0.07 1.96 30.70 30.00 3.01 51.02 29.26
3 137 12.55 0.07 2.02 31.86 30.01 3.37 56.34 31.86
4 155 11.10 0.07 2.25 36.05 30.28 4.88 90.1 50.06
5 153 11.24 0.07 2.22 35.58 30.01 4.69 84.14 46.81
Design Of Longitudinal Drain Of Highway:
Using Ryve’s formula
Q = C x M2/3
Where, C = 12
Considering 0.8km length of highway 4.0m width from the centre of highway
we get road side drainage area = 0.7 x 4.0/1000
M = 2.8 * 10-3km2

Q =
Q = 0.24m3/sec
From continuity equation we have Q = AxV

V = velocity of drain (assumed) = 1.5m/sec
Therefore, A =
A = 0.16m2
Assuming trapezoidal section of base =0.5m & side slope 1 :1
Therefore,
Area of trapezoidal drain = A = (B +nd) * d
. 0.16= (0.5 + d)*d
d2 + 0.5d – 0.16 =0
solving the equation, we get d = 0.3m providing
free board = 0.2m
Total depth of the channel = 0.5m
Earth Work Tabulation:

Sl. Distance, Area Of Area Of Voume Of Volume Of
No m Cutting m2 Filling m2 Cutting m3 Filling m3
1 280 37.98 0 10634.4
2 9 0.036 0.324 0
3 80 6.66 0 532.8
4 171 10.21 1745.91 0
5 2 0.00814 0 0.01628
6 40 2.23 89.2 0
7 108 6.23 0 672.84
8 69 5.25 362.25 0

9 69 20.24 1396.56 0
3594.244 11840.056
Total volume of cutting = 3594.244 M3
Total volume of earth for filling = 11840.056 M3
Thickness Of Pavement:
N=1 Msa
Thickness of pavement =375mm
Wearing course=20mm
Binder course=nil
Granular base=225mm
Granular sub base=150mm
Stopping sight Distance:
Assume reaction 2.5sec

V=40kmph for ruling area
V=20kmph for hilly area
f=0.35
= 45.79m say 46.0m
= 18.39m say 19.0m

Intermediate sight Distance:

Intermediate sight distance = 2* SSD
= 2*46
= 92.0m
Intermediate sight distance = 2* SSD
=2*19
= 38.0m
Overtaking sight Distance:
Overtaking sight distance for 2-way traffic, 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 = 𝑑3
Assume the design speed as the speed of overtaking vehicle.
V=40kmph
=11.42m/s
=5.71m/s
Take a= 0.99m/s
𝑑1 = 𝑉𝑏 ∗ 𝑡= 5.71*2.5= 14.27m
𝑑2 = (𝑉𝑏 ∗ 𝑇) + 2𝑆
S= (0.7𝑉𝑏+6) = ((0.7*5.71) + 6) = 23.90m
Culvert Design:
The culvert is designed as a bridge structure based on the following data:
Design of deck slab:
Span-8.5m
Road width-7.5m
Abutment width-0.8m
Wearing coat-0.08m

Kerb width-0.4m
Parapet wall=0.2mx1.0m
Grade of concrete-M-25
Grade of steel-Fe-500
1.Depth:
Assume total depth as 350mm
Assume effective cover as 50mm
Effective depth =350-50=300mm
2. Effective calculation:
a. 8.5+0.25=8.75
b. 8.5+0.3=8.85 Effective span=8.75m
3.Load:
a. Dead load of slab = 0.3*25=7.5 kN/m
b. Dead load of wearing coat = 0.08*22-1.76kN/m
Total dead load- 9026kN/m

4. Bending moment
calculation:
a.
𝑀𝑔=87.61 kN-m
Factored BM=𝑀𝑔𝑢= 1.5*87.61=131.42 kN-m

b. Due to live load
To get maximum bending moment load is to be placed@ centerof the span

Length of dispersion=250+1200+2(350+80)=2310mm
Width of dispersion=
α=2.48(from IRC 21)

a=8.5/2=4.25
𝑏𝑙=0.5+2(0.08) =0.66m
𝑙0=8.5m
Edge distance= =0.725m

Width of dispersion=0.725+(1.8+0.5+1.2+1.8)+2.965
=8.99 Impact
Factor (I.F):
LF =

