Material Self - The home thus is an extension of self, because in it, we can

- primarily about our bodies, clothes, immediate family and home.

directly connect our self.

- make up all the parts of our material self

- the body
William James
- the physical structure of a person and the innermost part of the - A man’s self is the sum total of all what he can call his.

material self
- The more we invest our selves to things, the more attached we are
- We are directly attached to it, we cannot live without it, we strive to those things; The more investment of ourself given to our
hard to make sure that the body functions well.
possessions — the more we identify ourselves to it.

- clothes

- Literally, items worn to cover the body.

Credit Cards
- William James
- is a thin rectangular piece of plastic or metal issued by a bank or
- Believed that what you wear next to your skin determines how nancial services company that allows cardholders to borrow funds
you act
with which to pay for goods and services with merchants that
- believed it to be an essential part of our material self accept cards for payment.

(in uenced by Lotze)

- Became popular in the 2000s

- Hermann Lotze
- have brought convenience, security, and comfort in the way people
- Geman Philosopher
engage in the consumption of goods and services in society.

- One of the rst to link behavior to clothing, discussed it in
his book called microcosmus
due to tight competition among credit card companies over the
- in this book, he said that a person’s bearing and attitude
are a direct re ection of the sensation he gets from his
- At rst, only high-income earners had access to credit cards. But
years, interest rates have gone down and requirements have been
simpli ed, making credit cards accessible to low-income earners.

clothing.
- a credit card holder must be responsible for knowing his or her
- people feel as if their bodies take on the properties of the limits when purchasing goods and services via credit card.

garment that touches their skin

- Disadvantages

- immediate family
- sometimes it may have hidden charges

- A social unit consisting of people who are very closely related.

- unauthorized credit card transactions

- 3rd in the hierarchy of the material self

- frauds

- This includes one’s parents and siblings which hold an important - holders nd themselves vulnerable to incurring too much debt.

part of our self

- we place huge investment in our immediate family when we see Need

them as the nearest replica of our self
- Is something that a person must have in order to live

- home
- Includes food, clothes, shelter, medicine, and many other things for
- A physical domicile or structure in which a person or household survival

resides
- relative to each individual

- It is the earliest nest of our selfhood.

- Our experiences inside the home were recorded and marked on

particular parts and things in our home.

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 Want within a community, provides explanation of unknown and a
- Is something that a person desires to have but can live without.
sense of control for individuals

- may include things that are considered as luxuries.

- (One person's wants may be another person's need)

Ritual
- Adherents of a certain religion use rituals to give honor to the divine
Russel Belk power or powers they believe in and to serve as a reminder of their
- We are what we have and what we possess.
religious obligations.

- The identi cation of the self to things starts in our infancy stage. As - Is the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by a tradition or
we grow older, putting importance to material possession sacred law

decreases.
- are patterns of behavior or practices that are related to the
- The possessions that we dearly have tell something about who we sacred

are, our self-concept, our past, and even our future.

- it is a speci c mode of behavior exhibited by all known societies.

- it is possible to view ritual as a way of de ning or describing

Spiritual Self humans

- is the most intimate, inner, subjective part of the self

- 3 fundamental characteristics

- It is one of the 4 constituent self described in the principles of - 1. A feeling or emotion of respect, awe, fascination, or dread in
psychology (1890) written by William James
relation to the sacred

- it is the most intimate because of the satisfaction one experiences - 2. Dependence upon a belief system that is usually expressed in
when one thinks of one’s ability to argue and discriminate our moral language of myth

sensibility and belief practices

- 3. is symbolic in relation to its reference

Rebecca Stein Buddhism

- De ned religion as a set of cultural beliefs and practices that - Believes that human life is one of su ering and that meditation,
usually include some or all of the following basic characteristics:
spiritual and physical labor, and good behavior are the ways to
- 1. A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being, such as spirit achieve enlightenment, or nirvana.

and gods
- The reactive cycle of su ering can be broken through

- 2. A focus in the sacred supernatural, where sacred refers to a - 1. meditation

feeling of reverence and awe.

- 2 types

- 3.These presence of supernatural power or energy that is found - Samatha

on supernatural beings as well as physical beings and objects.

