ORGANIZATION AND PRESENTATION CHAPTER 2

OF DATA
CHAPTER OUTLINE
▪Frequency Distributions: Introduction
▪Grouped and Ungrouped Data
▪Steps in Constructing Frequency Distribution Table
▪Graphs and Charts
RAW DATA
These are data recorded in no particular order except in the sequence
they become available.
Example:
In the list below, the ages of 21 students are recorded.
15 30 27 21 27 17 22
24 21 16 27 22 19 18
20 17 20 19 20 21 14
GROUPED AND UNGROUPED DATA
Grouped data is data that has been organized into classes
or intervals.
Ex:
GROUPED AND UNGROUPED DATA
Ungrouped data is data given as individual points.
Ex:
GROUPED AND UNGROUPED DATA
Ex: Ungrouped data with freq. dist.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
▪It is a tabular arrangement of data showing its classification or
grouping according to magnitude or size.
▪A frequency distribution is an overview of all distinct values in
some variable and the number of times they occur.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
ESSENTIAL TERMS IN FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Class Interval - This refers to the grouping defined by a lower limit
and an upper limit.
Class Frequency - It is the number of observations falling in a
particular class.
Class Mark - It is the midpoint of the class limits of a class interval.
Class Boundaries - This is the more precise expressions of the class
limits also called the true limits.
Relative Frequency - This can be obtained by dividing the
frequency of the class interval by the total frequency.
ESSENTIAL TERMS IN FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Less-Than Cumulative Frequency - This is obtained by starting
with the frequency of the lowest class interval and then adding the
frequency of the next class interval to obtain each succeeding
cumulative frequency.
Greater-Than Cumulative Frequency - This can be obtained
similarly with less-than cumulative frequency but starting with the
frequency of the highest interval.
STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION TABLE
Example:
Construct a frequency distribution table of scores obtained by a class
of 44 students. They were given a test made up of 100 problems
which resulted to the following scores:
STEP 1
Decide on the number of class intervals. This is usually given in the
problem or by the teacher.
If it is not given, the use the Sturges’ formula:
log 𝑛
𝑘=1 + (round off the usual)
log2
Solution:
STEP 2
Determine the range (R) (highest score minus lowest score).
Solution:
STEP 3
Divide the range (R) by the number of class intervals (k) to estimate
the approximate class size (i). (round upward)
Solution:
STEP 4
List the lower class limit of the lowest class interval (usually the
lowest score) and then add the class size in order to obtain the
succeeding lower class limits.
Solution:
STEP 5
List the upper class limit of each class interval.
Note: The highest score does not need to be equal to the highest
upper limit. What is important is that the highest score must be in
the highest class interval.
Solution:
STEP 6
Tally the frequencies for each class interval and sum them up.
Solution:
STEP 7
Tally the frequencies for each class interval and sum them up.
Solution:
END RESULT
GRAPHS AND CHARTS
▪The information in tabular from such as the frequency distribution
can be presented in graphical form. Visual presentations provide
an attractive mode of seeing essential features which a tabular
form cannot provide.
▪The most commonly used graphs and charts in data presentation
are bar graph, histogram, frequency polygon, ogives and pie
chart.
EXAMPLE
BAR GRAPH
A bar graph is
constructed by
drawing
disconnected bars
where y-axis is
marked for
frequencies and the
x-axis for the class
intervals or
categories.
HISTOGRAM
A histogram is
constructed by
drawing
rectangular bars
adjacent to each
other.
FREQUENCY POLYGON
A frequency
polygon is
constructed by
drawing straight
lines to connect the
points on the graph
where the class
mark is on the x-
axis and the
frequency is on the
y-axis.
FREQUENCY OGIVE
A frequency ogive
is constructed by
drawing straight
lines to connect the
points on the graph
where the class
boundary is on the
x-axis and the
cumulative
frequency is on the
y-axis.
FREQUENCY OGIVE
Greater than
cumulative
frequency Ogive
PIE CHART
A pie chart is
constructed by
drawing a circle
divided into slices
proportional to the
size of the relative
frequency.