Intensity of loading =
=28.76kPa
Consider per m Live
load = 28.76 kN/m
Max BM =
𝑀𝑈=115.71 KN-m
Total BM= 131.42+115.71
Mu =247.12 kN-m
5.Check for depth:
Depth required (𝑑𝑟) :
247.12∗106
=√
0.133∗25∗1000
= 272.63mm<300mm
𝑑𝑟 < 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑚𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒.
6. Reinforcement calculation :
247.12*106=0.87*500*300*Ast*
247.12*106=130.5∗ 103Ast−8.7𝐴𝑠𝑡2
By solving quadratic equation
𝐴𝑠𝑡=2223𝒎𝒎𝟐
Assume#20mm bars are provided
Spacing =
*1000=141.25mm

Provide #20 @ 140mm c/c

b. Transverse Reinforcement:
𝑀𝑢= 0.3𝑀1+Mg
= (0.3*115.71) + (0.2*131.42)
=60.99 kN-m
By solving quadratic equation

𝐴𝑠𝑡=482.91 𝒎𝒎𝟐
Spacing =
*1000=162.25mm
Provide#10@160mmc/c
C.Distribution steel:
Min 𝐴𝑠𝑡=0.12% *bD
=420𝒎𝒎𝟐
Spacing =
180mm
∴Provide#10@180mm c/c

PUBLIC HEALTH
ENGINEERING

6.1 Introduction:
Water is a chemical compound and may occur in a liquid form or in a solid form
or in gaseous form. All these three forms of water are extremely useful to man.
Providing him the luxuries and comforts, in addition to fulfilling his basic
necessities of life.
Whenever there is no water in our taps, we become helpless. No life can
exist without water, since water is as essential for life as air is. Water is
absolutely essential not only for survival of human beings, but also for animals.
Plants and all other living beings. Therefore, in order to ensure availability of
sufficient quantity of good quality water, it becomes almost imperative in a
modern society, to plan and build suitable water supply schemes which may
provide portable water to the various sections of community in accordance with
their demands and requirements.
In preparing schemes of water supply the duties of engineer are to collect
all the information that may prove useful for preparing plan and all the estimates
of the project. Before actual construction of water supply work is taken up in it
is necessary to prepare plan and the full schemes and also design the various
component of the project. The proper planning will ensure an economical and
efficient functional scheme, which will serve the various objectives in view
efficient and with minimum expenditure and recurring operational troubles.
Water supply and sewage supply to Banahalli village:
This project is contemplated to meet two objectives. The first one is to
prepare a Water Supply Scheme to supply potable water from a suitable source
to the village. The second part is to prepare an Underground Sewerage system to
treat domestic waste water. In order to prepare the above schemes
reconnaissance and detailed survey of the area was conducted as described
below. With the help of the data collected and survey work done detailed design
and drawings are prepared along prepared along with a report on the financial
feasibility of the project.
6.2Water Supply Project:
Rural communities are generally small and poor and hence the various
elements of the scheme have to be necessarily simple and comparatively
cheaper requiring the minimum skilled supervision and maintenance.

Reconnaissance survey of the village was conducted to obtain the following

information.
1.Population of the village for the present and previous 3 or 4 decades.

2.Density of the population in different zones.
3.Topography of the area with elevation at various points.
4.Present source of water supply. Selection of a source for permanent water supply
scheme.
5. Selection of site for intake, pump house and water treatment units.
6.Selection of site for service reservoir.
7.Collection of sample and testing for its characteristics.
A water supply scheme essentially consists of
1.Works for collection of water
2.Works for conveyance of water
3.Works for treatment and purification of water
4.Works for distribution of water to the consumers
In planning good water supply schemes a compromise between efficiency
and economic is generally decided and the schemes possessing at least defects
and professional advice and guidance is very essential for the schemes.
In the case of rural water supply schemes, Since the commutations are
generally small and poor and hence the various element of the scheme have to
be necessarily simple and comparatively cheaper requiring minimum skilled
supervision and maintenance .In the case, the sources are generally ground
water leading to special problems like fluorides, Iron, Sailing etc., One should
take of all these the problems while designing.
6.3 Necessity Of Planned Water Supply:

Water is a chemical compound and may occur in a liquid form or in a
solid form or in a gaseous form. All these three form of water are extremely
useful to man, providing the luxuries and comforts, in addition to fulfilling his
basic necessity of life. No life can exist without water since water is essential
for life as air. It has been estimated that two thirds of human body is constituted
of water.