- aims to develop calm, concentration and positive emotion

- 4. The performance of ritual activities that involves the - practiced as mindful breathing and development of loving
manipulation of sacred object to communicate to supernatural kindness

beings and/or to in uence or control events

- Vispasana

- 5. The articulation of world view and moral codes through - aims to develop insight into reality

narratives and other means, and provide the creation and - 2. acquiring more wisdom and keeping understanding,

maintenance of social bonds and mechanism, of social control - 3. acceptance of things as they are.

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 - Buddhists believe that developing and cultivating wisdom in life - Resurrection (Easter) — may be march or april

happens though studying the Dharma(Buddha’s Teachings)

- marks the Resurrection of Jesus three days after his death by
- Some of the Major Buddhist Celebrations
cruci xion.

- Parinirvana Day (February)

- Buddha Day (May)

Hinduism
- Dharma Day (July)
- Believes that existence is a cycle of birth, death and rebirth
- Padmasambhava Day (October)
governed by karma

- Sangha Day (November)

- Karma is a concept where the reincarnated life will depend on
how the past life was spent

Christianity - covers a wide range of traditional beliefs and religious groups.

- Believes in Trinitarian God (1 god has 3 personas)

- no single founder or leader

- Trinity
- Vedas — a large body of religious texts originating in ancient india.

- God the father (creator)

- Made up of

- God the Son (Savior)

- Rigveda (knowledge of the verses) used by the Hotri

- God the holy spirit (Sustainer)

- Yajurveda (knowledge of the sacri ce) where the adhvaryu draw
- believes in the sacred book called the Holy Bible — is a selection of mantras

books, which is divided into two, the Old Testament and New - Samaveda (Knowledge of chants) where the udgatri (chanter)
Testament.
draw their melodic recitations

- Believes that eternal life after death will be achieved through faith in - This is based on the Rigveda but were rearranged and
Jesus Christ (God the Son) who came into esh, to spread the recompiled for the use of the chanters

Good News of Salvation.

- Atharvvaveda (knowledge of the re priest) which is a collection
- He died on the Cross for the sin of humanity but resurrected from of hymns, magic spells and incantations

the death.
- Trayi-vidya

- Anyone who believes in Him will be saved and have eternal life.
- is composed of the Rigveda, Yajurveda and Samaveda

- Customs and Practices

- Two major Sanskrit Epics

- Sacrament of Baptism
- Mahabharata and Ramayana

- symbolizes the birth in Christian World,

- It narrates the struggle between two groups of cousins in the
- Sacrament of Communion
Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pāṇḍava
- is an act of remembrance of Jesus Christ's sacri cial love.
princes and their successors

- Jesus Christ teaching in unconditional love is expressed in loving - Important Indian Customs & Practices

the poor, oppressed, and outcast of the society.

- Diwali - festival of lights

- Two Major Christian Celebrations

- Navrati - is the festival of 9 nights which celebrates the triumph
- Christmas (Dec. 25) — earlier Christians did not celebrate this of good vs evil

(Bible does not state exact day when Mary gave birth in
Bethlehem)
Islam
- Still, we celebrate Christmas to commemorate the birth of - Believes in Allah.

Jesus christ
- They believe in the unity and universality of God

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- Muslims have a strong sense of community (ummah) and an - Their hold book is called Torah — is the guide of the jewish living,
awareness of their solidarity with all muslims worldwide.
also known as the law

- Islam means willing submission to God.

- the interpretation of the torah is part of the jewish culture.

- They believe that Mohammed is the last and nal prophet sent by - 5 major festivals

God. He was born in Mecca in 570 C and received revelations from - Rosh Hashanah

God through the Angel Gabriel over a period of 23 years.

- the Jewish New Year. It is the rst of the Jewish High Holy
- The muslims have a holy book called the Quran, which was taught Days

to be recited in Arabic because any translation is seen as - Yom Kippur

inadequate.
- observances consist of full fasting and accompanied by
- Important Muslim Customs & Practices
intensive prayer as well as sin confessions.