From the public health point of view, it is necessary that the water
required for their need must be invariably free from all type of impurities
whether suspended or dissolved in water and no risk should occur to the health
of the public as a result of any water contamination.
A public water supply or water works system has to be both from the point
of view of providing an adequate and reliable supply of water catering to all the
public need ensuring that the supply so made are not only portable but also fully
protected against every infection which might otherwise pollute water and cause
outbreak of disease.
The planned water supply scheme should not only help in supplying
wholesome water to the people for drinking cooking, bathing etc.., So as to keep
disease away and there by promoting better health but it should also help in
supplying water for fountains, garden etc, thus helping in maintaining better
sanitation and beautification of surrounding thereby reducing environmental
pollution. The schemes should therefore help in promoting wealth and welfare
of the entire humanity as a whole.
6.4 The Main Objective Of The Protected Water Supply Scheme:

1.To supply safe and wholesome water to consumers.
2.To supply water in adequate quantity
3.To make water easily available to the consumer so as to encourage personnel and
base hold clean lines.
Factors to be considered for water supply
The various factors should be taken into consideration before designing any water
supply project supply project.
1.Population forecast
2.Per capita demand
3.Selection of source
4.Quality requirement
5.Distribution system

6.Design period
1.Population forecast: The recent population of a region is obtained by recent
census figure and perspective population as a result of growth, development,
educational and industrial Expansion etc.., are estimated.
2.Per capita demand: It is the annual average amount of daily water required
by one person and includes the domestic use, Industrial and commercial use,
public use, wastes, thefts etc.., It may be therefore expressed as Litres per capita
per day (LPCD).
Total yearly water required of the city =365 * DESIGN POPULATION * PER
CAPTIA DEMAND
Per capita supply varies as per region and the people living standard in
the region. For the rural area per capita should be selected as per the following
criteria. Where house connection are not contemplated and supply through hand
pumps or central stand post, per capita supply shall not be less than 40 LPCD.
Where the house connections are contemplated the supply shall be at least 70
LPCD.A minimum of 135- LPCD areas preferably 150 LPCD for all residence
provided with full flushing systems with modern sanitary.
Selection of source: The following order of priority may be given in the choice of
suitable source among the various sources available.
1.Water that required no treatment except disinfections to meet water quality

standard and would be supplied by gravity.Water that requires no treatment
except disinfections to meet water quality standard but would require pumping.
3.Water that requires simple treatment like chlorination.

Quality requirement:
The water required for domestic uses, particularly the water required for
drinking must be colourless, odourless, and tasteless. It should be free from
turbidity and excessive of toxic. The maximum permissible limits for physical,
chemical and bacteriological standards should satisfy the drinking water
standard as given by ISI in the table shown below.
These limits in table are ideal and safe for public supplies; therefore, in village
they may not be followed rigidly due to the shortage of funds for treatment or
due to lack of development. However, bacterial quality should nowhere be
relaxed as to avoid serious water borne disease.

Sl Type of Type of Permissibl Absolute Remarks

. impurity e limits Max.
characteristics
No Limits
01 Physical 1.Turbidity 5 10 On silica
scale.
2. Colour 10 20
On cobalt
3. Taste 01 03 scale.
and
odour Threshold
no.
02 Chemical 1. pH value 6.6 8.0
2. Hardness 75mg/ lit 110mg/lit Expressed as

𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
Equivalent
w/s.
3. Total 500mg/lit 1500 mg/lit
solids As per WHO
International
500mg/lit 1000mg/lit Standards
4. Mg & Na
200mg/lit 400mg/lit -do-
5. Chlorides.
75mg/lit 200mg/lit -do-
6. Calcium.
0.3 mg/lit 1.0mg/lit -do-
7. Iron.
- 1.5mg/lit -do-
8. Fluorides.
03 Biological Coliform Nil 1Coliform -
& micro- Bacteria colony
organic per
100m/n of
B

coli is ltd
to
1per 100me
Table 6.1 BIS Standards
6.5 Water And Sewerage System Project:
The aim the project is to conduct detailed survey of the village by using Total
Station. The required data regarding population is to be collected from the
village Panchayat office. Using the village map and population data, water
supply and sewerage system for the village is be designed, pipe lines of both
water and sewage along with water supply overhead tank and waste water
treatment plant are to be plotted.
The methodology includes the following
1. To conduct detailed survey of the village using Total Station.
2. To collect the information regarding population of the village from Panchayat
office.
3. Based on the data obtained, the design of water supply and sewerage system is
to be done during the classes conducted in the college.
4. The pipelines and sewers line are to be plotted as per the design were the village
map using different colours for each type of pipe and each size.
5. The position and dimensions of designed water supply tank and waste water
treatment plant is to be draw were the village map.
Detailed survey of the village
The name of the village where the proposed project has to be done is Banahalli
near Kaiwara about 1km away from your place of stay towards Kaiwara cross.
As seen from the picture from Google earth, the map of the village has to be
prepared. Figure on the following page.
13°20‟13” N 77°59‟24.70” E will be your reference point and Bench mark RL
is 887m (Check with your mobile GPS value). The starting point will be the
point where the total station is first located. All the required points are to be
recorded in the total station and also as a safety measure note down the
coordinates of all the points taken in a long book assigning a proper name for it.
The length of the village perpendicular to the road is about 320m and along the
road is about 260m. In order to fit the map within the print out, a proper scale has
to be chosen while printing.

Therefore, the scale can be chosen as1:500 and the print out can be obtained in A3
size.
Fig-6.1: Banahalli Village (Google Earth)

The water supply project includes the following
Location of source of water: Choose an existing bore well or some reliable
source (source is ground water extracted by providing a bore well). Mark the
position of the bore well located by you in the village map. If possible, collect
the information regarding the depth of the bore well driven in the village by
inquiring with the local people. Write down the coordinates of the bore well on
the map.
Location of overhead tank: In order supply water to the village, an overhead
tank is normally constructed so that the supply can be easily done by gravity
flow only. The position of the overhead tank is to be located in such a way that
it is at a higher elevation compared to the supply areas so that height and cost of
construction of tank can be reduced and close to bore well so that length of
raising main and head loss can be reduced. Locate the position of the overhead
tank. Conduct a block levelling at the site of overhead tank by forming a grid of
3m by 3m, the total block will of 9m by 9m, introduce the block in the village
map and write the RL (Z value) of the centre of the grid. Draw a separate block
levelling drawing for the work conducted and draw contour at an interval of
0.5m. After the design of the overhead tank transfer the dimensions on to the
village map over the grid.
Plan showing the water supply lines in the streets and location of different valves
are to be done. These can be drawn after the design of water pipes.
The Sewerage project includes the following

1.Plan showing the Sewer lines in the streets and location of

2. Different sewer appurtenances. These can be drawn after the design of sewer
pipes.
3. Location of sewage treatment plant-The sewage flows by gravity and end up at
lowest elevation.
4.At lower elevation while doing the village map conduct block levelling of
block size of 12m by 15m of grid size of 3 by 3m. Locate the block on the
village map and once the design of the treatment plant is completed, plot the
plant over the grid and connect the last sewer pipe to the treatment unit.
6.6 General Instructions For Conducting Total Station Survey
1. Locate the Total station on the sides of the road and not anywhere in the
middle of the road as you may obstruct the traffic. Also, the location of
Total station should be such that maximum number of points can be located
with a single station.
2. Divide the work among the batch mates as Total station operator, recorder
the coordinates and prism holder. After certain period of time rotate the
work among the different persons. So that everybody gets familiar with all
aspect of the project.
3. Take LS at an interval of every 15m, record the coordinates in the Total
station memory and record it manually also. Also, if there is any intersection
of two or more streets, at the intersection locate the point and record the
coordinates.
4. Along with regular Conduction LS the coordinates of the following are to be
recorded
5. Count number of houses on either side of each LS and
write down.
6.Measure the width of the road regularly and write down.
7. If there are features like wells, bore well, temple or any such structures other
than houses, locate and record them.
When you complete the village map it should indicate the following:
1. Roads with houses and other features on the either side of the road
2. RL of the all the points surveyed
3. Blocks of block levelling carried out
4. Record the coordinates of least two points at the end of the day’s work so that
the work can be carried out the next day.