- Shahadah (statement of faith)

- Pesach

- there is no god but the one true god and mohammad is his - (the Passover) is a major Jewish holiday that celebrates the
messenger
Biblical story of the Israelites that escape from slavery in Egypt

- Salat
- Shavuot

- the prayer that is practiced 5 times a day

- Shavuot, or Shavuos commonly known in English as the Feast
- Zakat
of Weeks, is a Jewish holiday that occurs on the sixth day of
- the monetary o ering for the bene t of the poor. 2.5% of a the Hebrew month of Sivan.

muslim’s asset
- Sukkot

- Hajj
- It is one of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals on which those
- yearly pilgrimage to mecca (muslims who can a ord are asked Israelites who could were commanded to make a pilgrimage to
to do the pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime.)
the Temple in Jerusalem — celebrated for 7 days

- Sawm

- the fasting — muslims do fasting, from food, drink and sexual Rites of Passage
act, during the celebration of ramadan. (Ramadan is the 9th - are rituals that mark important stages in an individual’s life cycle.

month of the islamic lunar calendar.)

- the fasting is from dawn to sunset.

Arnold von Gennep
- Two Major Festivals
- analyzed the rites of passage that help individuals through crucial
- Eid Al-Fitr - is the celebration at the end of ramadan
crises or major social transitions in their lives.

- Eid Al Adha - is celebrated within the completion of the - 3 stages of ceremonies for life crises

pilgrimage (hajj)
- separation

- removal of an individual from everyday society

Judaism - transition

- Believe in the God of Abraham, the same god that liberated the - is a period of isolation

Hebrew slaves from Egypt to Canaan

- incorporation

- Canaan - the promised land reached through the leadership of - is the formal return and readmission into society with his or her
Moses and later Joshua
new status

- They believe in the coming of the messiah, the savior.

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 Concepts of the Self but there are times when it separates from the body and appears

- Monism
in the form of a butter y, grasshopper, or other small animals.

- Is a view that there is only one substance and one being.

- It means that the soul and the body are one.

Magic
- Dualism
- the practice of compelling the supernatural forces to work or
- Is a view that mind and body are two independent substances
behave in a speci c way

- Western philosophers believed that the human person is a - Spoken words (or spell) and objects are key components of magic

rational being which constituted of soul and body.

- Magic may involve manipulation of the supernatural for good or for
- The soul is superior to the body and can exist independently evil purposes.

without the body. It is invisible and immortal and it directs the - Magical rituals

physical body.
- are usually performed to ensure production of good crops, the
- Death is viewed as the release of the soul from the body, but replenishment of game, the fertility of domestic animals, and the
death does not mean the end of personal existence.
prevention and cure of illnesses.

- The soul is the life-force of the body.

- Forms of Magic

- It is the source of motion as well as the intelligence or mind of - Sorcery

a person that pre-exists bodily existence.

- makes use of materials, objects and medicines to invoke
supernatural malevolence

Kaluluwa - Witchcraft

- The term for soul or spirit in Filipino

- may accomplish the same ills by means of thought and emotion
- It i believed that it has 2 existences
alone.

- 1. is physical in which the soul is connected to the human body

and its life
Barang
- 2. is spiritual which exists on its own
- is done as an act of revenge for the wrongdoing done by the
in icted person

Dungan - A victim of sorcery is called natabang or nabarang.

- Is the illonggo term for the soul

- A natabang may experience illness like stomachache

- It lacks substance and is extremely light so light it travels in the the - A nabarang may have a more painful and deadly experience as a
wind
swarm of insects may enter through the anus, nose, ears, and
- dwells above the surface of the earth before inhabiting the human other openings of the victim's body.

body.

- does not stay in any speci c part of the body but it grows Mangkukulam

proportionately with the physical body

- Filipino Witches that cast their magic through the use of dolls,
- Ilonggos believe that it must be protected and nurtured when a candles, and prayers during the ritual.

person is at a young age due to one's vulnerability to usug which - This is not only performed for the requesting party because of the
may manifest through a headache, nausea, stomachache, fever, or desire to take revenge but it may also be because of extreme
other diseases.
jealousy or envy felt towards another person.

- Ilonggos believe that dungan cannot be seen by the naked eye

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 - make conscious spiritual resources

Plato & Aristotle - use de ant power of the human spirit to stand up against
- All have core elements and without those, things would not be what adversity

they are.

- For the two philosophers, all entities have substance (or matter) Logotherapy
and form.
- is based on the guided principle that the primary motivational force
- The two agreed that everything has essence including humans and of every individual is to nd meaning in life.

they believed that essences already exist before the time of birth.
- it uses the philosophy of optimism in the face of tragedy

- In this belief, one aspect of being a good human is to adhere to - people are capable of turning su ering into human achievement
one's essence.
and accomplishment

- Basic Concepts of Logotherapy

Essence - 1. life has meaning under all circumstance

- are inherent properties that give things their de ning features

- 2. main motivation for living is our will to nd meaning in life

- 3. freedom to nd meaning

Essentialism - 3 possible sources to nd meaning of life

- is the view that objects have a set of attributes that are necessary - 1. Purposeful Work

to their identity
- 2. Courage in the face of di culty

- believes that people are created to ful ll a speci c purpose and - 3. love

that endows them the essence of their life..

- love is salvation and joy eternity. — the ultimate factor to nd
the meaning of life is love.

Jean Paul Sartre

- Argued that existence (das-sein) precedes essence (was-sein)
Political Self
- Under this claim, human beings are not de ned by any - part of the self that rejects individualistic views and focuses on the
predetermined properties or essences.
collective

- People are free to live their lives and they should de ne what
they are, not in accordance with an idealized set of Aristotle
characteristics
- Man is a political animal

- humans are interconnected must come together and form a

Victor Frankl political body for the attainment of a good life.

- a neurologist who developed a psychotherapy called Logotherapy

and talked about it in a book he wrote called “man’s search for Policy
meaning” (1946)
- A course of action adopted or proposed by an individual or group

- he asserts that life has meaning and it is mentally unhealthy if - a single decision that a ects all members of the group.

humans’ search for meaning is suppressed.

- his psychology aims to

Politics
- become aware of spiritual resources
- constitutes the formulation of general policies for a group of people

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Political Questions Democracy
- questions and concerns raised about policies
- is a system of government in which all citizens are eligible members
- questions that a ect both personal and public interests.
of the state.

- Sovereign power belongs to the people.

Political Culture - there is rule of the majority, human rights are protected, and the
- Pattern of individual attitudes and orientation towards politics rule of law is upheld.

among members of political system

- Basic features of democracy

- Characteristics of Philippine Political Culture

- 1. rule of majority

- 1. Dominance of family ties or Kumpadre system

- the decision of the majority prevails.

- Kumpadres system
- “Vox populi, vox dei” — the voice of the people is the voice of
- the sacredness of baptism or sacrament of marriage is used to god

get favors
- 2. Protection of human rights

- Politicians are called to act as godfathers or godmothers in - right to live, right to liberty, right to property

baptism or marriage for mutual bene t.

- should be enjoyed by all citizens regardless of nancial status,
- 2. Euphemism
ethnic identity, political beliefs, gender, or religion.

- a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one - 3. Upholding the rule of law

considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something

unpleasant or embarrassing.
Citizenship
- 3. Utang na loob
- denotes the status of being a legal member of a nation-state

- the feeling of needing to repay immediatelv or in the future any - In most constitutions, citizenship is acquired through blood
favor they receive from another person.
relations.

- it is a tool used by politicians to become popular

- One could also be a citizen through his or her birthplace

- 4. Sense of Overdependency
- If a person undergoes the legal process of naturalization

- when citizens and/or lower-ranked employees wait for orders - Ideal Citizen is a person who:

rather than take initiative or be active participants in policy - is patriotic

making.
- is nationalistic

- 5. Belief that the majority of politicians are corrupt

- loves humanity

- The term buwaya (crocodile) has been used to describe corrupt - has respect for human rights

politicians in the Philippines signifying their greed for money and - appreciates the role of national heroes

power.
- knows the rights and duties of citizenship

- public perception towards politics is anchored on the idea that - has strong ethical and spiritual values

many politicians value more the money they can get instead of - has good moral character

actually being good public servants.

- 6. Lack of political maturity

- People elect o cials based on popularity and personality and not

on performance and platform.

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 Governance - Observed whenever a helping hand is extended to accomplish
- de ned as the traditions and institutions that determine how a task as a group

authority is exercised in a particular country

- 2. Damayan

- Characterized by providing assistance to the families a ected

Nolan Principles by unfortunate events may be in terms of money or goods

- it aims to eliminate corruption in the government

- 3. Familism

- named after the rst chairman of the committee on standards in - A cultural value that emphasizes close family relationship.
public life in the UK — Lord Nolan
Family is prioritized over self.