5. The people in the village are quite familiar with the students working and are
quite cooperative. Do not behave rudely with them. Carry all the instruments
and your belonging along with you whenever you shift the instruments.
6. Your office work is to transfer the data from total station and plot the village
map containing all the features in AutoCAD.
6.7 Distribution System:
After a complete treatment of water, it becomes necessary to distribute it to a

number of houses and public places by means of distribution network. The
distribution system consists of pipes of various sizes, valves, water pumps,
distribution reservoirs, hydrants, stand posts etc. The pipes carry water to each
and every house, roads and streets which are controlled by valves. Mainly in
village water flow will be designed as gravitational so the pumping is not
required.
6.8 Design Period
The water supply schemes include huge and costly structure such as
dams, reservoir, treatment plants ,penstock pipes etc.., which cannot be replaced
are increase in their capacities easily and conveniently .For example the water
mines laid underground including distribution system cannot be replaced or
added without digging the road and disturbing the traffic .In order to avoid this
future complication of expansion the various component of water supply
scheme are purposely made larger so as to satisfy the community needs for a
reasonable number of years to come. This future period or number of years for
which a provision is made designing the capacities of various components of
water supply scheme is known as DESIGN PERIOD.
Such a scheme which is designed for a design period of adopt “X year” is
supposed to satisfactorily serve the community need up to the end of “x years”.
The design period should neither be too long nor too short. The design period
cannot exceed the useful life of the components structure. In this project the
design period for water supply scheme is considered to be 44 year.

6.9 Units Of Sewage Treatment Plant :
Fig- 6.2: flow diagram of sewage treatment plant
Primary Sedimentation Tank: A filter does remove only a very small percentage
of the finely divided suspended organic matter present in sewage, while the
majority of this organic matter undergoes a change of character, only due to the
biological oxidation and nitrification taking place in the filter. Due to this aerobic
oxidation and nitrification that takes place in the filter, the organic solids are
converted into coagulated suspended mass, which is heavier and bulkier, and
would thus settle down by gravity, if allowed to dos so in sedimentation tanks.
Sludge Digestion Tank: The sludge withdrawn from the sedimentation basins
contains a lot of putrescible organic matter, and if disposed of without any
treatment, the organic matter may decompose, producing foul gases and a lot of
nuisance, pollution, and health hazards. In order to avoid such pollutions, the
sludge is, first of all, stabilized by decomposing the organic matter under
controlled anaerobic conditions, and then disposed off suitably after drying on
drying beds, etc. The process of stabilization is called the Clarification of
sewage by the process of sedimentation‟ can be affected by providing
conditions under which the suspended material present in sewage can settle out.
This is brought about in specially designed tanks called Primary Sedimentation
Tanks.
Trickling filters are now almost universally adopted for giving secondary
treatment to sewage. These filters, also called as percolating filters or sprinkling
filters, consist of tanks of coarser filtering media, over which the sewage is

allowed to sprinkle or trickle down, by means of spray nozzles or rotary

distributors. The percolating sewage is collected at the bottom of the tank
through a well-designed under-drainage system. The purification of the sewage
is brought about manly by the aerobic bacteria, which form a bacterial film
around the particles of the filtering media. The action due to the mechanical
straining of the filter bed is much less. In order to ensure the large-scale growth
of the aerobic bacteria, sufficient quantity of oxygen is supplied by providing
suitable ventilation facilities in the body of the filter; and also, to some extent by
the intermittent functioning of the filter.
Secondary Sedimentation Tank: The sludge digestion and the tank where the
process is carried out is called the sludge digestion tank. Three distinct stages
have been found to occur in the biological action involved in the natural process
of sludge digestion tank.
These stages are:
1. Acid fermentation
2. Acid regression
3. Alkaline fermentation
Sludge Drying Bed: Sludge drying beds are open beds of land, 45 to 60 cm
deep, and consisting of about 30 to 45 cm thick graded layers of gravel or
crushed stone varying in size from 15 cm at bottom to 1.25 cm at top, and
overlain by 10 to 15 cm thick coarse sand layer. Open jointed under-drain pipes
(15cm dia) @ 5 to 7 cm c/c spacing are laid below the gravel layer in valleys, at
a longitudinal slope of about 1 to 100. The beds are about 15 X 30 m in plan,
and are surrounded by brick walls rising about 1 meter above the sand surface.
Design Of Pumping Main:

No. of houses = 126
Present population assuming 4 per house = 126*5= 630
Ultimate population after 30 year

Assuming 30% extra = 630 x 1.3 = 819~820

Assuming 135LPCD =820 x 135
= 110700 lit/day
Pumping hour = 6 hours
Discharge required = 110700/ (1000 x 6 x 60 x 60)
Q = 5.125* 10−3𝑚3/s
Source And Pumping System:

Source = Bore
well
Avg. RL of OHT = 888.50m
Staging height = 7.0 m
Water depth in = 3.0 m
tank
Free board = 0.5 m
Friction losses = 11.4m
Avg. GL at Borewell site 890.5m
=
Max. level to which water is to be pumped 890.5+7+3+0.5+11.4
=
= 912.4 m
Distance from the Bore well to OHT = 162 m
Selection Of Pipe:
Using formulae 𝐷 = 1.22 √𝑄

We get D =100mm
Design Of Pump:
SuctionHead=40m
Friction loss

l , Q= 5.125 X10-3 m3/sec, v=0.5 m/sec
FL = 1.1 * (
FL = 1m
Total Head = (Suction Head+ Friction loss + Friction
loss due to distribution system+ Delivery Head.)
(*ASSUMING DEPTH OF BORE WELL AS 200m)
Delivery Head = Staging height + Depth of water in tank+
depth from pump to ground level
= 7 + (3+0.5) + 138 + 11.4
=160.4m
Total head = 40 + 1 + 160.4
Total head = 201.4 m (Adopt=205m)
Horse Power, (hp) of pump required =

W is specific weight of water
Hp = 14.008HP ~ 15HP
Provide 2 No. of 15HP pumps
Design Of Distribution System:

Design Of The Water Tank:
Avg. ground level at water tank = 890.500 m
Using formulae 𝐷 = 1.22 √𝑄

We get, D = for following discharge

Q = 5.125 * 10−3𝑚3/s
(Primary pipe (main pipe)) Diameter, d = 100mm, velocity v=0.65m/s)
Q is divided into Q1 and Q2
𝑄1 = 2.77*10−3𝑚3/s
(Secondary pipe 1 diameter d=75mm, velocity v=0.62m/s)
𝑄2 = 2.355*10 𝑚 /s
−3 3
(Secondary pipe 2 diameter d=65mm, velocity v=0.71m/s)

𝑄 1 is divided into 𝑄3 and 𝑄4
𝑄3 = 1.8 *10−3𝑚3/s
(Tertiary pipe 1 diameter d=55mm, velocity v=0.75m/s)
𝑄4 = 0.97 *10−3𝑚3/s
(Tertiary pipe 2 diameter d=40mm, velocity v=0.77m/s)
Friction loss = 1.1 x (

l=215m (FARTHEST POINT), f = 0.04, g =9.81𝑚2/𝑠, d=0.05m, v=Q/A,
Q= 1.703 X10-3 m3/sec, v=0.86 m/sec
FL =11.44m
Head elevation required = 912.4 m = adopt 913
m Provide outlet pipe at 10 cm above bottom of water tank.
Assume depth of tank to be 3 m
Area of required tank
(Adopt 37𝑚2)
Therefore, provide circular tank of 7m diameter
Sewer Design:
Total water supplied = 110700lts/day
Waste water produced = 80%