- Principles:
- 4. Optimism

- 1. Sel essness
- an attitude re ecting a belief or hope that the outcome will be
- It means caring for what the people need and want instead of positive

promoting personal interests.

- 5. Hospitality

- 2. Objectivity
- the friendly and generous reception of guests

- It means being neutral and free from biases in making - 6. Regionalism

decisions.
- give more priority to their provincemates

- 3. Integrity
- 7. Flexibility

- It means maintaining a good name and character.

- refers to the ability to adapt or conform to expectations to
- 4. Honesty
achieve smooth and harmonious relationships.

- It means telling the truth, hiding nothing, and being transparent - 8. Religious

at all times.
- characterized by strong faith and submission to the will of a
- 5. Accountability
supreme being

- It means being liable and responsible for one's actions.

- 9. Respect for elders

- 6. Openness
- Filipinos are thought to show courtesy towards the elderly at all
- it means being transparent with whatever information one times.

handles.
- 10. Remedy Attitude

- 7. Leadership
- characterized by the ability to nd usefulness in things that
- It means being able to lead the way for development that may be considered as junk

would bene t all.

- 11. Matiyaga

- characterized by a strong determination in every undertaking

Filipino Values - 12. Utang na loob

- Are inherent traits that make Filipinos di erent from other - recognition of one’s indebtedness and obligation to repay a
nationalities
favor

- social constructs within Filipino culture which de ne that which is - Negative Filipino Values

socially considered to be desirable.

- 1. Bahala na attitude

- Positive Filipino Values:

- refers to a trait of leaving to fate and luck the outcome of a
- 1. Bayanihan
certain undertaking

- 2. Colonial Mentality

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 - an engrained attitude of inferiority felt by a people brought Filipino Markers
about by oppression
1. Salawikain (Filipino Proverbs)
- 3. Crab Mentality
- sayings that convey lessons and re ections on Filipino practices,
- an attitude born out of jealousy and insecurity characterized by beliefs, and traditions.

an attempt to pull down those ahead in life

- 4. Euphemism
2. Superstitions
- an attitude of not being frank or straightforward to avoid - Filipinos also subscribe to their own set of superstitions passed
o ending another
down from generation to generation.

- 5. Filipino Time

- manifests through lack of punctuality

3. Myths and Legends
- 6. Gaya-gaya attitude
- These stories are aimed to explain the origin of things, at the same
- refers to a trait of copying or imitating another’s work product, time, teach a valuable lesson

type of business, fashion, and the like.

- 7. Jackpot Mentality
4. Heroes and Icons
- characterized by the preference to engage in fast ways of - Heroes serve as a reminder of true patriotism and nationalism as
acquiring money
they have sacri ced their lives for the sake of their country's
- 8. Belief in Kapalaran
freedom and progress.

- Trait of believing and accepting one’s fate is pre-determined

- Icons - Famous lipinos that serve as important Filipino markers as
- This is manifested in the practice of going to fortune-tellers they have made the Filipino name more pronounced worldwide
and palm-readers just to earn a rmation of their beliefs
through their own expertise.

- 9. Mañana Habit

- an attitude characterized by the delay in performing a task

How to be a Good Filipino
- 10. Ningas Kugon

- characterized by the attitude of being enthusiastic only at the

- 1. Be an Active Filipino
beginning of an endeavor

- 11. Oversensitivity

- 2. Study the Philippine History

- refers to the inability to withstand and accept criticisms and - 3. Support Local Products
negative comments
- 4. Speak the Filipino Language
- 12. Pakikisama
- Jose Rizal highlighted the importance of speaking a national
- an attitude of always submitting to the will of a group one is a language as a way of displaying the love for one's country.

part of.
- Speaking Filipino also serves as a unique identi er of being a
- 13. Lack of Sportsmanship
Filipino.

- attitude manifested in how one cannot accept defeat

- 5. Do not spread fake news
- 14. Tsamba lang attitude

- characterized by the refusal to take credit for one’s own

accomplishment owing it to charm and luck

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