Peak Q is 2.5 times the waste water produced
Peak Discharge, Q
= 2.56 *10−3𝑚3/s
Using Manning’s formula, assuming stoneware pipes and half full flow,
V
Substituting N=0.015 s=1/200 R=d/4
2.56 *10−3𝑚3/s
We get, d = 150 mm
N=0.015 S=1/200 R=d/4=0.0375m V

V = 0.53m/s>0.3(self-
cleansing velocity)
Design Of Effluent Treatment Plant (Etp):
Banahalli is a village with a projected population of 800. The conventional
effluent treatment plant cannot be adopted taking the economy into
consideration. Therefore, low cost treatment like oxidation pond is proposed.
Design of oxidation pond
Depth of pond = 1.25m (It should be between 1-1.5 M)
For 12𝑂L=300 kg BOD/hectare
For 16𝑂𝐿=275 kg BOD/hectare
So, 13.33𝑂L=290 kg BOD/hectare (by interpolation method)
Correction for altitude/elevation
1+0.003EL
EL=MSL in 100m
MSL at treatment plant = 884.500m
EL=8.845
1+0.003EL = 1.0265

Actual organic loading =283 kg BOD/hectare

Organic loading = 283 kg BOD/hectare
BOD of untreated sewage = 250 mg/lit (Assume)
Efficiency of treatment plant = 80%
BOD of treated effluent = 0.2 * 250 = 50 mg/lit
It is below the permissible limit of 100 mg/L
Total quantity of water supplied to the village = 110700 lit/day
Waste water = 0.8 x 110700 = 88560 lit/day
Effluent load = 22.14 kg/day
Area required
=0.078 hectare
= 0.078 x 104 𝑚2 =780𝑚2
Assuming two ponds, area of each pond =390𝑚2
Assume length = 1.5 x Width of the tank
L=17m, B= 10m
Check for detention period
Detention period
= 12days
The range of detention period for oxidation pond is 12 days.
Hence design is ok.


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EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT B-2 BATCH 1

PROJECT REPORT ON EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 1

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Certified that BATCH B2 has successfully completed “EXTENSIVE

Mr. Nambiyanna B Dr. M C NATARAJA Dr. N V R NAIDU

Name of Examiners: Signature with Date

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 2

This is to certify the following students, who were working under

Shridhar M Malipatil - 1MS18CV105

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 3

We heartily thank our Principal, Dr. N V R Naidu, M S Ramaiah

We would like to express our sincere thanks to the Head of the

We wholeheartedly thank our project guide Manjunath R

Special thanks to all the staff members of Civil Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 4

• NEW TANK PROJECT

• PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 5

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 6

EXTENSIVE SURVEY CAMP

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 7

Elevation(m) of the place:919.00m

1.1 TOTAL STATION:

A total station or TST (Total Station Theodolite) is an electronic optical instrument

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 8

1.2 Brief Description of Important Operations of Total Station:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 9

1.3 Advantages of Using Total Station:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 10

TOTAL STATION PRISM AND TARGET

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 11

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 12

Hence there is no technical difference between a reservoir and a tank

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 13

Siphon Spillway, may be provided as it is done in the case of Earthen Dam

.2 Isolated Tanks And Tanks In Series

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 14

2.3 capacity of water spread of a dam

4. Designing The Section Of The Tank Bund

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 15

1 1.5 to 3.0 0.9 1.2

2 3.0 to 4.5 1.2 1.5

3 4.5 to 6.0 1.5 1.8

4 Above 6.0 1.8 2.7

Table 2.1: Dimensions Of Tank Bunds In South India

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 16

5.The Tank Weirs Or Surplus Weirs And Their Design

2.6 Surplus Weir

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 17

It is always desirable to select a site for a location of a weir where the

2.7 Flood Discharge

8. Type Of Tank Weirs

Type-A: masonry weirs with a vertical drop.

Type-B: rocks fill weirs with a sloping apron.

Type-C: masonry weirs with a sloping masonry apron (GLACIS).

2.9 Tank Outlets And Sluices

It is an opening in the form of a culvert or a pipe running through or

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 18

2.11 Scour Sluices

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 19